Benny Morris
בני מוריס‎
Benny Morris wearing light blue open-necked shirt, looking left of camera and appearing to speak
Morris in 2007
Born (1948-12-08) 8 December 1948
Ein HaHoresh, Israel
Academic background
Education
ThesisThe British Weekly Press and Nazi Germany During the 1930's (1977)
Academic work
DisciplineHistorian
School or traditionIsrael's "New Historians"
InstitutionsBen-Gurion University of the Negev

Benny Morris (Hebrew: בני מוריס; born 8 December 1948)[1] is an Israeli historian. He was a professor of history in the Middle East Studies department of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in the city of Beersheba, Israel. He is a member of the group of Israeli historians known as the "New Historians", a term Morris coined to describe himself and historians Avi Shlaim, Ilan Pappé and Simha Flapan.[2]

Morris's 20th century work on the Arab–Israeli conflict and especially the Israeli–Palestinian conflict has won praise and criticism from both sides of the political divide.[3] Regarding himself as a Zionist,[4] he writes, "I embarked upon the research not out of ideological commitment or political interest. I simply wanted to know what happened."[5]

Biography

Morris was born on 8 December 1948 in kibbutz Ein HaHoresh, the son of Jewish immigrants from the United Kingdom.[6]

His father, Ya'akov Morris, was an Israeli diplomat, historian, and poet,[7] while his mother, Sadie Morris, was a journalist. According to The New Yorker, Benny Morris "grew up in the heart of a left-wing pioneering atmosphere."[8] His parents moved to Jerusalem when Morris was a one-year-old. He later accompanied his parents to New York, where his father was an envoy in Israel's foreign service.[9]

Morris served in the Israel Defense Forces as an infantryman, including in the Paratroopers Brigade, from 1967 to 1969. He saw action on the Golan Heights front during the Six-Day War and served on the Suez Canal during the War of Attrition. He was wounded in 1969 by an Egyptian shell in the Suez Canal area and was discharged from active service four months later, but continued to serve in the military reserve until 1990. He completed his undergraduate studies in history at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and received a doctorate in modern European history from the University of Cambridge.[10]

Morris served in the 1982 Lebanon War as an army reservist, taking part in the Siege of Beirut in a mortar unit.[8] In 1986, he did reserve duty in the West Bank. In 1988, when he was called up for reserve duty in Nablus, he refused to serve on ideological grounds, as he viewed Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories as a necessity and did not want to take part in suppressing the First Intifada. He was sentenced to three weeks in military prison and was imprisoned for 19 days, with the remaining two deducted for good behavior. He was subsequently discharged from reserve service.[2]

From 2015–18, Morris served as the Goldman Visiting Israeli Professor in Georgetown University's Department of Government.[11]

He lives in Srigim (Li On) and is married with three children.[10]

Journalism career

After graduation from the University of Cambridge he returned to Jerusalem and worked as a correspondent for The Jerusalem Post for 12 years.[12] He covered the 1982 Lebanon War for The Jerusalem Post, a war he also fought in as a reservist.[8]

While working at The Jerusalem Post in the 1980s, Morris began reading through Israeli government archives, at first looking at the history of the Palmach, then turning his attention to the origins of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight. Mainstream Israeli historiography at the time explained the 1948 Palestinian exodus from their towns and villages as having been driven by fear, or by instructions from Arab leaders. Morris found evidence that there had been expulsions in some cases.[2] Another event that Morris revealed for the first time based on his archive study was the contacts between the Israeli officials and the Lebanese Kataeb Party figures, including Elias Rababi, in the period 1948–1951.[13] The related news reports were also published in The Jerusalem Post in 1983.[13]

Political views

Critics allege that Morris's first book, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947—1949, is biased. Morris believes they failed to read his book with moral detachment, assuming that when he described Israeli actions as cruel or as atrocities, he was condemning them. In fact, he supports Israeli actions during 1948 such as the uprooting of 700,000 Palestinian Arabs, claiming that the only alternative to expelling them was the genocide of the Jewish population in Israel. In a 2004 interview with Haaretz conducted by Ari Shavit, Morris said that Israel was justified in uprooting the Palestinian 'fifth column' after the Arabs attacked the infant state, and that proportion should be employed when considering the "small war crimes" committed by Israel.[6] In the interview, Morris stated that:

There is no justification for acts of rape. There is no justification for acts of massacre. Those are war crimes. But in certain conditions, expulsion is not a war crime. I don't think that the expulsions of 1948 were war crimes.[6]

When Shavit called the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight "ethnic cleansing", Morris responded, "[t]here are circumstances in history that justify ethnic cleansing. I know that this term is completely negative in the discourse of the 21st century, but when the choice is between ethnic cleansing and genocide—the annihilation of your people—I prefer ethnic cleansing." Morris criticised David Ben-Gurion for not fully carrying out such a plan, saying: "In the end, he faltered. ... If Ben-Gurion had carried out a large expulsion and cleansed the whole country ... If he had carried out a full expulsion—rather than a partial one—he would have stabilized the State of Israel for generations." Morris also said: "I feel sympathy for the Palestinian people, which truly underwent a hard tragedy. I feel sympathy for the refugees themselves. But if the desire to establish a Jewish state here is legitimate, there was no other choice. It was impossible to leave a large fifth column in the country. From the moment the Yishuv was attacked by the Palestinians and afterward by the Arab states, there was no choice but to expel the Palestinian population. To uproot it in the course of war."[6]

Morris told Shavit that his views changed in 2000 after the Palestinian rejection of President Clinton's peace accords and the beginning of the Second Intifada. He had originally viewed the First Intifada as a legitimate uprising against foreign occupation, and was imprisoned for refusing to serve in the occupied territories as a reservist. In contrast, he has characterized the Second Intifada as a war waged by the Palestinians against Israel with the intention of bringing Israeli society to a state of collapse. According to Morris, "The bombing of the buses and restaurants really shook me. They made me understand the depth of the hatred for us."[6]

Morris told Shavit that he still describes himself as being left-wing because of his support for the two-state solution, but he believes his generation will not see peace in Israel.[6] He has said, "I don't see the suicide bombings as isolated acts. They express the deep will of the Palestinian people. That is what the majority of the Palestinians want."[6] On the subject of "people the Palestinian society sends to carry out the terrorist attacks," he calls them "serial killers" and "barbarians who want to take our lives".[6]

In the same interview, Morris called Israeli Arabs "a time bomb," claiming that "their slide into complete Palestinization has made them an emissary of the enemy that is among us. They are a potential fifth column." On the subject of the potential expulsion of Israeli-Arabs, he stated that "in the present circumstances it is neither moral nor realistic. The world would not allow it, the Arab world would not allow it, it would destroy the Jewish society from within. But I am ready to tell you that in other circumstances, apocalyptic ones, which are liable to be realized in five or ten years, I can see expulsions. If we find ourselves with atomic weapons around us, or if there is a general Arab attack on us and a situation of warfare on the front with Arabs in the rear shooting at convoys on their way to the front, acts of expulsion will be entirely reasonable. They may even be essential."[6]

Morris called the Israel–Palestinian conflict a facet of a global clash of civilisations between Islam and the Western World in the Haaretz interview, saying, "There is a deep problem in Islam. It's a world whose values are different. A world in which human life doesn't have the same value as it does in the West, in which freedom, democracy, openness and creativity are alien...Revenge plays a central part in the Arab tribal culture. Therefore, the people we are fighting and the society that sends them have no moral inhibitions."[6]

He sees the Jews as the greater victims.[6]

Morris later denied the term "ethnic cleansing" with regard to the actions undertaken by Jewish forces in Israel during the year 1948. He said that possibly, the term might apply in a limited or partial context to Lod and Ramla. He says that according to historical records, approximately 160,000 Arabs remained within the territories of Israel post-1948 and that while many were indeed expelled, a significant number managed to return and retained their status as citizens of the newly established Jewish state.[14]

His work has been criticised by Arab writers for failing to act on the evidence he found of forced evictions.[15]

In an op-ed piece in The New York Times in July 2008, Morris wrote: "Iran's leaders would do well to rethink their gamble and suspend their nuclear program. Bar this, the best they could hope for is that Israel's conventional air assault will destroy their nuclear facilities. To be sure, this would mean thousands of Iranian casualties and international humiliation. But the alternative is an Iran turned into a nuclear wasteland."[16] In an interview with the Austrian newspaper Der Standard Morris argues that a pre-emptive nuclear strike on Iran may have to be used as a last resort to stop the Iranian nuclear program.[17]

In July 2019, Morris has sharply criticized the restrictions under the Netanyahu government of access to historical documents related to the 1948 Palestinian Arab exodus, referring to them as "totalitarian."[18]

In a 2019 interview with Haaretz, Morris took a pessimistic view of Israel's future, arguing that the Palestinians would not compromise and that ultimately "a situation in which we rule an occupied people that has no rights cannot persist in the 21st century, in the modern world". He claimed that as soon as the Palestinians did have rights, Israel would no longer be a Jewish state, and that it would descend into intercommunal violence with Jews ultimately becoming a persecuted minority and those who can emigrating. According to Morris, "the Palestinians look at everything from a broad, long-term perspective. They see that at the moment, there are five-six-seven million Jews here, surrounded by hundreds of millions of Arabs. They have no reason to give in, because the Jewish state can't last. They are bound to win. In another 30 to 50 years they will overcome us, come what may."[19]

In August 2023, Morris was one of more than 1,500 U.S., Israeli, Jewish and Palestinian academics and public figures who signed an open letter stating that Israel operates "a regime of apartheid" and calling on US Jewish groups to speak out against the occupation in Palestine.[20][21][22]

Criticisms of Morris' post-2000 views

Commenting on the post-2000 reversal of position by Morris, Shlomo Ben-Ami, former Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs, wrote that Morris' more recent "thesis about the birth of the Palestine refugee problem being not by design but by the natural logic and evolution of war is not always sustained by the very evidence he himself provides: 'cultured officers ... had turned into base murderers and this not in the heat of battle ... but out of a system of expulsion and destruction; the less Arabs remained, the better; this principle is the political motor for the expulsions and atrocities' [quoting from Morris' major 2004 work: 'The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited']".[23]

Ari Shavit, senior correspondent at Haaretz, commented on Morris' justification for the expulsion of the Arabs in 1948 by contrasting (the more recent) "citizen" Morris with (the earlier) "historian" Morris, and noting that, at times "citizen Morris and historian Morris worked as though there is no connection between them, as though one was trying to save what the other insists on eradicating."[24]

Published works

1948 and After

1948 and After: Israel and the Palestinians is a collection of essays dedicated to the Palestinian exodus of 1948 and subsequent events. It analyses Mapai and Mapam policy during the exodus, the IDF report of July 1948 on its causes, Yosef Weitz's involvement in the events, and some cases of expulsions that occurred in the fifties. Although Morris dismisses the claim that the Palestinians were systematically expelled due to orders from Israeli officials, he nevertheless cites an IDF Intelligence Report that concludes that 70% of the exodus was caused by Israeli forces and Jewish dissidents.[25]

1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War

In 1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War, Morris gives a detailed account of the war between various factions that year that caused the creation of the modern state of Israel. Yoav Gelber writes, "1948 is a praiseworthy achievement of research and analysis, the work of a historian unwilling to rest on his already considerable laurels." Gelber disagrees with some of Morris's analysis, in particular with the idea that the 1948 war was more a "clash of civilizations" between the West and Islam than a nationalist struggle. He also argues that Morris overestimates Israel's military strength, and disagrees with Morris about the aims of King Abdullah of Jordan.[26]

One State, Two States

In One State, Two States, Morris contends that there is no two-state solution to the Middle East crisis, and that the one-state solution is not viable because of Arab unwillingness to accept a Jewish national presence in the Middle East and cultural differences including less Arab respect for human life and rule of law.[27] He suggests the possibility of something like a three-state solution in the form of a Palestinian confederation with Jordan.[28]

The Thirty-Year Genocide, Turkey's Destruction of its Christian Minorities, 1894-1924

The book describes the Ottoman/Turkish destruction of the Armenian, Greek and Assyrian communities by the successive Ottoman, Young Turks' and Atatürk regimes, in which some two million Christians were murdered by their Muslim neighbors.

List of publications

  • The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949, Cambridge University Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0-521-33028-2
  • Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services, with Ian Black, New York, Grove Weidenfeld, 1991. ISBN 978-0-8021-1159-3
  • Israel's Border Wars 1949–1956: Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0-19-829262-3
  • 1948 and after; Israel and the Palestinians, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1994. ISBN 0-19-827929-9
  • Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–1999. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 2001 [Original in 1999] ISBN 978-0-679-74475-7
  • Correcting a Mistake: Jews and Arabs in Palestine/Israel, 1936-1956, Am Oved Publishers, 2000.
  • The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews. New York: I.B. Tauris, 2003. ISBN 978-1-86064-812-0
  • The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6
  • Making Israel (ed), University of Michigan Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-472-11541-9
  • 1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War, Yale University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-300-12696-9
  • One State, Two States: Resolving the Israel/Palestine Conflict, Yale University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-300-12281-7
  • The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894-1924 (co-authored with Dror Ze'evi), Harvard University Press, 2019. ISBN 978-0674916456
  • Sidney Reilly: Master Spy, Yale University Press, 2022. ISBN 978-0-300-24826-5

Praise and criticism

Avi Shlaim, retired professor of international relations at the University of Oxford, and himself a New Historian, writes that Morris investigated the 1948 exodus of the Palestinians "as carefully, dispassionately, and objectively as it is ever likely to be", and that The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem is an "outstandingly original, scholarly, and important contribution" to the study of the issue. Shlaim writes that many of Morris's critics cling to the tenets of "Old History", the idea of an Israel born untarnished, a David fighting the Arab Goliath. He argues that these ideas are simply false, created not by historians but by the participants in the 1948 war, who wrote about the events they had taken part in without the benefit of access to Israeli government archives, which were first opened up in the early 1980s. [3]

Morris has also been criticized[29][30][31] for being reluctant to accept the implications of the evidence he presents in his work. A particular example being his analysis of the root of the conflict which he has stated is that "they [the Arabs] didn't want the Jews to be here [Israel]", while his book Righteous Victims states: "The fear of territorial displacement and dispossession was to be the chief motor of Arab antagonism to Zionism down to 1948 (and indeed after 1967 as well)."[32][33]

Efraim Karsh

Efraim Karsh, professor of Mediterranean Studies at King's College London, writes that Morris engages in what Karsh calls "five types of distortion". According to Karsh, Morris "misrepresents documents, resorts to partial quotes, withholds evidence, makes false assertions, and rewrites original documents... [he] tells of statements never made, decisions never taken, events that never happened ... at times [he] does not even take the trouble to provide evidence..... He expects his readers to take on trust his assertions that fundamental contradictions exist between published accounts and the underlying documents.....he systematically falsifies evidence. Indeed, there is scarcely a document that he does not twist. This casts serious doubt on the validity of his entire work." In addition he claimed to expose a serious gap between Morris' text and the original diary of Ben-Gurion, the first prime minister of Israel.[34]

Yezid Sayigh, professor of Middle East Studies in the Department of War Studies at King's College London, writes of Karsh's criticism, "[t]his is not the first time that Efraim Karsh has written a highly self-important rebuttal of revisionist history. He is simply not what he makes himself out to be, a trained historian (nor political/social scientist)." (Karsh responds that he has an undergraduate degree in modern Middle Eastern history, and Arabic language and literature, and a doctorate in political science and international relations.) Sayigh urges academics to compose "robust responses [to Karsh] that make sure that any self-respecting scholar will be too embarrassed to even try to incorporate the Karsh books in his/her teaching or research because they can't pretend they didn't know how flimsy their foundations are".[35]

Morris responds that Karsh's article is a "mélange of distortions, half-truths, and plain lies that vividly demonstrates his profound ignorance of both the source material (his piece contains more than fifty footnotes but is based almost entirely on references to and quotations from secondary works, many of them of dubious value) and the history of the Zionist–Arab conflict. It does not deserve serious attention or reply."[36] Anita Shapira, Dean of Tel Aviv University, argues "thirty of [Karsh's] references actually refer to writings by Shlaim and Morris, and fifteen others cite primary sources, and the rest refer to studies by major historians...."[37]

Morris elsewhere argues that Karsh "belabor[s] minor points while completely ignoring, and hiding from his readers, the main pieces of evidence" and argued, "... Karsh, while claiming to have 'demolished' the whole oeuvre, in fact deal[t] with only four pages of Birth. These pages tried to show that the Zionist leadership during 1937–38 supported a 'transfer solution' to the prospective Jewish state's 'Arab problem.'"[38] Commenting on the Revisited version of Morris'work, Karsh states that in "an implicit acknowledgement of their inaccuracy, Morris has removed some of The Birth's most inaccurate or distorted quotations about transfer."[39]

Finkelstein and Masalha

Morris has also been criticised by Norman Finkelstein and Nur Masalha. They argue that Morris's conclusions have a pro-Israeli bias, in that he has not fully acknowledged that his work rests largely on selectively released Israeli documentation, while the most sensitive documents remain closed to researchers, and has more broadly treated the evidence in Israeli documents in an uncritical way, and not taking into account that they are, at times, apologetic. In relations to specific work on the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight, they assert that Morris minimised the number of expulsions, with Finkelstein noting than many events classified by Morris as "abandonment" or "military assault on settlement" were actually expulsions, and that when the conclusions of Morris' evidence are harsh for the Israelis he has tended to give them a less incriminating spin.[40][41][42]

In a reply to Finkelstein and Masalha,[43] Morris answers he "saw enough material, military and civilian, to obtain an accurate picture of what happened", that Finkelstein and Masalha draw their conclusions with a pro-Palestinian bias, and that with regard to the distinction between military assault and expulsion they should accept that he uses a "more narrow and severe" definition of expulsions. Morris holds to his conclusion that there was no transfer policy. Shlomo Ben Ami states that Benny Morris' conclusion is not supported by the evidence that he himself (Morris) presents such as his statement that, "cultured officers . . . had turned into base murderers and this not in the heat of battle . . . but out of a system of expulsion and destruction; the less Arabs remained, the better; this principle is the political motor for the expulsions and the atrocities".[44]

Ilan Pappé

Benny Morris wrote a review critical of Ilan Pappé's book A History of Modern Palestine[45] for The New Republic.[46] Morris called Pappé's book "truly appalling". He says it subjugates history to political ideology, and "contains errors of a quantity and a quality that are not found in serious historiography".[46] Replying, Pappé accused Morris of using mainly Israeli sources, and disregarding Arab sources, which – Pappé alleged – Morris "cannot read".[47]

Michael Palumbo

Michael Palumbo, author of The Palestinian Catastrophe: The 1948 Expulsion of a People from Their Homeland,[48] reviewing the first edition of Morris's book on Palestinian refugees, criticises Morris's decision, which Palumbo thinks characteristic of Israeli revisionist historians generally, to rely mainly on official, "carefully screened" Israeli sources, especially for radio transcripts of Arab broadcasts, while disregarding unofficial Israeli sources such as transcripts from the BBC and CIA, many of which point to a policy of expulsion.[49] He says Morris failed to supplement his work in Israeli archives, many still classified, by U.N., American, and British archival sources that Palumbo considers objective on such issues as IDF atrocities,[50] as well as oral testimonies of Palestinians and Israelis, which can be reliable if their substance can be independently verified.[51] Palumbo says:

Morris' regard for documentation is indeed commendable, were it not for his tendency to choose sources which support his views, while avoiding those document collections which contain information inconsistent with his principal arguments. His decision not to use the testimony of Israeli veterans is unfortunate, since some of them have spoken candidly about Israeli atrocities and expulsion of civilians at Deir Yassin, Lydda–Ramle and Jaffa.[52]

Baruch Kimmerling

In an article in HNN, Baruch Kimmerling discusses an interview with Benny Morris in which Morris states:

if he was already engaged in expulsion, maybe he should have done a complete job. I know that this stuns the Arabs and the liberals and the politically correct types. But my feeling is that this place would be quieter and know less suffering if the matter had been resolved once and for all. If Ben-Gurion had carried out a large expulsion and cleaned the whole country - the whole Land of Israel, as far as the Jordan River. It may yet turn out that this was his fatal mistake. If he had carried out a full expulsion - rather than a partial one - he would have stabilized the State of Israel for generations... Even the great American democracy could not have been created without the annihilation of the Indians. There are cases in which the overall, final good justifies harsh and cruel acts that are committed in the course of history.

Kimmerling criticizes this analysis of Morris as misunderstanding the impact of the refugee problem on the current conflict, and the magnitude of an even larger refugee population.[30]

Awards and recognition

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Morris, Benny 1948–". Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 Wilson, Scott (11 March 2007). "Israel Revisited". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  3. 1 2 Shlaim, Avi. "The Debate about 1948", International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol 27, No. 3 (1995), pp. 287–304.
  4. ↑ Hillel Cohen (22 October 2015). Year Zero of the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1929. Brandeis University Press. pp. 253–. ISBN 978-1-61168-812-2.
  5. ↑ Morris 2004, p. 3.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Shavit, Ari. "Survival of the fittest":"Part I". Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2008., "Part II". Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2008.. Ha'aretz Friday Magazine, 9 January 2004.
  7. ↑ Wilson, Scott. Israel Revisited Archived 8 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Washington Post, 11 March 2007.
  8. 1 2 3 Remnick, David. Blood and Sand: A revisionist Israeli historian revisits his country's origins Archived 13 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. The New Yorker, 5 May 2008.
  9. ↑ 'Israel Will Decline, and Jews Will Be a Persecuted Minority. Those Who Can Will Flee to America', Haaretz
  10. 1 2 "Professor Benny Morris". Torah in Motion. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  11. ↑ "Faculty and Research | Program for Jewish Civilization | Georgetown University". Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  12. ↑ An evolving historian Archived 9 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Robert Slater. The Jerusalem Post, 26 December 2012.
  13. 1 2 David K. Shipler (3 July 1983). "'48 Israeli Tie to Phalangists Revealed". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  14. ↑ Morris, Benny (10 October 2016). "Israel Conducted No Ethnic Cleansing in 1948". Haaretz. Retrieved 23 October 2023. Prof. Daniel Blatman distorts history when he says the new State of Israel, a country facing invading armies, carried out a policy of expelling the local Arabs.
  15. ↑ Said, Edward. (1998) "New History, Old Ideas" in Al-Ahram weekly, 21–27 May.
  16. ↑ Morris, Benny (18 July 2008). "Using Bombs to Stave Off War". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  17. ↑ "Letzte Chance ist eine israelische Atombombe". Derstandard.at. 18 May 2008. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  18. ↑ Morris, Benny (7 July 2019). "Benny Morris: Israel's Concealing of Nakba Documents Is Totalitarian". Haaretz. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  19. ↑ Israel will decline, and Jews will be a persecuted minority. Those who can will flee to America', Ofer Aderet, 17 January 2019, Haaretz
  20. ↑ "Elephant in the room". sites.google.com.
  21. ↑ McGreal, Chris (15 August 2023). "US Jews urged to condemn Israeli occupation amid Netanyahu censure". The Guardian.
  22. ↑ "In Israel and the U.S., 'apartheid' is the elephant in the room". WAPO. 11 August 2023.
  23. ↑ Shlomo Ben-Ami (2005). Scars of War, Wounds of Peace (PAPERBACK ed.). Phoenix (Orion Books). p. 43. ISBN 0-7538-2104-4.
  24. ↑ Ari Shavit (2004). "Survival of the Fittest? An Interview with Benny Morris". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 4 April 2004.
  25. ↑ Morris, 1994, p. 101.
  26. ↑ Yoav Gelber, "The Jihad That Wasn't" Archived 14 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Azure, Autumn 2008, No. 34.
  27. ↑ Goldberg, Jeffrey (20 May 2009). "Book Review - 'One State, Two States: Resolving the Israel/Palestine Conflict,' by Benny Morris". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 May 2017.
  28. ↑ Goldberg, Jeffrey. No Common Ground Archived 3 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 20 May 2009.
  29. ↑ Ufheil-Somers, Amanda (21 December 1996). "The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict After Oslo". MERIP. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  30. 1 2 Kimmerling, Baruch (26 January 2004). "Benny Morris's Shocking Interview". Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{cite web}}: Check |archive-url= value (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ↑ Shlomo Ben-Ami (2005). Scars of War, Wounds of Peace (PAPERBACK ed.). Phoenix (Orion Books). p. 43. ISBN 0-7538-2104-4.
  32. ↑ Crosstalk: Finkelstein vs Morris - Israel/Palestine Debate, retrieved 22 December 2023
  33. ↑ Moris, Beni (2001). Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881 - 2001 (1. Vintage Books ed.). New York, NY: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-74475-7.
  34. ↑ Benny Morris and the Reign of Error Archived 15 May 2005 at the Wayback Machine, Middle East Quarterly; see also Fabricating Israeli History: The New Historians.
  35. ↑ Karsh, Efraim. The Unbearable Lightness of my Critics Archived 2 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Middle East Quarterly, Summer 2002.
  36. ↑ Morris, Benny (1 September 1996). "Undeserving of a Reply". Middle East Quarterly. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006 – via www.meforum.org.
  37. ↑ Anita Shapira, The Past Is Not a Foreign Country Archived 12 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine, The New Republic, 29 November 1999.
  38. ↑ Morris, Benny. "Review of 'Fabricating Israeli History: The "New Historians".' by Efraim Karsh", J. Palestine Studies 27(2), p. 81–95.
  39. ↑ Alexander, Edward; Bogdanor, Paul (2006). "Benny Morris and the Myths of Post-Zionist History". The Jewish Divide Over Israel. Transaction.
  40. ↑ N. Finkelstein, 1995, Image and Reality of the Israel–Palestine conflict, Verso, London, ISBN 1-85984-339-5
  41. ↑ N. Finkelstein, 1991, "Myths, Old and New", J. Palestine Studies, 21(1), p. 66–89
  42. ↑ N. Masalha, 1991, "A Critique of Benny Morris", J. Palestine Studies 21(1), p. 90–97
  43. ↑ Morris, 1991, "Response to Finkelstein and Masalha", J. Palestine Studies 21(1), pp. 98–114
  44. ↑ Ben-Ami, Shlomo (2006). scars of war, wounds of peace. Oxford University Press. p. 43.
  45. ↑ Pappe, Ilan. A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-521-55632-3
  46. 1 2 Morris, Benny (22 March 2004). "Politics by Other Means". The New Republic. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  47. ↑ Shehori, Dalia. (5 May 2004). One man's history is another man's lie Archived 28 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Haaretz.
  48. ↑ Palumbo, Michael. The Palestinian Catastrophe: The 1948 Expulsion of a People from Their Homeland. Quartet Books, 1989, ISBN 0-7043-0099-0
  49. ↑ Palumbo, Michael. "What Happened to Palestine? The Revisionists Revisited Archived 31 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine", originally published in The Link, September – October 1990, Volume 23, Issue 4 p. 4
  50. ↑ Palumbo, Michael. "What Happened to Palestine? The Revisionists Revisited Archived 31 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine", p. 7
  51. ↑ Ahmad H. Sa'di, Lila Abu-Lughod, Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the claims of memory, Columbia University Press, 2007 p. 30
  52. ↑ Palumbo, Michael. "What Happened to Palestine? The Revisionists Revisited Archived 31 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine", p. 4
  53. ↑ "Past Winners". Jewish Book Council. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
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