Miyahara Pit is one of the main mines in the Mitsui Miike Coal Mine from the late Meiji period to the early Showa period. The hoisting machine room (brick building) of the second shaft constructed in 1901 (Meiji 34) and the vertical shaft turret (made of total steel) are left in perfect condition and designated as an important cultural property and historic site of the country.

Miike coal mine (三池炭鉱, Miike Tankō), also known as the Mitsui Miike Coal Mine (三井三池炭鉱, Mitsui Miike Tankō), was the largest coal mine in Japan,[1] located in the area of Ōmuta, Fukuoka and Arao, Kumamoto, Japan.

In 1960, it was the setting for the "Miike Struggle," which was the largest management-labor dispute in Japanese history.[2]

History

Mining began in the region during the Kyoho era, with the Miike mine under the control of the Tachibana clan.[3]

The mine was nationalised in 1872[4] by the Meiji government.[5] The Mitsui zaibatsu took control in 1899.[6]

The mine closed in 1997,[7] with devastating effects on the local economy.[1]

POW camp

During World War II the mine was used as a prisoner of war camp, referred to as Fukuoka#17 - Omuta. Approximately 1,735 American and Allied prisoners were used as slave labor to mine coal and work in a Mitsui zinc foundry. It was the largest POW camp in the Empire. 138 prisoners died,[8] of disease, accidents, and abuse.

Labor dispute

In 1960, the mine became the center of a protracted labor dispute that evolved into the largest management-labor dispute in Japan's history.[2] When the Mitsui corporation attempted to lay off nearly 1,500 workers at the mine, the powerful miners union responded with massive protests and work stoppages that led to Mitsui locking out the miners for 312 days.[9] The resultant clashes between miners, police, and right-wing gangsters escalated into violence.[10] Ultimately, the protesting miners were defeated, and returned to work without achieving their demands, dealing a significant blow to the Japanese labor movement as a whole.[11]

Incidents

On November 9, 1963, 458 people were killed by an explosion and the resulting buildup of carbon monoxide. 438 of the deaths were due to carbon monoxide poisoning, and 839 others suffered from the effects of carbon monoxide poisoning, which can cause brain damage.[4] In total, 1,197 of the 1,403 workers died or were injured as a result of the incident. Workers were told by the Mitsui Coal Mining company that a coal-dust explosion in the mine was impossible and were not educated on the potential for gas poisoning. The company had no provisions in place for isolating poisonous gas, in fact, at the time of the explosion, ventilation fans worked to actively spread the gas throughout the mine, leading to more deaths.[4] Only around 200 of the workers knew of the explosion, mostly by hearing it firsthand. Despite making it to the lift, they were told by their officers not to leave and died due to carbon monoxide poisoning. The majority of the workers knew nothing of the explosion. Electricity and telephone communication were lost after the explosion, and initially, no attempts to rescue the workers were made by the company, which stated that it was too risky due to unclear conditions within the mine. As a result, workers remained trapped in the mine for three hours after the company was notified. The inexperienced, ill-advised rescue crews exacerbated the severity of the event by not following the protocols for rescuing victims of carbon monoxide poisoning. Over 200 of the workers who were already suffering from poisoning were sent back into the mines to attempt to rescue others.[4] Of the 939 workers that survived, 839 suffered from serious carbon monoxide poisoning, which resulted in severe, permanent brain damage.[12][4]

On January 18, 1984, an explosion at the mine claimed the lives of 83 workers.

Legacy

The Miike mine was the subject of a Japanese documentary, Echoes from the Miike Mine (2006), directed by Hiroko Kumagai.[13]

World Heritage Site

In 2015, the Miike Coal Mine, railway and port were designated as part of the UNESCO World Industrial Heritage series "Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining."[14] The award was dependent upon Japan's promise to tell the "full history" of these sites that included a history of its forced labor for Koreans, Chinese, convicts, and POWs. On July 22, 2021, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee found that Japan had not fulfilled its pledge and they were asked to come up with a new plan by December 2021.[15]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Karan, P.P. & Stapleton, K.E. (1997) The Japanese city p.181 University Press of Kentucky ISBN 0-8131-2035-7 Retrieved January 2012.
  2. 1 2 Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 135. ISBN 9780674988484.
  3. ↑ Norman, E.H. & Woods, L.T. (2000) Japan's emergence as a modern state: political and economic problems of the Meiji period p.59. UBC Press ISBN 0-7748-0822-5 Retrieved January 2012.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Industrial pollution in Japan Chapter - 5 The Miike coal-mine explosion
  5. ↑ Norman & Woods (2000) p.121.
  6. ↑ Karan, P.P. & Stapleton, K.E. (1997) The Japanese city p.9. University Press of Kentucky ISBN 0-8131-2035-7 Retrieved January 2012.
  7. ↑ Workers get the shaft in Mitsui coal mine closure Asahi Shimbun, 18 February 1997
  8. ↑ http://www.powresearch.jp/en/pdf_e/powlist/fukuoka/fukuoka_17b_omuta_e_001.pdf
  9. ↑ Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 135–137. ISBN 9780674988484.
  10. ↑ Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 136–137. ISBN 9780674988484.
  11. ↑ Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 137. ISBN 9780674988484.
  12. ↑ Kawabata, Tai, "Film mines rich seams of history", Japan Times, 14 August 2011, p. 8.
  13. ↑ Tomoda, Yoshiyuki (November 2010). "Nihon no tankō eigashi to Miike" (PDF). Gengo bunka kenkyū (in Japanese). 22 (2): 21–37.
  14. ↑ Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining
  15. ↑ http://whc.unesco.org/archive/2021/whc21-44com-7B.Add2-en.pdf

33°00′50″N 130°27′22″E / 33.014°N 130.456°E / 33.014; 130.456

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