Mohammed Badie
محمد بديع
Mohammed Badie in 2011
8th General Guide of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt
Assumed office
16 January 2010
Preceded byMohammed Mahdi Akef
Personal details
Born (1943-08-07) 7 August 1943
El Mahalla El Kubra, Egypt
ChildrenAmmar
and three others
Alma materCairo University

Mohammed Badie (Arabic: محمد بديع Muḥammad Badīʿ, IPA: [mæˈħæmmæd bæˈdiːʕ]; born 7 August 1943) is the eighth Supreme Guide of the Muslim Brotherhood.[1]

He has been heading the Egyptian branch of the international Muslim Brotherhood organization since 2010. Before becoming the general guide, Badie had been a member of the group's governing council, the Guidance Bureau, since 1996.

He was arrested by the Egyptian authorities on 20 August 2013, and Dr. Mahmoud Ezzat became the acting general guide of the Muslim Brotherhood.[2][3] Then after Dr. Mahmoud Ezzat was arrested on 28 August 2020, Ibrahim Munir became the acting general guide of the Muslim Brotherhood.[4][5] On 13 October 2021, the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood Consultative Assembly (Shoura) made a decision to withdraw confidence from Ibrahim Munir and relieve him of his responsibility in the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.[6][7] The assembly decided to assign an acting committee for general guide role and announced that in an official statement on 13 November 2021,[8][9] and later announced Dr. Mostafa Tolba as the committee's representative on 17 December 2021.[10] On 16 November 2022, the Assembly (Shoura) made a new decision to appoint Prof. Dr. Mahmoud Hussein as the acting general guide of the Muslim Brotherhood according to the general regulation, and Dr. Mostafa Tolba announced the decision by hemself.[11][12][13]

On 28 April 2014, after an eight-minute trial[14] in which Badie could not present his defence, he was sentenced to death, along with 682 others who are allegedly Muslim Brotherhood supporters.[15] He was sentenced to life in prison on 15 September 2014,[16] and was sentenced to death on 11 April 2015, along with thirteen other senior Muslim Brotherhood members.[17] He received a sixth life sentence on 22 August 2015[18] and a seventh on 8 May 2017.[19]

Egypt's highest appeals court upheld the 2019 conviction of Badie on charges related to killing policemen and organising mass jail-breaks during Egypt's 2011 uprising, alongside those of 10 other leaders of the group.[20]

Biography

Early life

Badie was born on 7 August 1943 in the industrial city of Mahalla al-Kubra.[21] He received a degree in veterinary medicine at Cairo in 1965.[22]

The same year, he was arrested for the first time for his political activity in the Muslim Brotherhood, along with Muslim Brotherhood leader Sayyid Qutb, during a nationwide roundup of activists; he was sentenced to 15 years in prison by a military tribunal.[22] After 9 years, he was paroled along with almost all other Brotherhood prisoners in 1974 by the Egyptian president, Anwar al-Sadat. Badi'e went on to continue his studies and begin a teaching career at various Egyptian universities. He became a part-time professor of pathology at the veterinary school of Beni Suef University.

2013 crisis, arrest, and trials

In July 2013, Egyptian president Mohammed Morsi, a member of the Muslim Brotherhood, was removed by a coup d'état after the June protests. A travel ban was put on Badie as well as Badie's deputy Khairat el-Shater.[23] Badie's arrest was ordered on 10 July 2013 for "inciting the violence in Cairo on Monday in which more than 50 people were killed."[24] On 14 July 2013 Egypt's military-installed prosecutor general Hisham Barakat ordered his assets to be frozen.[25] Badie was arrested on 20 August 2013.[26][27] His two deputies were also arrested and he was due to stand trial on 25 August.[28][29] After the arrest of Badie, the Muslim Brotherhood appointed Mahmoud Ezzat as the acting guide.[30]

Badie then has been tried in the following cases:

  • Together with eighteen other defendants, he has been accused at Cairo Criminal Court of inciting the murder of nine protesters who stormed the Brotherhood's Cairo headquarters on 30 June.[31] On 29 October 2013, a three-judge panel stepped down from the proceedings, citing "uneasiness" over the trial as trial proceedings were disrupted by named defendants.[32] On 11 December 2013, a second panel of judges withdrew from the trial.[31]
  • On 7 June 2014, 47 defendants (ten of them in absentia) including Badie were tried at the Criminal Court of Shubra el-Kheima for inciting murder and violence, cutting off roads, threatening public order, and resisting authorities, especially referring to a demonstration in the town of Qalyub in July 2013 (notably blocking a highway),[33] in the course of which at least two people were killed. Along with nine others, Badie was sentenced to death, while there was no sentence yet for additional 37 defendants in the case.[34] On 5 July 2014 ten of them were sentenced to death by the Banha Criminal Court, the remaining including Badie to life in prison.[35][36]
  • On 15 July 2013, five persons died in clashes in Giza, notably in the Al-Bahr Al-Azam area near a police building. On 8 September 2013, Egypt's prosecutor-general referred Badie and 14 others to the criminal court, accusing them of being responsible for the incidents.[37][38] Several trial sessions were reported in the news,[39] until on 19 June 2014, Giza Criminal Court sentenced Badie, Muslim Brotherhood senior members Mohamed Beltagy and Essam el-Erian, as well as 11 others to death for inciting violence.[40][41]
  • In an eight-minute trial without an opportunity for a defense on 28 April 2014, Badie and 682 others were found guilty and sentenced to die by judge Said Youssef in a court in Minya,[14] referring to an attack on a police station in the Minya Governorate on 14 August 2013 when 11 policemen and 2 civilians were killed.[15] The same judge confirmed the death sentence on 21 June 2014 in 183 cases,[42] including Badie's.[35][43] Two months later, Egypt's Grand Mufti commuted the death sentence to a life sentence for Badie and five others. Egyptian law requires any capital sentence to be referred to the Grand Mufti, the highest Islamist religious authority, for an opinion before any execution can take place.[44]
  • In a 2015 trial, a Cairo court sentenced Badie and 18 other prominent Brotherhood figures to life in prison over an attack on a police station in 2013.[45] Charges ranged from murder and inciting violence to stealing weapons and destruction of public and private property. The court also handed the same sentence to 76 others in absentia.[46]
  • In 2016, an Egyptian court also sentenced Badie and 35 other people to life imprisonment for inciting violence in the Suez Canal city of Ismailia that led to the killing of three people in July 2013.[47]
  • In 2017, Egypt's Court of Cassation accepted the appeal of Badie and 49 other defendants against the death sentences received for the 2013 police station attacks. The court ordered a retrial for the charges.[48]
  • Badie returned to court in Giza in 2017 to face charges of "preparing an operations room to confront the state and create chaos in the country following the dismantling of the Rabaa al-Adawiya sit-in" and "planning to burn public property and churches", and he received another life sentence.[49]

2019–2021: sentence and appeal

  • A ruling on 11 July upheld the 2019 conviction by a Cairo criminal court of all 10, including Mohamed Badie, of charges related to killing policemen and organising mass jail-breaks during Egypt's 2011 uprising. The defendants were found guilty of helping about 20,000 prisoners escape, and of undermining national security by conspiring with foreign armed groups – the Palestinian group, Hamas, and Lebanon's Iran-backed Hezbollah. All of the sentences, which the court considered on appeal, are final.[20]

Statements

Israel

In a weekly sermon, titled "How Islam Confronts the Oppression and Tyranny [against the Muslims]," Mohammed Badie accused the Arab and Muslim regimes of avoiding confrontation with "the Zionist entity" and the United States, and also of disregarding "Allah's commandment to wage jihad for His sake with [their] money and [their] lives, so that Allah's word will reign supreme and the infidels' word will be inferior." Badie stated that the U.S. is immoral and doomed to collapse. He accused the Palestinian Authority of "selling out" the Palestinian cause, adding that a third intifada was about to erupt. Badie also stated that "Resistance is the only solution against the Zio-American arrogance and tyranny, and all we need is for the Arab and Muslim peoples to stand behind it and support it."[50][51][52]

In July 2012, during his weekly sermon, Mohammed Badie stated that Israelis are "rapists" of Jerusalem, and called on all Muslims to "wage jihad with their money and their selves to free al-Quds." He described the creation of Israel in international law as an "alleged, illusory right."[51][53]

In October 2012, Badie alleged that "The Jews have dominated the land, spread corruption on earth, spilled the blood of believers and in their actions profaned holy places, including their own." As such, he demanded that the Arab world reject negotiations with Israel in favour of "holy Jihad," saying that "the Zionists only understand force" and while alleging that allowing Jews to pray on the Temple Mount, Judaism's holiest site, would result in the destruction of Al-Aqsa.[54]

Operation Pillar of Defense

Badie denounced peace efforts with Israel, urging holy war against Israel, on 22 November 2012—just a day after Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi succeeded in brokering a truce to end eight days of Israel-Hamas fighting. Badie says "jihad is obligatory" for Muslims and that peace deals with Israel are a "game of grand deception." He says there's been enough negotiations, the "enemy knows nothing but the language of force."[55]

Overthrow of Mohamed Morsi

In July 2013, Badie condemned the removal of Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi by the Egyptian military stating "I swear by God that what Gen. Abdel-Fattah el-Sisi did in Egypt is more criminal than if he had carried an axe and demolished the holy Kaaba, stone by stone."[56]

Personal life

Badie has four children, three daughters and a son.[57] His son, Ammar, was killed in the clashes in Cairo on 16 August 2013.[57]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Muslim Brotherhood: Decision to participate in Friday protest is to preserve unity". Egypt Independent. 9 October 2010. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  2. ↑ "Egypt arrests Muslim Brotherhood leader". Los Angeles Times. 20 August 2013. Archived from the original on 29 December 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  3. ↑ "Muslim Brotherhood appoints Mahmoud Ezzat as interim leader". TASS. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  4. ↑ "Media Spokesman: "Ibrahim Mounir," the first responsible for managing the MB and the acting guide". ikhwanonline.com. 15 September 2020.
  5. ↑ "Muslim Brotherhood appoints acting guide after arrest of leader - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East". www.al-monitor.com. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  6. ↑ "A statement from the Muslim Brotherhood regarding the decisions of the General Shura Council". 13 October 2021.
  7. ↑ "اللجنة القائمة بعمل المرشد العام: مجلس الشورى هو السلطة العليا للجماعة". علامات أونلاين (in Arabic). Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  8. ↑ "The Shura Council of Muslim Brotherhood decisions". www.ikhwanonline.com. 13 November 2021.
  9. ↑ نيوز, وطن (17 December 2021). "الإخوان في بيان .. لجنة للقيام بمهام المرشد لمدة 6 أشهر والطلاب لممثل رسمي • 12 أبريل, 2023". w6nnews.com (in Arabic). Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  10. ↑ "An important statement from the General Shura Council on the acting committee of the Brotherhood's General Guide". ikhwanonline.com. 17 December 2021.
  11. ↑ "An Important Statement from the General Shura Council of the Muslim Brotherhood". www.ikhwanonline.com. 16 November 2022.
  12. ↑ كلمة هامة من د. مصطفى طُلبة - الممثل الرسمي للجنة القائمة بعمل المرشد العام, retrieved 12 April 2023
  13. ↑ "الإخوان المسلمون : مجلس الشورى العام يكلف د محمود حسين قائما بالأعمال". بوابة الحرية والعدالة (in Arabic). Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  14. 1 2 Cockburn, Patrick (28 April 2014). "The Death of Justice in Egypt". The Independent. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  15. 1 2 "Egypt: Mass death sentence on Islamists passed". BBC News. 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  16. ↑ "Badie and 14 MB leaders sentenced to life for Giza clashes". Mada Masr. 15 September 2014. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
  17. ↑ "Mohamed Badie, leader of Muslim Brotherhood, sentenced to death in Egypt". CBC News. Reuters. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  18. ↑ "Egyptian MB Leader Sentenced". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 22 August 2015. Archived from the original on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  19. ↑ "Muslim Brotherhood's Supreme Guide Mohammed Badie sentenced to life in prison". Al Arabiya. 8 May 2016. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
  20. 1 2 "Egypt upholds life sentences for 10 Muslim Brotherhood figures". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  21. ↑ "Who's Who in Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood". Washington Institute for Near East Policy. September 2012. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  22. 1 2 Profile of Dr Badie: A resilient leader Archived 6 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine Ikhwan, Retrieved 25 January 2011.
  23. ↑ "Morsi reportedly being held hours after being ousted as Egypt's president". Fox News. 3 July 2013. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  24. ↑ "Egypt Muslim Brotherhood leader Mohamed Badie arrest ordered". BBC News. 10 July 2013. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  25. ↑ "Asset freeze for Islamist leaders goes into action". Egypt Independent. 15 July 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  26. ↑ "VIDEO: Muslim Brotherhood Supreme Guide Badie arrested". Ahram Online. 19 August 2013. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  27. ↑ "Egypt's Brotherhood General Guide Mohammad Badie detained". Al Arabiya. 20 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  28. ↑ "Egypt: Muslim Brotherhood leader Mohammed Badie reported detained". The Guardian. 20 August 2013. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  29. ↑ "Egypt arrests Brotherhood spiritual leader; Mubarak could be released". The Washington Post. 19 August 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  30. ↑ "Mahmoud Ezzat named Muslim Brotherhood's new leader". Al Arabiya. 20 August 2013. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  31. 1 2 "Second judging panel withdraws from Brotherhood trial". Ahram Online. 11 December 2013. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  32. ↑ "Judges in Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood trial quit". Al Jazeera. 29 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  33. ↑ "Badie's 'Qalyub highway' case postponed to May 7". The Cairo Post. 29 April 2014. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  34. ↑ "MB supreme guide, nine others sentenced to death in Qalyub case". Mada Masr. 7 June 2014. Archived from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  35. 1 2 "Badie sentenced to life in prison over blocking road". The Cairo Post. 5 July 2014. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  36. ↑ Mobasherat, Mitra (5 July 2014). "Muslim Brotherhood leader, 36 others sentenced to life in Cairo". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  37. ↑ "Brotherhood's Badie referred to criminal court for Giza clashes". Ahram Online. 8 September 2013. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  38. ↑ "Badie, Beltagy and Erian referred to criminal court over al-Bahr al-Azam clashes". Cairo Informer. 9 September 2013. Archived from the original on 20 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  39. ↑ "Badie's Bahr Al-Azam trial adjourned". The Cairo Post. 12 May 2014. Archived from the original on 30 August 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  40. ↑ "MB supreme guide, 13 others sentenced to death for Istiqama clashes". Mada Masr. 19 June 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  41. ↑ "Leader of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood sentenced to death for a second time". Canada.com. 19 June 2014. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  42. ↑ "Ägypten: 183 Islamisten zum Tode verurteilt". N24 (in German). 21 June 2014. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  43. ↑ "Egypt court confirms death sentences for over 180". Associated Press. 21 June 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  44. ↑ "Badie death sentence reduced to life in Egypt". Al Jazeera. 30 August 2014. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
  45. ↑ "Badie receives latest life sentence from Egypt court". Al Jazeera. 22 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
  46. ↑ "Muslim Brotherhood leader sentenced to life in prison – on top of existing death sentence". The Independent. 22 August 2015. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
  47. ↑ "Mohamed Badie among dozens sentenced for life in Egypt". Al Jazeera. 30 May 2016. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
  48. ↑ "Cassation Court orders retrial of Badie, 49 others". Daily News Egypt. 10 May 2017. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  49. ↑ "Egypt issues life sentence for Muslim Brotherhood chief". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
  50. ↑ "Muslim Brotherhood Supreme Guide: 'The U.S. Is Now Experiencing the Beginning of Its End'; Improvement and Change in the Muslim World 'Can Only Be Attained Through Jihad and Sacrifice'". MEMRI. 6 October 2010. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  51. 1 2 "Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood leader: Israelis are rapists of Jerusalem". Israel Hayom. 9 July 2012. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  52. ↑ "Terrorism: Muslim Brotherhood". Jewish Virtual Library. Archived from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  53. ↑ "Muslim Brotherhood Leader Calls Israelis Rapists". The Algemeiner. 9 July 2012. Archived from the original on 16 September 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  54. ↑ Miller, Elhanan (11 October 2012). "'Holy Jihad' is the only way to deal with Israel, says Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood chief". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  55. ↑ "Egypt Brotherhood Leader Blasts Peace with Israel". ABC News. Associated Press. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  56. ↑ "MB leader: Mursi's ouster worse than destroying Islam's holiest shrine". Al Arabiya. 25 July 2013. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  57. 1 2 "Son of Brotherhood's Supreme Guide shot dead, house set ablaze". Egypt Independent. 17 August 2013. Archived from the original on 18 August 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
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