State for Education
Michael Gove in his 2012 official portrait
Secretary of State for Education
12 May 2010 – 15 July 2014
PartyConservative
Election2010
Nominated byDavid Cameron
Appointed byElizabeth II

British Conservative Party politician Michael Gove served as Secretary of State for Education from 2010 to 2014.

Gove was appointed as Education Secretary with the formation of the Cameron-Clegg coalition, having previously been the shadow secretary of state for children, schools and families. His earliest moves included reorganising his department,[1] announcing plans to allow schools rated as Outstanding by Ofsted to become academies,[2] and cutting the previous government's school-building programme.[3]

He opened the National Pupil Database and introduced the phonics check, a reading test for year 1 pupils. The later parts of his tenure were dominated by the Trojan Horse scandal.[4] During his Education Secretaryship, Gove was criticised by teachers unions and academic associations for his attempts to overhaul British education. He left the role when he was moved by Prime Minister David Cameron to the office of chief whip in the 2014 cabinet reshuffle.

Appointment and early actions

Gove became Secretary of State for Education with the formation of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government following the hung parliament after the 2010 general election. He ascended to the role after serving as Shadow Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families in the Shadow Cabinet of David Cameron from 2007 to 2010. An early action was changing the name of the department from the Department for Children, Schools and Families to its previous name, the Department for Education.[1] He announced plans for schools rated as Outstanding by Ofsted to be allowed to become academies.[2]

Comments on social class and school achievement

In July 2010, he said that the Labour Party had failed in their attempt to break the link between social class and school achievement despite spending billions of pounds: quoting research, he indicated that by the age of six years, children of low ability from affluent homes were still out-performing brighter children from poorer backgrounds. At a House of Commons Education Select Committee he said that this separation of achievement grew larger throughout pupils' school careers, stating: "In effect, rich thick kids do better than poor clever children when they arrive at school [and] the situation as they go through gets worse".[5]

Exam and curriculum reforms

Gove's views on exam systems became clear in December 2014 after the release of archive papers from 1986. GCSEs were the brainchild of Sir Keith Joseph. Margaret Thatcher, believing they lacked rigour, fiercely opposed them. However, opposition to the new exams from the teaching unions persuaded her to introduce them immediately, purely so as not to appear weak. Although Gove had sought but failed to replace them, his special advisor, Dominic Cummings, described the 1986 decision as catastrophic, leading to a collapse in the integrity of the exam system.[6]

During the 2010 Conservative Party Conference, Gove announced that the primary and secondary-school national curricula for England would be restructured, and that study of authors such as Lord Byron, John Keats, Jane Austen, Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy would be reinstated in English lessons as part of a plan to improve children's grasp of English literature and language. Academies are not required to follow the national curriculum, and so would not be affected by the reforms. Children who failed to write coherently and grammatically, or who were weak in spelling, would be penalised in the new examinations. Historian Simon Schama would give advice to Government to ensure that pupils learnt Britain's "island story". Standards in mathematics and science would also be strengthened. He said that this was needed because left-wing ideologies had undermined education. Theirs was the view, he thought, that schools "shouldn't be doing anything so old-fashioned as passing on knowledge, requiring children to work hard, or immersing them in anything like dates in history or times tables in mathematics. These ideologues may have been inspired by generous ideals but the result of their approach has been countless children condemned to a prison house of ignorance".[7]

In a November 2010 white paper, Gove declared reforms would include the compulsory study of foreign languages up to the age of sixteen years, a shake-up of league tables in which schools are ranked higher for the number of pupils taking GCSEs[8] in five core subjects (English, mathematics, science, a language and one of the humanities), and the introduction of targets for primary schools. It proposed that trainee teachers should spend more time in the classroom, teacher training applicants should be more rigorously tested—including tests of character and emotional intelligence—and sponsorships for former troops to retrain as teachers to improve discipline. It also said teachers would receive guidance on how to search pupils for more items, including mobile phones and pornography, and when they can use force.[9]

Gove, as Education Secretary, at Chantry High School, Ipswich

In April 2011, Gove criticised schools for not studying pre-twentieth century classics and blamed "England's constricted and unreformed exam system" for failing to encourage children to read. Gove also blamed an "anti-knowledge culture" for reducing achievement and said children benefited when expectations were set higher.[10] In June 2011, his own "ignorance of science" was criticised after he called for students to have "a rooting in the basic scientific principles" and by way of example assigned Lord Kelvin's laws of thermodynamics to Sir Isaac Newton.[11]

In June 2012, the Daily Mail published leaked plans to scrap GCSE examinations, return to O-level exams and allow less academic students to take alternative qualifications. The Liberal Democrats claimed that the plans had not been discussed with the deputy prime minister and were subsequently heavily criticised by some teachers, trade unions and Labour Party MPs;[12][13][14] they had been discussed with the prime minister at Cabinet level, and a subsequent YouGov/Sunday Times poll suggested that the public supported this policy by a margin of 50% to 32%.[15][16] They received praise from the then-mayor of London Boris Johnson, who said that he "could be... singing a hymn of praises for my old chum Gove and his brilliant new Gove-levels."[17] The leaked documents also suggested that Gove was intending to create a single exam board to organise all exams, and to scrap the National Curriculum in its current form. However, there were "rebukes" from both the Welsh and Northern Ireland education ministers who said it was important to communicate before making announcements on proposed changes to jointly owned qualifications.[18]

In February 2013, shortly after the draft Programmes of Study for History in the national curriculum was released by the DfE,[19] the representatives of the principal organisations for historians in the UK wrote to The Observer to register "significant reservations" about its contents and the way in which it had been devised. They described it as "too narrowly and exclusively focused on British history" and argued that structuring history teaching in a strictly chronological sequence meant that students would learn about pre-modern history only in the early stages of their studies.[20]

In March 2013, 100 academics wrote an open letter arguing that Gove's curriculum placed too much emphasis upon memorisation of facts and rules over understanding, and would lead to more rote learning.[21] Gove retorted that "there is good academia and bad academia."[22] In response, one signatory to the letter opined that Gove suffered from a "blinkered, almost messianic, self-belief, which appears to have continually ignored the expertise and wisdom of teachers, head-teachers, advisers and academics, whom he often claims to have consulted",[23] A senior civil servant admitted that one of the most controversial parts of the proposed secondary curriculum had been written internally by the DfE, without any input from experts.[24] His position on history teaching drew a positive response from only 4% of the Historical Association's membership.[25]

In May, Simon Schama, earlier mooted as a supporter of Gove's reforms of the history curriculum, delivered an excoriating speech in which he characterised the finalised proposals as "insulting and offensive" and "pedantic and utopian", accusing Gove of constructing a "ridiculous shopping list" of subjects. He urged the audience at the Hay Festival: "Tell Michael Gove what you think of it. Let him know."[26] In June, leaked documents revealed that a member of the Government's curriculum advisory group had described the reform process as having had "a very chaotic feel. It's typical of Government policy at the moment: they don't think things through very carefully, they don't listen to anyone and then just go ahead and rush into major changes."[27] In September, Robin Alexander said that the proposed reforms to the primary-level national curriculum were "neo Victorian", "educationally inappropriate and pedagogically counter-productive".[28] In October, almost 200 people, including Carol Ann Duffy, Melvin Burgess and Michael Rosen, as well as academics from Oxford, Bristol and Newcastle universities, signed a letter to The Times condemning Gove's reforms, warning of the "enormous" and negative risks they posed to children and their education.[29]

That same month saw Oxford's head of admissions warn that the timetable for secondary-level reforms would "just wreck the English education system".[30]

Building Schools for the Future and school capital projects

Gove said that the previous government's school-building programme, Building Schools for the Future (BSF), would experience cutting.[3] He apologised, however, when the list of terminated school-building projects he had released was found to be inaccurate; the list was reannounced several times before it was finally accurately published.[31]

In February 2011, a judicial review deemed Gove's decision to axe BSF projects in six local authority areas unlawful as he had failed to consult before imposing the cuts.[32] The judge also said that, in five of the cases, the failure was "so unfair as to amount to an abuse of power" and that "however pressing the economic problems, there was no overriding public interest which precluded consultation or justifies the lack of any consultation".[32] The councils' response was that the Government would have to reconsider but the Government said it had won the case on the substantial issues.[32] The judge made clear that, contrary to the councils' position, they could not expect that their projects would be funded.[32]

In March 2011, Gove was criticised for not understanding the importance of school architecture and having misrepresented the cost.[33] In February 2011, he gave "not-quite-true information to Parliament" by saying that one individual made £1,000,000 in one year when the true figure was £700,000 for five advisers at different times over a four-year period.[33] He told a free schools conference that "no one in this room is here to make architects richer" and specifically mentioned architect Richard Rogers.[34]

Freedom of information and email

During the Cameron–Clegg ministry, Gove was the subject of repeated criticism for alleged attempts to avoid the provisions of the Freedom of Information Act. The criticism surrounded Gove's use of various private email accounts to send emails that allegedly related to his departmental responsibilities. The allegations suggested that Gove and his advisers believed they could avoid their correspondence being subject to freedom of information requests, as they believed that their private email accounts were not subject to the Freedom of Information Act. In September 2011, the Financial Times reported that Gove had used an undisclosed private email account – called "Mrs Blurt" – to discuss government business with advisers.[35][36]

In March 2012 the Information Commissioner ruled that because emails the Financial Times had requested contained public information they could be the subject of a freedom of information request and ordered the information requested by the paper to be disclosed.[37][38] Gove was also advised to cease the practice of using private email accounts to conduct government business. He disputed the information commissioner's ruling and proceeded to tribunal, costing taxpayers £12,540 in fees for legal advice,[39] but the appeal was withdrawn.[40]

It was also alleged by the Financial Times that Gove and his advisors had destroyed email correspondence in order to avoid freedom of information requests. The allegation was denied by Gove's department who stated that deleting email was simply part of good computer housekeeping.[41][42]

Creationist schools

In June 2012, Gove approved three creationist schools, including Grindon Hall Christian School in Sunderland,[43] which opened in September 2012. This led to concerns about whether Department for Education (DfE) requirements not to teach creationism or intelligent design as science would be met.[44] The other creationist schools included Exemplar-Newark Business Academy, whose previous application was rejected because of concerns over creationism, and a third school in Kent. Both schools said they would teach creationism in RE but not in Science.[44]

The British Humanist Association (BHA) said teaching creationism in any syllabus was unacceptable.[44] In 2014, Gove's department acceded to the BHA's campaign by banning creationism from being taught as science in state-funded English schools, including academies and free schools, as well as introducing a requirement that such schools must teach evolution.[45]

2012 English GCSE results

In September 2012, following the furore surrounding the downgrading of GCSE English results, he refused, during his answers to the Parliamentary Education Committee on 12 September, to instruct Ofqual to intervene, and attacked his Welsh counterpart as "irresponsible and mistaken" for ordering disputed GCSEs to be regraded.[46] On 17 September he announced to the House of Commons an English Baccalaureate Certificate to replace GCSE, comprising English, Maths, Science, together with a Humanities subject and language, to be first examined in 2017. His plans to replace GCSE examinations with an English Baccalaureate were rejected by Parliament in February 2013.[47]

Children's homes scandal and data protection rules

In September 2013, news that the DfE did not maintain a register of children's homes in the UK came to light as a result of an article Gove wrote for The Daily Telegraph. Gove asserted his prior ignorance and surprise that the department did not hold this information and claimed that "Ofsted was prevented by 'data protection' rules, 'child protection' concerns and other bewildering regulations from sharing that data with us, or even with the police".[48]

Gove's claim was refuted the same day by the information commissioner, Sir Christopher Graham, who pointed out there was "nothing" in data protection legislation that prevents vulnerable young people from being properly protected in care homes. Graham noted that "[t]his law covers information about people so it has no bearing on the disclosure of non-personal information like the location of care homes", and said he would be writing to both Gove and Sir Michael Wilshaw about the matter.[49]

Social work training

In November 2013 Gove delivered a speech to the NSPCC in which he argued that social work training involved "idealistic students being told that the individuals with whom they will work have been disempowered by society". Gove held that students were being "encouraged to see [service users] as victims of social injustice whose fate is overwhelmingly decreed by the economic forces and inherent inequalities which scar our society". Gove suggested that the intellectual demands of many social work courses should be raised. Gove explained that the training of social workers was of personal importance to him because his own life had been transformed by social workers as a result of his adoption at the age of four months old.[50][51]

While serving as Education Secretary, Gove asked Sir Martin Narey, a former director general of prisons and chief executive of Barnardo's, to conduct a review of social work education. Narey subsequently made 18 recommendations, which he said could be implemented at "minimal cost", for the reform of social work education. Narey called for more emphasis to be placed on practical skills and suggested that some of the students recruited were not up to the job. He found that course standards varied widely and called for tighter minimum entry standards and the standardisation of the teaching provided to social work students.[50][52]

Birmingham schools row

In June 2014, a very public argument arose between the Home Office and Department for Education ministers about responsibility for alleged extremism in Birmingham schools,[53][54] which required Prime Minister David Cameron's intervention to resolve.[55]

The prime minister asked Gove to apologise to Home Office Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism Head Charles Farr for briefings critical of him which appeared on The Times front page.[56]

Criticism from the teaching profession

Gove was criticised by teachers unions for his attempts to overhaul British education. At the Association of Teachers and Lecturers Annual Conference in March 2013 a motion of no-confidence in Gove was passed.[57] This was followed up the next month at the annual conference of the National Union of Teachers (NUT), who unanimously passed a vote of no confidence in Gove and called for his resignation.[58]

The audience at the NUT conference was told that Gove had "lost the confidence of the teaching profession", "failed to conduct his duties in a manner befitting the head of a national education system", and "chosen to base policy on dogma, political rhetoric and his own limited experience of education."[59] Gove was further criticised at the May 2013 conference of the National Association of Head Teachers, for what they claimed was a climate of bullying, fear and intimidation during his time as Education Secretary. The conference passed a vote of no confidence in his policies.[60]

Changes to pay, pensions, and workloads were also controversial. The NUT and NASUWT staged strikes on a regional basis in October 2013,[61][62] although a national strike was averted.[63] After talks failed,[64][65] strike action affecting 10,000 schools took place in March 2014.[66]

Sarah Vine, Gove's wife, accused socialists of sending their family "vicious and aggressive" death threats due to Gove's education reforms, and said she had considered moving with their two children to Italy as a result of these threats.[67] Before the coalition Government, in 2010, a YouGov poll of teachers' voting intentions found that 33% were Conservative and 32% were Labour; four years later, a poll found that only 16% were Conservative and 57% were Labour.[68]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Department for Education returns in coalition rebrand". BBC News. 13 May 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  2. 1 2 Harrison, Angela (26 May 2010). "Schools are promised an academies 'revolution'". BBC News. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  3. 1 2 Richardson, Hannah (5 July 2010). "School buildings scheme scrapped". BBC News. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  4. ↑ Adams, Richard (15 July 2014). "Michael Gove: a controversial but influential education secretary". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  5. ↑ Paton, Graeme (28 July 2010). "'Rich thick kids' do better at school, says Gove". The Telegraph.
  6. ↑ Sanderson, David (30 December 2014). "Thatcher introduced GCSEs to spite the teaching unions". The Times. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  7. ↑ Paton, Graeme (5 October 2010). "Conservative Party Conference: schoolchildren 'ignorant of the past', says Gove". The Telegraph. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
  8. ↑ "'Gaming' the school league tables?". BBC News. 31 March 2011.
  9. ↑ "Education White Paper: Key points". The Telegraph. 24 November 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
  10. ↑ Paton, Graeme (1 April 2011). "Michael Gove: schools failing to promote the classics". The Telegraph. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  11. ↑ Chivers, Tom (23 June 2011). "Would you have confused Shakespeare and Dickens, Michael Gove". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
  12. ↑ Garner, Richard; Wright, Oliver (21 June 2012). "Michael Gove faces criticism over GCSE axe in exam overhaul". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  13. ↑ Mulholland, Hélène; Watt, Nick (21 June 2012). "Michael Gove's plan to scrap GCSEs is ludicrous, say teaching union leaders". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  14. ↑ Paton, Graeme (21 June 2012). "Lib Dems vow to block Michael Gove's plan to axe GCSEs". The Telegraph. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  15. ↑ "GCSE row: No 10 insists Cameron did know about Gove plan". BBC News. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  16. ↑ "YouGov/The Sunday Times Survey Results" (PDF). YouGov. 22 June 2012.
  17. ↑ Johnson, Boris (22 June 2012). "House of Lords reform: Nick Clegg's crazy plan is a pay day for has-beens and never-wozzers". The Telegraph. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  18. ↑ "Wales and Northern Ireland rebuke on GCSEs announcement". BBC News. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  19. ↑ Priestland, David (12 February 2013). "Michael Gove's new curriculum: what the experts say". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  20. ↑ D'Avray, David; Eales, Jackie; Fulbrook, Mary; McLay, Keith; Mandler, Peter; Scott, Hamish (17 February 2013). "Plan for history curriculum is too focused on Britain". The Observer.
  21. ↑ Bassey, Michael (20 March 2013). "Letters: Gove will bury pupils in facts and rules". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  22. ↑ Shepherd, Jessica (21 March 2013). "Michael Gove labels professors critical of new curriculum as 'bad academia'". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  23. ↑ Manning, Ralph (28 March 2013). "Letters: Gove ignores the real issues with the curriculum". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  24. ↑ Stewart, William (12 April 2013). "Gove's curriculum could be 'chaos', leaders warn". Times Educational Supplement. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  25. ↑ Watson, Matthew (1 September 2020). "Michael Gove's war on professional historical expertise: conservative curriculum reform, extreme whig history and the place of imperial heroes in modern multicultural Britain". British Politics. 15 (3): 271–290. doi:10.1057/s41293-019-00118-3. ISSN 1746-9198.
  26. ↑ Furness, Hannah (30 May 2013). "Hay Festival 2013: Don't sign up to Gove's insulting curriculum, Schama urges". The Telegraph. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  27. ↑ Mansell, Warwick (24 June 2013). "Curriculum experts say Gove's plans could lower standards". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  28. ↑ Garner, Richard (24 September 2013). "Michael Gove creating 'neo Victorian' curriculum for primary schools, says professor who led massive review into sector". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-12. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  29. ↑ "Letters: Narrow test-based education 'harms children'". The Times. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  30. ↑ Garner, Richard (15 October 2013). "Government plans to overhaul GCSEs and A-levels at the same time will 'wreck' education, says Oxford University's head of admissions". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  31. ↑ "Gove apologises over school building list errors". BBC News. 7 July 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  32. 1 2 3 4 Richardson, Hannah (11 February 2011). "Councils defeat government over school buildings". BBC News. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  33. 1 2 Moore, Rowan (6 March 2011). "Architects do matter, Mr Gove". The Observer. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  34. ↑ Fulcher, Merlin (2 February 2011). "Gove: Richard Rogers won't design your school". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  35. ↑ Ensor, Josie (20 September 2011). "Michael Gove faces questions over use of private email". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  36. ↑ Vasagar, Jeevan (2 March 2012). "Michael Gove aides accused of deleting government correspondence". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
  37. ↑ Smith, Graham (1 March 2012). "Decision Notice". ICO (Press release). Archived from the original on 6 March 2012.
  38. ↑ "Michael Gove loses 'private email' battle". BBC News. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  39. ↑ McSmith, Andy (26 October 2012). "Tony Blair may be an admirer of Ukrainian mills, but not on the basis of British ones he's visited". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  40. ↑ Vasagar, Jeevan (29 March 2012). "Michael Gove appeals against ruling on misuse of email". The Guardian.
  41. ↑ Henry, Julie (3 March 2012). "Michael Gove aides 'destroyed government emails'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  42. ↑ Cook, Chris (2 March 2012). "Gove staff destroyed government emails". Financial Times. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  43. ↑ "Grindon Hall Christian School". grindonhall.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  44. 1 2 3 Vasagar, Jeevan (17 July 2012). "Creationist groups win Michael Gove's approval to open free schools". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
  45. ↑ "Government bans all existing and future Academies and Free Schools from teaching creationism as science". British Humanist Association. 18 June 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  46. ↑ Coughlan, Sean (12 September 2012). "Michael Gove attacks Welsh GCSE regrade". BBC News. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  47. ↑ "Planned switch from GCSEs to Baccalaureate in England 'abandoned'". BBC News. 7 February 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  48. ↑ Gove, Michael (12 September 2013). "I'm ending this scandal over children's care". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
  49. ↑ Graham, Christopher (13 September 2013). "ICO responds to Michael Gove article in today's Daily Telegraph". Office of the Information Commissioner (Press release). Archived from the original on 17 September 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
  50. 1 2 "Michael Gove speech to the NSPCC: getting it right for children in need". GOV.UK. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  51. ↑ Richardson, Hannah (12 November 2013). "More child protection takeovers ahead, Gove hints". BBC News. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  52. ↑ Harrison, Angela (13 February 2014). "Call to upgrade social work training". BBC News. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  53. ↑ Brogan, Benedict (4 June 2014). "Theresa May is angry. Really angry". Telegraph blogs. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  54. ↑ Young, Toby (4 June 2014). "Five things you need to know about Theresa May's row with Michael Gove". Telegraph blogs. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  55. ↑ Helm, Toby; Boffey, Daniel; Mansell, Warwick (7 June 2014). "Furious Cameron slaps down Gove and May over 'Islamic extremism' row". The Observer. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  56. ↑ "Michael Gove apologises over 'Trojan Horse' row with Theresa May". BBC News. 8 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  57. ↑ "Teachers Pass No Confidence Vote In Gove". Sky News. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  58. ↑ Shepherd, Jessica (2 April 2013). "NUT passes unanimous vote of no confidence in Michael Gove". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  59. ↑ Shepherd, Jessica (2 April 2013). "NUT passes unanimous vote of no confidence in Michael Gove". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  60. ↑ "Michael Gove heckled at head teachers' conference in Birmingham". BBC News. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  61. ↑ News Agencies (5 September 2013). "NUT and NASUWT announce teachers' plan to strike in October". The Telegraph. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  62. ↑ "Thousands of schools affected as teachers strike over pay and conditions". The Guardian. Press Association. 17 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  63. ↑ Robinson, Sadie (25 October 2013). "Teachers' unions pull back from national strike this year against Gove". Socialist Worker. No. 2376. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  64. ↑ Paton, Graeme (6 November 2013). "Michael Gove 'refusing to back down over teachers' strike'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  65. ↑ Garner, Richard (26 December 2013). "Teachers threaten more strikes as talks with Michael Gove stumble". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  66. ↑ Saul, Heather (26 March 2014). "Teachers' strike affects 10,000 schools". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  67. ↑ Dathan, Matt (23 May 2014). "Gove's wife Sarah Vine admits fears over hatred". The Times. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  68. ↑ Parker, George; Warrell, Helen (14 March 2014). "How far will Michael Gove go?". Financial Times. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
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