The term Mongolian calendar (Mongolian: цаглабар, romanized: tsaglabar or цаг тооны бичиг, tsag toony bichig) refers to a number of different calendars, the oldest of which was a solar calendar.[1] The beginning of the year was autumn. The year was divided into 4 seasons. The seasons begin at the equinoxes and the solstices of the sun. This calculation was changed in 1211, and the new year was celebrated in the spring. Spring began on March 22.

In 1282, Kublai Khan revised the Chinese calendar and began to include his homeland Mongolia in this calendar.

The traditional Mongol calendar is a lunisolar calendar based on Tegus Buyantu zurkhai[2] system developed in 1747 by monk Ishbaljir (Сүмбэ хамбо Ишбалжир, Sümbe khambo Ishbaljir; 1704–1788). The Mongol year is composed of either 12 or 13 lunar months, each beginning and ending with a new moon. A thirteenth month is added every three years, so that an average year is equal to the solar year.[3]

The Mongol traditional new year celebration is Tsagaan Sar which is celebrated at the second new moon following the winter solstice. In 2022, the second new moon was on 1 February in Mongolia.

In modern Mongolia, the Gregorian calendar is used, with the traditional calendar only used for traditional celebrations and events based on the calendar.

The European system of chronology is called Аргын тоолол (Argyn toolol, chronology of method) and the Mongol system of chronology is called Билгийн тоолол (Bilgiin toolol, chronology of wisdom).

Argyn toolol

Months

The twelve months of the year are referred to by their number, such as first month, second month, and so on.

English name Mongolian name
Cyrillic Traditional Romanization
JanuaryНэгдүгээр сар ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠNegdügeer sar
FebruaryХоёрдугаар сар ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠKhoyordugaar sar
MarchГуравдугаар сар ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠGuravdugaar sar
AprilДөрөвдүгээр сар ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠDörövdügeer sar
MayТавдугаар сар ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠTavdugaar sar
JuneЗургадугаар сар ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠZurgadugaar sar
JulyДолоодугаар сар ᠳᠣᠯᠣᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠDoloodugaar sar
AugustНаймдугаар сар ᠨᠠᠢ᠌ᠮᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠNaimdugaar sar
SeptemberЕсдүгээр сар ᠶᠢᠰᠦᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠYesdügeer sar
OctoberАравдугаар сар ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠAravdugaar sar
NovemberАрван нэгдүгээр сар ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠArvan negdügeer sar
DecemberАрван хоёрдугаар сар ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠArvan khoyordugaar sar

Days of the week

In colloquial usage, the first 5 days of the week are referred to as first day, second day, etc. Saturday is referred to as Хагас сайн өдөр (Khagas sain ödör, "half-good day"), and Sunday is referred to as Бүтэн сайн өдөр (Büten sain ödör, "full good day"); a result of 5 full working days and Saturday as a half working day during the communist era.

The names of Tibetan origin are used in more formal settings, and almost exclusively in written documents, while the Sanskrit names are practically absent in modern usage.

English name Colloquial Tibetan origin Sanskrit origin
CyrillicTraditionalRomanization CyrillicTraditionalRomanization CyrillicTraditionalRomanization
MondayНэг дэх өдөр ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠡᠬᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᠷNeg dekh ödörДаваа гараг ᠳᠠᠸᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭDavaa garagСумъяа ᠰᠤᠮᠢᠶ᠎ᠠSumyaa
TuesdayХоёр дахь өдөр ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᠷKhoyor dakhi ödörМягмар гараг ᠮᠢᠭᠮᠠᠷ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭMyagmar garagАнгараг ᠠᠩᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭAngarag
WednesdayГурав дахь өдөр ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᠷGurav dakhi ödörЛхагва гараг ᡀᠠᠭᠪᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭLkhagva garagБуд ᠪᠤᠳ᠋Bud
ThursdayДөрөв дэх өдөр ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠳᠡᠬᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᠷDöröv dekh ödörПүрэв гараг ᠫᠦᠷᠪᠦ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭPürev garagБархасбадь ᠪᠠᠷᠬᠠᠰᠪᠠᠳᠢBarkhasbadi
FridayТав дахь өдөр ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᠷTav dakhi ödörБаасан гараг ᠪᠠᠰᠠᠩ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭBaasan garagСугар ᠱᠤᠭᠠᠷ᠎ᠠSugar
SaturdayХагас сайн өдөр ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠰ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠳᠦᠷKhagas sain ödörБямба гараг ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭByamba garagСанчир ᠰᠠᠨᠢᠴᠠᠷSanchir
SundayБүтэн сайн өдөр ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠨ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠳᠦᠷBüten sain ödörНям гараг ᠨᠢᠮ᠎ᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭNyam garagАдъяа ᠠᠳᠢᠶ᠎Adyaa

See also

References

  1. ↑ Atwood, Christopher P. (2002-01-01), "Lunar and Solar Calendars on the Mongolian Plateau", Young Mongols and Vigilantes in Inner Mongolia's Interregnum Decades, 1911-1931, Brill, pp. 1067–1070, doi:10.1163/9789004531291_024, ISBN 978-90-04-53129-1, retrieved 2023-11-20
  2. ↑ Zurkhai (from the verb zur - draw) is a system of knowledge embracing mathematics, astronomy and astrology
  3. ↑ Damdinsuren, Ts. (1981). "A Commentary on Kalacakra or Wheel of Time". The Tibet Journal. 6 (1): 43–49. ISSN 0970-5368.
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