Mildred Dresselhaus
Dresselhaus at the White House in 2012
Born
Mildred Spiewak

(1930-11-11)November 11, 1930
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
DiedFebruary 20, 2017(2017-02-20) (aged 86)
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Alma materHunter College
Cambridge University
Radcliffe College
University of Chicago
Known forCarbon nanotubes
Spouses
​
(divorced)​
    ​
    (m. 1958)​
    Awards
    Scientific career
    FieldsApplied physics
    Institutions
    Doctoral advisorEnrico Fermi
    Doctoral students

    Mildred Dresselhaus[1] (née Spiewak; November 11, 1930 – February 20, 2017),[2] known as the "Queen of Carbon Science",[3] was an American physicist, materials scientist, and nanotechnologist. She was an institute professor and professor of both physics and electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[4] She also served as the president of the American Physical Society, the chair of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, as well as the director of science in the US Department of Energy under the Bill Clinton Government.[4] Dresselhaus won numerous awards including the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the National Medal of Science, the Enrico Fermi Award, the Kavli Prize and the Vannevar Bush Award.

    Early life and education

    Dresselhaus was born on November 11, 1930, in Brooklyn, New York City, the daughter of Ethel (Teichtheil) and Meyer Spiewak, who were Polish Jewish immigrants.[5] Her family was heavily affected by the Great Depression so from a young age Dresselhaus helped provide income for the family by doing piecework assembly tasks at home and by working in a zipper factory during the summer.[6][7] As a grade school student, Dresselhaus' first 'teaching job' was tutoring a special-needs student for fifty cents a week, and she learned how to be a good teacher.[7]

    Dresselhaus credited New York's free museums, including the American Museum of Natural History and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, with sparking her interest in science.[6] She and her brother, Irving Spiewak, were scholarship students at the Greenwich House Music School which introduced her to a different world of musical, artistic and intellectual leanings.[7]

    Dresselhaus was raised and attended grade school in the Bronx. Her older brother informed her of the opportunity to apply to Hunter College High School, where she excelled and gained practice as a teacher by tutoring fellow students.[6]

    Experience at Hunter College

    Dresselhaus attended Hunter College in New York. Traditionally a women's college, during Dresselhaus's time as a student there, Hunter College's Bronx campus opened itself to a flood of male G.I. Bill beneficiaries.[8] Dresselhaus later explained:

    The boys in the science classes were toward the bottom of the class... They always used to come to me for help.... That might be somewhat significant in my story, because I never got the idea in college that science was a man's profession.[9]

    While attending Hunter, one of her professors, and future Nobel-Prize-winner Rosalyn Yalow took interest in Dresselhaus and encouraged her to apply for graduate fellowships and pursue a career in physics. Dresselhaus graduated with her undergraduate degree in liberal arts in 1951.[2][6]

    After College

    She carried out postgraduate study at the University of Cambridge on a Fulbright Fellowship and received her MA from Radcliffe College. She received a PhD from the University of Chicago in 1958 where she studied under Nobel laureate Enrico Fermi.[10] She then spent two years at Cornell University as a postdoc before moving to Lincoln Lab as a staff member.

    Career and legacy

    Dresselhaus had a 57-year career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[11] She became the Abby Rockefeller Mauzé Visiting Professor of electrical engineering at MIT in 1967, became a tenured faculty member in 1968, and became a professor of physics in 1983. In 1985, she was appointed the first female institute professor at MIT. In 1994, Dresselhaus was one of 16 women faculty in the School of Science at MIT who drafted and co-signed a letter to the then-Dean of Science (now Chancellor of Berkeley) Robert Birgeneau, which started a campaign to highlight and challenge gender discrimination at MIT.[12][13][14][15]

    As the exotic compounds she studied became increasingly relevant to modern science and engineering, she was uniquely positioned to become a world-leading expert and write one of the standard textbooks.[16] Her groundwork in the field led to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov isolating and characterizing graphene, for which they were awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize.[6]

    Dresselhaus was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1990 in recognition of her work on electronic properties of materials as well as expanding the opportunities of women in science and engineering.[17][18] In 2005 she was awarded the 11th Annual Heinz Award in the category of Technology, the Economy and Employment.[19] In 2008, she was awarded the Oersted Medal. In 2012, she was co-recipient of the Enrico Fermi Award, along with Burton Richter,[20] and was awarded the Kavli Prize[3] "for her pioneering contributions to the study of phonons, electron-phonon interactions, and thermal transport in nanostructures."[21] In 2014, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom[22] and was inducted into the US National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014.[23] In 2015, she received the IEEE Medal of Honor.

    In 2000–2001, she was the director of the Office of Science at the U.S. Department of Energy. From 2003 to 2008, she was the chair of the governing board of the American Institute of Physics. She also has served as president of the American Physical Society (APS), the first female president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and treasurer of the National Academy of Sciences.

    Her former students include such notable materials scientists as Deborah Chung,[24] and physicists as Nai-Chang Yeh and Greg Timp.

    President Barack Obama greets 2010 Fermi Award recipients Dr. Mildred S. Dresselhaus and Dr. Burton Richter in the Oval Office, May 7, 2012
    President Barack Obama greets Dr. Mildred Dresselhaus, third from right, and Dr. Burton Richter, right, May 7, 2012.

    There are several physical theories named after Dresselhaus. The Hicks-Dresselhaus Model (L. D. Hicks and Dresselhaus)[25] is the first basic model for low-dimensional thermoelectrics, which initiated the whole band field. The Saito-Fujita-Dresselhaus Model (Riichiro Saito, Mitsutaka Fujita, Gene Dresselhaus, and Mildred Dresselhaus)[26] first predicted the band structures of carbon nanotubes. The Dresselhaus effect refers, however, to the spin–orbit interaction effect modeled by Gene Dresselhaus, Mildred Dresselhaus's husband.

    Dresselhaus devoted a great deal of time to supporting efforts to promote increased participation of women in physics. In 1971, Dresselhaus and a colleague organized the first Women's Forum at MIT as a seminar exploring the roles of women in science and engineering. In honor of her legacy, the APS created the Millie Dresselhaus Fund to support women in physics.[27] Dresselhaus was the face of a 2017 General Electric television advertisement which asked the question "What if female scientists were celebrities?" aimed to increase the number of women in STEM roles in its ranks.[28]

    In 2019, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Board of Directors created the IEEE Mildred Dresselhaus Medal, awarded annually "for outstanding technical contributions in science and engineering, of great impact to IEEE fields of interest."[29]

    Contributions to scientific knowledge

    Dresselhaus was particularly noted for her work on graphite, graphite intercalation compounds, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and low-dimensional thermoelectrics. Her group made frequent use of electronic band structure, Raman scattering and the photophysics of carbon nanostructures.[11] Her research helped develop technology based on thin graphite which allow electronics to be "everywhere", including clothing and smartphones.[11]

    With the appearance of lasers in the 1960s, Dresselhaus started to use lasers for magneto-optics experiments, which later led to the creation of a new model for the electronic structure of graphite.[30] A great part of her research dedicates to the study of 'buckyballs' and graphene focusing a great deal in the electrical properties of carbon nanotubes and enhancing thermoelectric properties of nanowires.[31]

    Personal life

    Her first husband was physicist Frederick Reif.[32] She remarried in 1958 to Gene Dresselhaus who became a well known theoretician and discoverer of the Dresselhaus effect.[33] They had four children – Marianne, Carl, Paul, and Eliot – and five grandchildren.[11]

    Honors and awards

    Selected publications

    References

    1. ↑ Mildred Dresselhaus was elected in 1974 as a member of National Academy of Engineering in Electronics, Communication & Information Systems Engineering and Materials Engineering for contributions to the experimental studies of metals and semimetals, and to education.
    2. 1 2 MIT News Office (February 21, 2017). "Institute Professor Emerita Mildred Dresselhaus, a pioneer in the electronic properties of materials, dies at 86". MIT News. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
    3. 1 2 Queen of Carbon Science, U.S. News & World Report. By Marlene Cimons, National Science Foundation. July 27, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
    4. 1 2 Natalie Angier (July 2, 2012). "Carbon Catalyst for Half a Century". New York Times. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
    5. ↑ Who's who in Frontier Science and Technology. Marquis Who's Who. 1984. ISBN 9780837957012.
    6. 1 2 3 4 5 Martin, Joseph D. (October 2019). "Mildred Dresselhaus and Solid State Pedagogy at MIT". Annalen der Physik. 531 (10): 1900274. Bibcode:2019AnP...53100274M. doi:10.1002/andp.201900274. ISSN 0003-3804. S2CID 202945998.
    7. 1 2 3 Weinstock, Maia (2022). Carbon Queen: The Remarkable Life of Nanoscience Pioneer Mildred Dresselhaus. The MIT Press. ISBN 9780262046435.
    8. ↑ "History of Lehman College". lehman.smartcatalogiq.com. Archived from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
    9. ↑ M. S. Dresselhaus, interview with S. Sherkow, 7 and 15 June, 11 and 19 August, 13, 20, 22, 24, and 30 September, and 15 October 1976. MIT Archives and Special Collections, Cambridge, MA, USA 18.
    10. ↑ Hagerty, James R. (March 4, 2017). "Millie Dresselhaus Burst Out of the 1940s Mold for Smart Young Women". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
    11. 1 2 3 4 "Mildred Dresselhaus: Physicist Burst out of 1940s Mold for Smart Women". Wall Street Journal. March 4, 2017. p. A9. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
    12. ↑ Zernike, Kate (2023). The Exceptions: Nancy Hopkins, MIT, and the Fight for Women in Science. New York, NY: Scribner. ISBN 978-1-9821-3183-8.
    13. ↑ "80th Birthday Celebration for Mildred Dresselhaus". web.mit.edu. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
    14. ↑ "SENATE CONFIRMS DRESSELHAUS AS DIRECTOR OF DOE OFFICE OF SCIENCE". U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. July 27, 2000. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
    15. ↑ "NSF and NSB Pay Tribute to Three Top American Scientists and Public Service Awardees at Annual Ceremony". US National Science Foundation (NSF). Retrieved April 18, 2015.
    16. ↑ Dresselhaus, M. S. (1996). Science of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. Dresselhaus, G.,, Eklund, P. C. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-221820-0. OCLC 162571937.
    17. ↑ "Dresselhaus Wins Medal of Science" (Press release). MIT News Office. November 14, 1990. Archived from the original on May 2, 2005. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
    18. ↑ "National Science Foundation - The President's National Medal of Science". Retrieved November 24, 2014.
    19. ↑ "The Heinz Awards :: Mildred Dresselhaus". heinzawards.net. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
    20. ↑ "President Obama Names Scientists Mildred Dresselhaus and Burton Richter as the Enrico Fermi Award Winners". Energy.gov. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
    21. ↑ 2012 Kavli Prizes/Mildred S. Dresselhaus/2012 Nanoscience Citation Archived October 6, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Kavli Foundation. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
    22. ↑ "Obama awards Presidential Medal of Freedom to 18". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
    23. ↑ "Search for Famous Inventors | National Inventors Hall of Fame". www.invent.org. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
    24. ↑ Chung, D. D. L. (March 15, 2017). "Mildred S. Dresselhaus (1930–2017)". Nature. 543 (7645): 316. Bibcode:2017Natur.543..316C. doi:10.1038/543316a. PMID 28300109.
    25. ↑ Hicks, L. D.; Dresselhaus, M. S. (1993). "Effect of quantum-well structures on the thermoelectric figure of merit". Physical Review B. 47 (19): 12727–12731. Bibcode:1993PhRvB..4712727H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.47.12727. PMID 10005469.
    26. ↑ Saito, Riichiro; Fujita, Mitsutaka; Dresselhaus, G.; Dresselhaus, M. S. (July 15, 1992). "Electronic structure of graphene tubules based onC60". Physical Review B. American Physical Society (APS). 46 (3): 1804–1811. Bibcode:1992PhRvB..46.1804S. doi:10.1103/physrevb.46.1804. ISSN 0163-1829. PMID 10003828.
    27. ↑ "Millie Dresselhaus Fund for Science & Society". www.aps.org. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
    28. ↑ Weil, Martin (February 22, 2017). "Mildred Dresselhaus, physicist dubbed 'queen of carbon science,' dies at 86". Retrieved March 4, 2017.
    29. ↑ "IEEE Mildred Dresselhaus Medal". www.ieee.org. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
    30. ↑ "PhysicsCentral". www.physicscentral.com. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
    31. ↑ "Mildred Dresselhaus: 1930-2017". www.aps.org. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
    32. ↑ Lehrer, Erica (August 21, 2019). "Frederick Reif". Physics Today. doi:10.1063/pt.6.4o.20190821a. S2CID 240784423. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
    33. ↑ Halpern, Jane (November 9, 2021). "Gene Dresselhaus, influential research scientist in solid-state physics, dies at 91". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
    34. ↑ "Doing the right things". ETH Zurich. November 21, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
    35. ↑ "Spotlight | National Inventors Hall of Fame". Invent.org. November 21, 2013. Archived from the original on August 14, 2016. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
    36. ↑ "President Obama Announces the Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients". whitehouse.gov. November 10, 2014. Retrieved November 11, 2014 – via National Archives.
    37. ↑ "PolyU to honour five distinguished personalities at 19th Congregation". The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. September 23, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
    38. ↑ "MIT". Retrieved December 14, 2021.
    39. ↑ "1999 Dwight Nicholson Medal for Outreach Recipient". American Physical Society.
    40. ↑ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
    41. ↑ "Mildred S. Dresselhaus". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
    42. ↑ "Mildred S. Dresselhaus". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
    43. ↑ "Group 2: Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics". Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
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