8 of 15 khagans of the Mongol Empire.
Mongol Empire and its fragmentation
Imperial Seal of Güyük Khan
Imperial Seal of Bogd Khan

The following is a list of Mongol rulers.

The list of states is chronological but follows the development of different dynasties.

Khamag Mongol (1120s–1206)

Mongol Empire (1206–1368)

Great Khans and Yuan dynasty

Before Kublai Khan announced the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, Khagans (Great Khans) of the Mongol Empire (Ikh Mongol Uls) already started to use the Chinese title of Emperor (Chinese: 皇帝; pinyin: Huángdì) practically in the Chinese language since Genghis Khan (as 成吉思皇帝; 'Genghis Emperor').

With the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1271, the Kublaids became Yuan emperors, who took on a dual identity of Khagan for the Mongols and Huangdi for ethnic Han.

B. Sumiyabaatar/ Б.Сумьяабаатар, "Чинcгий алтан ургийн үгийн бичиг ба гэрийн үеийн бичмэл", "Genealogy of Mongols", 720 pp., ISBN 99929-5-552-X
  • Genghis Khan (1206–1227)
  • Tolui Khan (as Regent) (1227–1229)
  • Ögedei Khan (1229–1241)
  • Töregene Khatun (as Regent) (1241–1246)
  • Güyük Khan (1246–1248)
  • Oghul Qaimish (as Regent) (1248–1251)
  • Möngke Khan (1251–1259)
  • Ariq Böke (1259–1264)
  • Kublai Khan (1260–1294) – Khagan title: Setsen; Temple name: Shizu (1271–1294) Era name: Zhongtong (中統) (1260–1264); Zhiyuan (至元) (1264–1294)
  • Temür Khan – Khagan title: Öljeitu; Temple name: Chengzong – (1294–1307); Era names: Yuanzhen (元貞) (1295–1297); Dade (大德) (1297–1307)
  • Külüg Khan – Khagan title: Khülük; Temple name: Wuzong – (1308–1311); Era name: Zhida (至大) (1308–1311)
  • Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan – Temple name: Renzong – (1311–1320); Era names: Huangqing (皇慶) (1312–1313); Yanyou (延祐) (1314–1320)
  • Gegeen Khan – Khagan title: Gegeen; Temple name: Yingzong – (1321–1323); Era name: Zhizhi (至治) (1321–1323)
  • Yesün-Temür – Temple name: Taiding Di – (1323–1328); Era names: Taiding (泰定) (1321–1328); Zhihe (致和) 1328
  • Ragibagh Khan – Temple name: Tianshun Di; Era name: Tianshun (天順) (1328)
  • Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür – Khagan title: Jayaaatu; Temple name: Wenzong – (1328–1329 / 1329–1332); Era names: Tianli (天歷) (1328–1330); Zhishun (至順) (1330–1332)
  • Khutughtu Khan Kusala – Khagan title: Khutughtu; Temple name: Mingzong; Era name: Tianli (天歷) (1329)
  • Rinchinbal Khan – Temple name: Ningzong; Era name: Zhishun (至順) (1332)
  • Toghon Temür – Khagan title: Ukhaantu; Temple name: Huizong ; Shundi – (1333–1370); Era names: Zhishun (至順) (1333); Yuantong (元統) (1333–1335); Zhiyuan (至元) (1335–1340); Zhizheng (至正) (1341–1368); Zhiyuan (至元) 1368–1370

Golden Horde

Left wing (White Horde)

This Horde was annexed by Abu'l-Khayr Khan of the Shaybanids in 1446.

Right wing (Blue Horde)

Actual rulers of the Golden Horde (Jochid Ulus, Kipchak Khanate) were members of the House of Batu until 1361.

Great Horde (1466–1502)

Ilkhanate

After the murder of Arpa, the regional states established during the disintegration of the Ilkhanate raised their own candidates as claimants.

Claimants from eastern Persia (Khurasan):

  • Togha Temür (c. 1338–1353) (recognized by the Kartids 1338–1349; by the Jalayirids 1338–1339, 1340–1344; by the Sarbadars 1338–1341, 1344, 1353)
  • Luqman (1353–1388) (son of Togha Temür)

Chobanids (1335–1357)

Jalayirid Sultanate (1335–1432)

Injuids (1335–1357)

Arghun dynasty (1479?–1599?)

Chagatai Khanate

The Chagatai Khanate was split into two parts, the Western Chagatai Khanate and the Eastern Chagatai Khanate (Moghulistan).

Western Chagatai Khanate

From 1370 on, the Western Chagatai Khans were puppets of Timur.

Eastern Chagatai Khanate (Moghulistan)

Moghulistan was split into the Turpan Khanate and Yarkent Khanate in the late 15th century.

See also List of khans of the Yarkent and Turpan khanates.

Turpan Khanate
Yarkent Khanate

Kara Del (1383–1513)

Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1635)

Khagans of the Mongols or Northern Yuan dynasty (rump state of Yuan dynasty until 1388):

Genghisid Khalkha Khans (1600s–1691)

Independent Khalkha Mongol Khans (before Outer Mongolia merged into the Manchu Qing dynasty):

Tüsheet Khans

  • Abtai Sain Khan (1567–1588)
  • Eriyekhei Mergen Khan (1589–?)
  • Gombodorji Khan (d. 1655)
  • Chakhun Dorji Khan (1654–1698)

Jasagtu Khans

  • Laikhur Khan
  • Subandai Khan
  • Norbu Bisireltü Khan (d. 1661)
  • Chambun Khan (1670?–)
  • Zenggün
  • Shara (d. 1687)

Sechen Khans

  • Sholoi (1627–1652), son of Morbuim, succeeded his brother Khar Zagal in 1627. First with the title of Setsen Khan.
  • Babu (1652–1683), fifth son of Sholoi.
  • Norov (1683–1688), third son of Babu.

Ancestry of Navaanneren /1910–1922/, eldest son of Tserendondov, who was the son of Orjinjav the son of Artased.

Altan Khan of the Khalkha

Oirats

Four Oirat (1399–1634)

  • Khuuhai Dayuu (c. 1399)
  • Ugetchi Khashikha (Mongolian: Ögöchi Khashikha; Mönkhtömör)
  • Batula Chinsan (Bahamu, Mahamud) (1399–1408)
  • Togoon Tayisi (Toghan) (1408–1438)
  • Esen (1438–1454)
  • Amasanj (1454–1455)
  • Ush-Temür (Ish-Temür) (1455–1469)
  • Khishig Urlugh
  • Arkhan Chingsang

Dzungar Khanate

Khans of Khoshut Khanate

Khotgoid Khanate (late 16th century – late 17th century)

Torghud khans of the Kalmyk Khanate

  • Kho Orluk (d. 1644)
  • Shukhur Daichin (1644–1661)
  • Puntsuk (1661–1669)
  • Ayuka Khan (1669–1724)
  • Tseren Donduk Khan (1724–1735)
  • Donduk Ombo Khan (1735–1741)
  • Donduk Dashi Khan (1741–1761)
  • Ubashi Khan (1762–1771)

Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911–1924)

  • Bogd Khan (r. 1911–19, 1921–24) – Era name: Olnoo Örgögdsön[3] (1911–1924); (the 8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu) – Tibetan Spiritual head of Mongolian's Geluk Sect.

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ René Grousset. "Le conquérant du monde: vie de Gengis-Khan". www.rulit.me. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  2. ↑ Кычанов Е. И. (1995). Жизнь Темучжина, думавшего покорить мир: Чингис-хан. Личность и эпоха (2-е изд., перераб. и доп ed.). Москва: Издательская фирма «Восточная литература» РАН; Школа-Пpecc. p. 18. ISBN 5-02-017390-8.
  3. ↑ Alan J. K. Sanders (2003). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia (Second ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 413. ISBN 978-0-8108-4434-6.

Sources

  • Dughlát Muhammad Haidar, Norbert Elias, Edward Denison Ross – The Tarikh-i-rashidi
  • Henry Hoyle Howorth-History of the Mongols
  • Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank -The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368
  • William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Laurence Lockhart, J. A. Boyle -The Cambridge history of Iran, 5
  • Konstantin Nikolaevich Maksimov – Kalmykia in Russia's past and present national policies and administrative system
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