Carnatic music
Tanjavur-style tambura
Concepts
Śruti Svara Rāga Tāḷa Mēḷakarta Asaṃpūrṇa Mēḷakarta
Compositions
Gītaṃ Svarajati Varṇaṃ Kr̥ti Kīrtana Rāgaṃ Tānaṃ Pallavi Tillana
Instruments
Melody Sarasvati Vīṇā Veṇu Nādasvaraṃ Goṭṭuvādyaṃ (Citra Vīṇā) Violin Percussion Mr̥daṅgaṃ Ghaṭaṃ Morsing Kanjira Thavil Drone Tambura Shruti box
Composers Glossary

Mayamalavagowla (pronounced māyāmāḻavagauḻa) is a raga of Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is classified as 15th melakarta raga under Venkatamakhin's melakarta system. Originally known as malavagowla, "maya" was prefixed to it after the advent of the scheme of the 72 melas. The number 15 was assigned to it following the Katapayadi sankhya system. This is a morning raga.

Structure and Lakshana

Mayamalavagowla scale with shadjam at C

Venkatamakhin defines its lakshana thus:

pūrṇō māḻavagouḻākhyaḥ sa grahō gīyatē sadā

Mayamalavagowla is the 3rd raga in the 3rd chakra, Agni. Its mnemonic name is Agni-Go. Its mnemonic phrase is sa ra gu ma pa dha nu.^[1] Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is as follows (see swaras in Carnatic music for details on below notation and terms):

• ārohaṇa: S R₁ G₃ M₁ P D₁ N₃ Ṡ^{[lower-alpha 1]}
• avarohaṇa: Ṡ N₃ D₁ P M₁ G₃ R₁ S^{[lower-alpha 2]}

The notes in this raga are ṣaḍjam, śuddha r̥ṣabham, antara gāndhāram, śuddha madhyamam, pañcamam, śuddha dhaivatam and kākalī niṣādam. As it is a mēḷakarttā rāgam, by definition it is a sampurna rāgam (has all seven notes in ascending and descending scale). It is the śuddha madhyamam equivalent of Kamavardhini (also known as Pantuvarāḷi), which is the 51st in the mēḷakarttā scale.

The gamakas in the raga are unique in that conversely to the G-M relationship in Śankarābharaṇaṃ, G is sung in oscillation (M,G M,G M,G) while M is held constant. There is no bold M-P gamaka as in Śankarābharaṇaṃ as well. R and D are also usually sung in oscillation with S and P respectively, making the only constant notes S, M, and P. Of course, these rules are occasionally broken for effect (e.g., holding N flat before ascending to S).

Nature of raga

This auspicious raga evokes śānta (peace) rasa and pathos. It creates a soothing effect, suitable to sing at all times, particularly, the first prātaḥ-sandhyā-kālaṃ (dawn). It is commonly used for beginners' lessons such as Sarali Varisais or Sarala Svarās (Kannada), etc. Since it eschews vivadi swaras (relatively discordant notes), has a uniform distance between svara sthānas (relative position of notes) and has symmetry, they are easier to learn. It is an ancient rāgam.

It is a Sampurna raga. Also, it is a sarva svara gamaka vārika rakti rāga. It has a large number of janya ragas (derived scales) assigned to it. This rāgam corresponds to Bhairav in Hindustani music. It is called as a "rakti" raga because of its high melodic content.

It is also defined as a mūrcana kāraka méLa since it can be used for Graha bhedam on madhyamam and rishabham to result in Simhendramadhyamam and Rasikapriya respectively. Graha bhedam is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the Shruti (or drone) to another note in the rāgam. For further details and an illustration refer Graha bhedam on Māyamālavagowla.

Janya ragams

Mayamalavagowla has quite a few janya ragams associated with it, of which Bowli, Jaganmohini, Gowla, Gowlipantu, Janaranjini, Lalita, Nadanamakriya, Revagupti, Saveri and Malahari are quite well known. See List of janya Ragas for a full list of janyas.

Popular compositions

All the basic swara exercises (Sarala, Janti, Daatu, etc.) are set to the Mayamalavagowla raga. These are learnt by beginners in Carnatic music. It is commonly used in the basics, credited to Purandara Dasa's work in his time, when he did much work towards standardizing the teaching of Carnatic music into a fully graded system. Lambodara lakumikara by Purandaradasa is generally used for this raga. The first mini-songs (geetam) that are taught after the completion of basic exercises are set to Malahari, a janya of Mayamalavagowla. Muthuswami Dikshitar's famous gouḻānta kritis (eight compositions with their raga names ending as gowla), on Goddess Nilothpalamba has māyāmāḻavagouḻa for one of them.

Some of the popular compositions in Mayamalavagowla are Deva Deva composed by Swathi Thirunal and Adikkondar by Muthu Thandavar. A list of popular compositions in Mayamalalavagowla is as follows.

• Varṇaṃ - śrī rājarājēśvari – [Unknown Composer]
• tulasī daḻamulacē saṃtōṣamuga – Tyagaraja in Telugu
• Mēru-samāna-dhira – Tyagaraja in Telugu
• Dēvī Śrī tulasammā – Tyagaraja in Telugu
• Vidulaku Mrokkeda – Tyagaraja in Telugu
• Dēva Dēva Kalayāmi – Swathi Thirunal
• Kailāsa nilaya dayāsāgara - Mahesh Mahadev in Sanskrit
• Māyātīta Svarūpiṇi – Ponnaiyya Pillai (Direct Disciple of Muthuswami Dikshitar) in Sanskrit
• Śrīnāthādi Guruguho jayati – Muthuswami Dikshitar (The very first composition of Muthuswami Dikshitar) in Sanskrit
• Śyāmalāmbikē pāhi māṃ – Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna
• ādityaṃ dēvādi-dēvaṃ akhilāṇḍa-nāthaṃ āśrayē – Muthiah Bhagavatar
• Dina-maṇi-vaṃśa dīna-janāvana – Muthiah Bhagavatar
• Hara mṛtyuñjaya ambikā-nāyaka hari kamalāsana – Muthiah Bhagavatar
• Popular Adithala Varnam- Sarasija-nābha – Swathi Thirunal
• Ambā yuvati jaganmātē akhila-janani dayānidhē – Ashok R Madhav
• Avadh sukhdāyi bājē badhāyī ratan simhāsan par – Swathi Thirunal
• Bhaja rē mānasa vraja-bālaṃ – Swarajāti – H Yoganarasimhan
• Caraṇaṃ śaraṇaṃ ayyappā – Ganapati Sacchidananda
• Cintayāmi santataṃ – G Sampath
• Cintaye'haṃ jānaki-kāntaṃ santataṃ cintitārtha – Mysore Vasudevacharya
• Daśaratha-nandana – Mysore Vasudevacharya
• Daasoham Tava Daasoham By Jagannatha Dasa
• Dēva-dēveśa – R K Suryanarayana
• Dēva-dēvōttama – Govindacharya
• Dēvi kāmākṣi para-śiva-dēhārtha – Ogirala Viraraghava Sharma
• Durgā lakṣmi sarasvati – Lalita Venkataraman
• Kāmākṣīṃ kamalākṣīṃ – R K Padmanabha
• Jaya jagadisha hare – from eulogy composed by Jayadeva
• Krpakari shankari karunakari kapalishvari – Rukmini Ramani
• Mantra svarupam – Bangalore S Mukund
• Kshira jaladhi niketana – Pallavur Mani Iyer
• Kshira sagara shayana raksha shara nivasini – Jayachamaraja wodeyar
• Maya mohini maheshvari – Mangalam Ganapati
• Kaladevathe Saraswathi – V. Dakshinamoorthy
• Varṇaṃ - guri tappaka pūjiṃcitini from Janakaraga Varna Manjari – Nallan Chakravarthy Murthy

This raga has also been very popularly used in film music. Numerous well recognized songs have been set in this raga. Ilayaraja has composed many hit songs in this raga.^[2]

Notes

References