National historic sites

The location of Matsudaira village is within the borders of the modern city of Toyota, Aichi. A number of locations associated with the early history of the clan were collectively designated a National Historic Site of Japan in the year 2000.^[3] These include:

1. The ruins of a Sengoku period fortified residence on the eastern bank of the Tomoe River (Asuke River) which was the birthplace of Tokugawa Ieyasu. The site is now part of a Shinto Shrine, the Matsudaira Tosho-gu, which was built in 1615, after Tokugawa Ieyasu's death and deification.
2. Matsudaira Castle, from which the Matsudaira clan ruled over a portion of Mikawa Province during the Sengoku period.
3. Ōgyū Castle, built around 1507 and used by the clan to 1575
4. Kōgetsu-in, a Buddhist temple and bodaiji for the Matsudaira clan

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  Matsudaira Tosho-gu
• 
  Kogetsu-in

Minor power between major neighbors

In its territory in Mikawa Province, the Matsudaira clan was surrounded by much more powerful neighbors. To the west was the territory of the Oda clan of Owari Province; to the east, the Imagawa clan of Suruga. Each generation of Matsudaira family head had to carefully negotiate his relationship with these neighbors.

Branches of the Matsudaira clan

Tokugawa Ieyasu, formerly known as Matsudaira Motoyasu

Before the Edo period, there were 19 major branches of the Matsudaira clan: Takenoya (竹谷), Katanohara (形原),^[4] Ōgusa (大草), Nagasawa (長沢),^[5] Nōmi (能見),^[6] Goi (五井), Fukōzu (深溝), Ogyū (大給),^[7] Takiwaki (滝脇),^[8] Fukama (福釜), Sakurai (桜井), Tōjō (東条), Fujii (藤井),^[9] Mitsugi (三木), Iwatsu (岩津), Nishi-Fukama (西福釜), Yata (矢田), Udono (鵜殿), and Kaga (加賀). Each of these branches (with the exception of the Kaga-Matsudaira, which relocated to Kaga Province) took its name from the area in Mikawa where it resided. Also, many of the branches often fought with each other.

Matsudaira of Okazaki

It was the main Matsudaira line residing in Okazaki Castle which rose the highest during the Sengoku period. During the headship of Matsudaira Hirotada, it was threatened by the Oda and Imagawa clans, and for a time was forcibly brought into Imagawa service. After the death of Imagawa Yoshimoto and the fall from power of the Imagawa clan, Hirotada's son Matsudaira Motoyasu was successful in forming an alliance with Oda Nobunaga, the hegemon of Owari Province. Motoyasu is better known as Tokugawa Ieyasu, who became the first Tokugawa shōgun in 1603.

Pre-Edo branches

Several of the pre-Edo branch families survived into the Edo period; some of them became daimyōs. The Takiwaki-Matsudaira family became daimyōs of the Ojima Domain, and from 1868 to 1871, ruled the Sakurai Domain. The Nagasawa-Matsudaira, also known as the Ōkōchi-Matsudaira, had several branches, one of them ruled the Yoshida Domain of Mikawa Province.^[10] A prominent Nagasawa-Matsudaira is the early Edo-period politician Matsudaira Nobutsuna. The Fukōzu-Matsudaira ruled the Shimabara Domain. The Sakurai-Matsudaira ruled the Amagasaki Domain.^[11] The Ogyū-Matsudaira had many branches, one of which ruled the Okutono Domain. Nagai Naoyuki was a prominent Bakumatsu-era descendant of the Ogyū-Matsudaira of Okutono. Other pre-Edo branches of the family became hatamoto.

Tokugawa branches and the Matsudaira surname

The Tokugawa surname was not granted to all of the sons of the shōgun or the heads of the six main Tokugawa branches. Only the inheritor received the Tokugawa name, while all of his siblings would receive the Matsudaira surname. For example, the last shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu was not the firstborn heir of his father (Tokugawa Nariaki of Mito). Consequently, Yoshinobu was known as Matsudaira Shichirōma during his minority. Some of these sons, particularly of the 3 main Tokugawa branches (the Gosanke), formed their own families, and received their own fiefs. These included Takamatsu,^[12] Shishido,^[13] Fuchū,^[14] and Moriyama^[15] (branches of the Mito Tokugawa); Saijō (a branch of the Kii Tokugawa);^[16] and Takasu (a branch of the Owari Tokugawa).^[17] Notable Matsudaira of these branches include Matsudaira Yoritoshi of Takamatsu, and Matsudaira Yoritaka of Fuchū. Yoritsune Matsudaira and his son Yoriaki Matsudaira, who were 20th-century composers, were descendants of the Matsudaira of Fuchū.

Yūki-Matsudaira clan (Echizen)

Bridge at Fukui Castle

The Yūki-Matsudaira clan was founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu's son Yūki Hideyasu.^[18] Several branches of the Yūki-Matsudaira came into existence during the Edo period. Though the Yūki-Matsudaira retained control of Kitanoshō (later renamed Fukui), the main Yūki line was not there, but in Tsuyama instead. Branches of the family ruled the Fukui, Hirose, Mori, Matsue, Tsuyama, Akashi, Itoigawa, and Maebashi domains. Famous Yūki-Matsudaira include Matsudaira Naritami^[19] and Matsudaira Yoshinaga, two daimyōs of the late Edo period. Matsudaira Yoshinaga in particular was very important to Japanese politics of the early Meiji period, and his leadership put the Fukui Domain on the side of the victors in the Boshin War (1868–69).

Hisamatsu-Matsudaira clan

Rebuilt turret of Kuwana Castle

The Hisamatsu-Matsudaira clan was founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu's half-brother Hisamatsu Sadakatsu.^[20] Due to his close relation to Ieyasu, Sadakatsu was allowed the use of the Matsudaira surname. Eventually, some of the branches of the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira were also allowed the use of the Tokugawa family crest, as well as being formally recognized as Tokugawa relatives (shinpan), rather than simply being a fudai family. Branches of the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira ruled the Kuwana,^[21] Imabari,^[22] and Iyo-Matsuyama domains.^[23] Famous Hisamatsu-Matsudaira include the political reformer Matsudaira Sadanobu, the final Kyoto Shoshidai Matsudaira Sadaaki, and shogunate politician Itakura Katsukiyo. In the Meiji era, the heads of all the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira branches received titles in the new nobility.^[24]

Ochi-Matsudaira clan

Gate of Hamada Castle

The Ochi-Matsudaira clan was founded by Matsudaira Kiyotake, the younger brother of the 6th shōgun Tokugawa Ienobu.^[25] The Ochi-Matsudaira ruled the Hamada Domain. The family lost most of its territory in 1866, when the castle town was occupied by Chōshū Domain forces under Ōmura Masujirō during the Chōshū War. Matsudaira Takeakira, the last daimyō, escaped Hamada and went to Tsuruta, one of the domain's non-contiguous territories; there he set up the Tsuruta Domain, which existed until the abolition of the domains in 1871. In the Meiji era, Takeakira's son Matsudaira (Ochi) Takenaga received the title of viscount.^[24]

Hoshina-Matsudaira clan (Aizu)

Aizu-Wakamatsu castle

The Hoshina-Matsudaira clan was founded by Hoshina Masayuki. Masayuki, a son of the second shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada, was adopted by Hoshina Masamitsu, the lord of the Takatō Domain. Masayuki was recognized as a relative of the Tokugawa family by his half-brother Tokugawa Iemitsu; after Iemitsu's death, Masayuki served as a regent for his nephew, the underaged shōgun Tokugawa Ietsuna, thus effectively running the shogunate. It was at this time that Masayuki received rulership of the fief of Aizu (with an income of 230,000 koku). Two generations later, during the reign of the 3rd lord Masakata, the family was allowed the use of the Matsudaira surname and crest. The family remained prominent in shogunate affairs and in security duty in Ezo (Hokkaido). It also sponsored several schools of martial arts, as well as working to develop and spread the production of local crafts. In the Bakumatsu period, the 8th lord Matsudaira Katataka assisted with security duties during and after the arrival of the Perry Expedition; Katataka's successor, 9th lord Matsudaira Katamori served as Kyoto Shugoshoku, but his clan was later defeated in the Boshin War. The Aizu-Matsudaira survived the Meiji Restoration, and were ennobled with the title of viscount.^[24] Katamori's son Morio Matsudaira served as an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy. The family survives to the present day. Isao Matsudaira, who was governor of Fukushima Prefecture in the 1980s, was a descendant of this family. Princess Chichibu Setsuko, the wife of Emperor Hirohito's brother Prince Chichibu Yasuhito, was another.

Matsudaira as an honorific

Over the course of the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate granted the use of the Matsudaira surname to certain families as an honorific. These families included both fudai and tozama daimyō families. The Date clan of Sendai,^[26] the Shimazu clan of Satsuma,^[27] the Mōri clan of Choshu, the Maeda clan of Kaga (and its branches at Daishōji and Toyama), the Yamanouchi clan of Tosa, the Kuroda clan of Fukuoka, the Asano clan of Hiroshima (and its branch at Hiroshima-shinden), the Nabeshima of Saga, the Ikeda of Tottori (as well as its branches of Okayama, Shikano, Wakazakura, Hirafuku, as well as hatamoto-level Ikeda), and the Hachisuka of Tokushima were all tozama families that had the use of the Matsudaira surname. The Yanagisawa clan of Yamato^[28] and Honjō clan of Miyazu were two fudai families among those who had the right to use the Matsudaira surname. In addition, if a Tokugawa princess married into another family, her husband had the right to use the Matsudaira surname and the Tokugawa crest for one generation.

Present day

Prominent Matsudaira in the present day include Ryūmon Matsudaira (actor), and Iyo-Matsuyama Domain Matsudaira Hisamatsu family of branch family bannermen hits the descendants Sadatomo Matsudaira (ja; former anchor for NHK), among others.

Main line (Tokugawa shōgun)

Hoshina-Matsudaira clan (Aizu)

Yūki-Matsudaira clan (Echizen)

Ochi-Matsudaira clan (Hamada)

Hisamatsu-Matsudaira clan (Kuwana)

Ogyū-Matsudaira clan (Okutono)