Merovech
King of the Franks
An imagined portrait (ca. 1720) of Merovech
Reignc. 450–458
PredecessorChlodio
SuccessorChilderic I
Bornc. 411
Diedc. 458
IssueChilderic
Names
Merovech
DynastyMerovingian

Merovech (French: Mérovée, Merowig; Latin: Meroveus; c. 411 – 458)[1] was the ancestor of the Merovingian dynasty. He was reportedly a king of the Salian Franks, but records of his existence are mixed with legend and myth. The most important written source, Gregory of Tours, recorded that Merovech was said to be descended from Chlodio, a roughly contemporary Frankish warlord who pushed from the Silva Carbonaria in modern central Belgium as far south as the Somme, north of Paris in modern-day France. His supposed descendants, the kings Childeric I and Clovis I, are the first well-attested Merovingians.

He may have been one of several barbarian warlords and kings that joined forces with the Roman general Aetius against the Huns under Attila at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains in Gaul in 451.

Name

The name Merovech is related to Marwig, lit. 'famed fight' (compare modern Dutch mare "news, rumour", vermaard "famous" as well as (ge)vecht "fight" with -vech).[2]

Historical accounts

There is little information about him in the later histories of the Franks. Gregory of Tours only names him once as the father of Childeric I but remained vague about his relationship to Chlodio.[3] The Chronicle of Fredegar recounts that Merovech was born after Chlodio's wife encountered a sea creature while bathing in the sea; according to Fredegar it remained unclear whether Merovech's father was the creature or Chlodio.[4][5] Another theory considers this legend to be the creation of a mythological past needed to back up the fast-rising Frankish rule in Western Europe.[6]

Chlodio is said to have been defeated by Flavius Aëtius at Vicus Helena in Artois in 448. Ian S. Wood would therefore place his son somewhere in the second half of the fifth century.[7]

A contemporary Roman historian, Priscus writes of having witnessed in Rome a “lad without down on his cheeks as yet and with fair hair so long that it poured down his shoulders, Aetius had made him his adopted son”. Priscus writes that the excuse Attila used for waging war on the Franks was the death of their king and the disagreement of his children over the succession, the elder being allied with Attila and the younger with Aetius. As Chlodio died just before Attila's invasion, this seems to suggest that Merovech was in fact Chlodio's son.[8] Historians are divided on whether Merovee is one of the protagonists in Priscus' account:

  • Some, like Erich Zöllner, believe that as the kingdom of the Rhenish Franks is in the path of Attila, unlike that of the Salian Franks, this passage concerns the kings of the Rhenish Franks.[9]
  • Others like Émilienne Demougeot believe that Merovee is the king who died in 451 and his son Childeric is the adopted son of Aetius.[10]
  • Finally, Christian Settipani believes that, if one considers that the fragment applies to the Salian Franks, of which he is not sure, chronologically, Clodion is the king who died in 451 and Merovee is the son allied with Rome.[11]

Whether he is one of the Frankish princes mentioned by Priscus or not, Merovee would have settled in Gallia Belgica, in the region of Brabant and would have established his residence in Tournai.

Some historians, such as Georg Waitz, suggest that Merovech might be a mythological figure, theorized to be a son of the sea (mari in Frankish), implying a god or demigod revered by the Franks before their conversion to Christianity.[12]

Another proposition is that Merovech is a reference to the Merwede, a Dutch river, whose initial course matched the area where the Salian Franks lived, as per some Roman historians. However, etymological studies seem to refute this theory.[13][14]

Historian Étienne Renard, based on a new interpretation of two royal genealogies from the 9th and 10th centuries, suggests that Merovech could be an eponymous ancestor founder of the lineage rather than being a grandfather of Genildis. According to him, Merovech is an evanescent character, whose name is not associated with any act of war or any historical event.[15]

Cameo from the 16th Century representing Merovee in profile, on the right. National Library of France.

The existence of Merovee should not be excluded. A Austrasian genealogy carried out between 629 and 639[16] mentions that

Chloio is the first king of the Franks. Chloio begot Glodobode. Ghlodobedus begot Mereveo. Mereveus begot Hilbricco. Hildebricus begot Genniodo. Genniodus begot Hilderico. Childericus begot Chlodoveo...

.[17] For the genealogist Christian Settipani, this would be a list of Salian kings in which the lineages were established after its constitution. The genealogy should thus be corrected as follows:[18] Chlodion begot Chlodebaude and Merovee. Merovee begot Childeric.

However the historian Jean-Pierre Poly believes that if Merovee (Merow'ih) is the son of Chlodebaude (Hl'udbead), married in 435, he could hardly have had Childeric (Hildrih), himself king around 456, as a son. He deduces that Merovee (Merow'ih) is the nickname of Chlodebaude (Hl'udbead), son of Chlodion (Hl'udio).[19]

While it seems accepted that bound by a foedus with the Roman Empire, the Salian Franks fought alongside the Roman general Aetius at the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields, (a plain near Châlons-en-Champagne and Troyes), in 451. The sources do not, however, specify who led them into battle.[20] The Franks suffered heavy losses in a preliminary engagement against the Gepids,[21] however history does not say anything more, while it has recorded the death of Theodoric I, king of the Visigoths, killed the next day in the battle.

The legend about Merovech's conception was adapted in 1982 by Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh and Henry Lincoln in their book The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, as the seed of a new idea. They hypothesized that this "descended from a fish" legend was actually referring to the concept that the Merovingian line had married into the bloodline of Jesus Christ, since the symbol for early Christians had also been a fish. This theory, with no other basis than the authors' hypothesis, was further popularized in 2003 via Dan Brown's bestselling novel, The Da Vinci Code.[22][23] However, there was no evidence for this claim that Merovech is descended from Jesus.

The identity and historicity of Merovech is one of the driving mysteries in The Widow’s Son, second book of Robert Anton Wilson’s The Historical Illuminatus Chronicles, first introducing the fish legend to the reader by having the early Merovingians appear in a vision as a hideous fish creature. Wilson then goes a step further by identifying Jesus and Mary Magdalene as the bridegroom and bride in The Alchemical Marriage of Christian Rosycross and Merovech as the titular Widow's Son from Masonic lore, positing that the entire bloodline is descended from alien-human hybrids.[24]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ A Companion to Gregory of Tours, ed. Alexander C. Murray, (Brill, 2015), 659.
  2. ↑ Green, D.H. Language and history in the early Germanic world. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  3. ↑ Gregory of Tours - The History of the Franks, II.9
  4. ↑ Pseudo-Fredegar, Hist. III, 9.
  5. ↑ Christian Settipani - Addenda to Les Ancêtres de Charlemagne, 1990
  6. ↑ see M. Todd's, The Early Germans
  7. ↑ Wood, Ian. The Merovingian Kingdoms 450 - 751, Pearson Education Ltd., 1994 ISBN 9781317871163
  8. ↑ MacDowall, Simon (2015-09-20). Catalaunian Fields AD 451: Rome's last great battle. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781472807441.
  9. ↑ Zöllner, Erich (1970). Geschichte des Frankenbis zu Mitte der sechsten Jahrhunderts (in German). C.H. Beck. p. 30. ISBN 978-3-406-02211-1. .
  10. ↑ Demougeot, Émilienne (1979). La Formation de l'Europe et les invasions barbares (From the advent of Diocletian (284) to the Germanic occupation of the Roman Empire at the beginning of the 6th century) [The Formation of Europe and the Barbarian Invasions] (in French). Vol. 2. Aubier. pp. 682–683. ISBN 978-2-7007-0146-3.
  11. ↑ Settipani 1993, p. 49.
  12. ↑ Georg Waitz, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte, II, p.33.
  13. ↑ Emil Rückert, Oberon von Mons und die Pipine von Nivella, Leipzig, Germany, 1836.
  14. ↑ Godefroid Kurth, VI, p.154.
  15. ↑ Étienne Renard, p.1008-1022, 2014.
  16. ↑ Godefroid Kurth, VI, p. 517.
  17. ↑ Christian Settipani, Les Ancêtres de Charlemagne - Addenda, Paris, 1990.
  18. ↑ Christian Settipani, "Clovis, a King without Ancestor?", in Ge-Magazine, Issue 153 - October 1996, p. 96.
  19. ↑ Poly, Jean-Pierre (July–September 1996). "The last of the Merovingians". Revue historique de droit français et étranger (in French): 353–396. JSTOR 43852120. .
  20. ↑ According to Godefroid Kurth, "
    If [...] Merovee [...] was the king of the Franks during the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (451), it is he who was at the head of the Frankish contingent of Aetius.
    ", op. cit., VI, p.158.
  21. ↑ Michel Rouche (1996). Clovis (in French). Fayard..
  22. ↑ Behind the Da Vinci Code, 2006, History Channel documentary about Henry Lincoln
  23. ↑ Holy Blood Holy Grail, Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh, Henry Lincoln, 1982
  24. ↑ The Widow's Son, Robert Anton Wilson, 1985

References

  • Behind the Da Vinci Code, 2006, History Channel documentary about Henry Lincoln
  • Todd, M. The Early Germans
  • Wood, Ian. The Merovingian Kingdoms 450–751. London: Longman Group, 1994.
  • Media related to Merovech at Wikimedia Commons
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.