National Regeneration Movement
Movimiento Regeneración Nacional
AbbreviationMORENA
PresidentMario Martín Delgado
Secretary-GeneralCitlalli Hernández
Senate LeaderEduardo Ramírez Aguilar
Chamber LeaderIgnacio Mier Velazco
FounderAndrés Manuel López Obrador
Founded2 October 2011 (2011-10-02)[1]
Registered10 July 2014 (2014-07-10)[2]
Split fromParty of the Democratic Revolution
HeadquartersSanta Anita #50, Col. Viaducto Piedad C.P. 08200 Iztacalco, Mexico City
NewspaperRegeneración
Membership (2023)Increase 2,322,136
Ideology
Political positionLeft-wing[20]
National affiliationJuntos Hacemos Historia (2020–present)
Juntos Haremos Historia (2017–2020)
Regional affiliationSão Paulo Forum[21]
Colours  Maroon
SloganLa esperanza de México[22]
(The hope of Mexico)
Chamber of Deputies 
202 / 500
Senate
57 / 128
State governors
21 / 32
State legislatures
406 / 1,112
Mayors
406 / 2,043
Website
morena.si

MORENA (Spanish pronunciation: [moˈɾena]) is a major Mexican left-wing political party. It is described as an anti-neoliberal and populist party.[23] It is the ruling party of Mexico since 2018. As of 2023, it is the largest political party in Mexico by number of members.[24]

The name is a syllabic abbreviation of Movimiento Regeneración Nacional (National Regeneration Movement). It also alludes to Mexico's Catholic national patroness: the Virgin of Guadalupe, known as 'La Morena'.[25][26][27]

Established as a non-profit organization in 2011 and formally registered as a political party in 2014, it was led by three-time presidential candidate and current President of Mexico, Andrés Manuel López Obrador,[28][29][30] until 12 December 2017, when he registered as a candidate for the party's nomination, and was succeeded by Yeidckol Polevnsky.[31][32]

For the 2018 general elections, it formed the coalition Juntos Haremos Historia (Together we will make history) with the left-wing Labor Party and the Christian conservative Social Encounter Party. It won the presidency with 53% of the popular vote and won a majority in both the Senate and Chamber of Deputies.

MORENA was part of the Juntos Hacemos Historia alliance for the 2021 legislative elections.

History

Civil association

It was founded as a civil association on October 2, 2011.[33] The party's initial objective was to channel the political movement toward the Mexican elections in July 2012.

After the 2012 elections, the movement resolved on November 20, 2012, to transition from a social movement into a political party.[34]

After holding the first Morena National Congress on November 20, 2012, the delegates from the 32 states of the country named 300 councillors that would form Morena National Council. The statutes and plan of action for the party organisms were accepted. The councillors chose Andrés Manuel López Obrador as president of the National Council and Martí Batres Guadarrama as president of the National Executive Committee.[35][36]

Early years (2011–2016)

MORENA was officially founded by Andrés Manuel López Obrador as a non-profit, structured as a democratic socio-political movement to protest against political corruption, electoral fraud, and the policies of what he labeled the "power mafia". Drawing support from the Yo Soy 132 student movement[37][38][39][40] it became a cross-party organization supporting his candidacy for the Presidency in the 2012 general election on 2 October 2011.[41] Following López Obrador's loss in the 2012 election, he left his former party, the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), and MORENA transformed from a movement into a political party, with López Obrador as its leader.[42] A couple of days after his departure from the PRD, federal deputy Ricardo Monreal stated it was a "divorce of convenience," and that López Obrador did the most responsible thing in order to avoid the polarization of the country.[43] According to a 2012 poll, the majority of the Mexican public had a negative view on the establishment of MORENA as a political party.[44] On 7 January 2014, Martí Batres, president of MORENA, presented documents to the National Electoral Institute (INE) for its registration as a political party.[45]

In 2014, López Obrador revealed why he left the PRD, stating, "I left the PRD because the leaders of that party betrayed the people, they went with Peña Nieto and approved the Pact for Mexico, which is nothing more than a 'Pact against Mexico.' I can not be in a party where tax increases were approved and it was approved that they will increase the price of gasoline every month. Gasoline in Mexico costs more than in the United States, the salary in Mexico is the lowest in the entire North American continent, and instead of asking for wage increases, the PRD rose to the podium to ask for the increase in the price of gasoline, it's an embarrassment."[46] After Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas criticized him for forming his own political party, on 7 July 2014, López Obrador posted on social media that, "PRD leaders and most of its legislators voted for the fiscal reforms (raising taxes and gas prices) and with their collaboration, they paved the way for privatization of the oil industry."[47] On 10 July 2014, the INE approved MORENA as an official political party to receive federal funds and to participate in the 2015 legislative elections.[48]

2015 Mexican legislative elections

The 2015 legislative elections were the first election in which MORENA participated as an official political party. It won 35 seats in the Chamber of Deputies: 14 district seats plus 21 proportional seats.

Juntos Haremos Historia (2017–present)

The 2018 general election was the first presidential election in which MORENA participated. MORENA competed in the election in coalition with the socialist Labor Party (PT) and the right-wing Christian-conservative Social Encounter Party (PES) under the name Juntos Haremos Historia.

Background

On 24 June 2017, the PT agreed to compete in the 2018 election in an electoral alliance with MORENA; however, the coalition was not officially registered with the National Electoral Institute (INE), the country's electoral authority. For MORENA, the alliance was facilitated by the withdrawal of the PT's candidate Óscar González Yáñez, who resigned his candidacy and called for votes in favor of Delfina Gómez Álvarez, the standard-bearer in the state elections of the State of Mexico in 2017.[49][50][51]

In October 2017, at PT's National Congress, as party president Alberto Anaya was reelected to another 6-year term, PT formalized its coalition with MORENA.[52]

Initially, there was speculation about the possibility of a front grouping all Mexican left-wing parties: MORENA, the PRD, the PT, and Movimiento Ciudadano (MC). However, López Obrador rejected the agreement due to political differences, especially after the elections in the State of Mexico, when the candidates of the PRD and MC continued with their campaigns, refusing to support the MORENA candidate.[53] At the end of November 2017, the leaders of MORENA and the PES announced that they were in talks to form a possible alliance: Hugo Eric Flores Cervantes, president of the PES, said: "We don't negotiate with the PRI, we have two options, to go alone or with MORENA."[54]

Confirmation

Parties of the coalition Juntos Haremos Historia

On 13 December 2017, PES joined the coalition between MORENA and the PT, and it was formalized under the name Juntos Haremos Historia (English: Together We Will Make History).[55] Following the signing of the agreement, López Obrador was appointed as a pre-candidate for the three parties.[56] It was a partial coalition that supported López Obrador as the presidential candidate and divided the legislative elections between the three: MORENA chose candidates in 150 federal electoral districts (out of 300) and 32 Senate rates, while the PT and the PES each nominated 75 candidates for the Chamber of Deputies and 16 for the Senate.[57][58]

The alliance received criticism as it was a coalition between two left-wing parties (MORENA and the PT) with a formation related to the evangelical right (PES).[59] In response, MORENA national president Yeidckol Polevnsky said that her party believes in inclusion and teamwork to "rescue Mexico" and that they will continue to defend human rights;[60] in turn, Hugo Eric Flores Cervantes, national president of the PES, said that "the only possibility of real change in our country is the one headed by Andrés Manuel López Obrador" and that his party had decided to be "on the right side of history."[61]

Results

Founder of MORENA and current President of Mexico,
Andrés Manuel López Obrador

Following the results on 1 July 2018, candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador won the presidential election with 53% of the popular vote. MORENA won a total of 55 seats in the Senate: 42 constituency seats and 13 proportional representation seats. It won 156 seats in the Chamber of Deputies: 106 based on district and 85 proportional representation seats. It also won 4 governorships: Mexico City, Chiapas, Tabasco, and Veracruz.

Post-2018 election

In early 2019, 9 deputies from the PRD left the party, joined the MORENA-led government coalition of López Obrador, and gave the government a two-thirds majority, allowing for the passage of constitutional reform.[62]

In the June 2021 midterm elections, the party won seven seats in the Chamber of Deputies, while MORENA's coalition lost seats in the lower house of Congress. The ruling coalition maintained a simple majority, but it failed to secure the two-thirds congressional supermajority.[63]

Ideology

MORENA describes itself as a democratic left-wing party that supports ethnic, religious, cultural, and sexual diversity, respect for human rights, and environmental care. It describes itself as an opponent of the neoliberal economic policies that Mexico began adopting in the 1980s. MORENA states that a new economic model is needed after the failures of neoliberalism in Mexico, which has resulted in increased corruption and inequality. The party supports "development through private and social business, promoting market competition, but exercising State responsibility in the strategic activities which the Constitution states", and proposes "a model that strengthens the inner market, fair wages; a model that promotes syndical freedom and democracy, where the State doesn't intervene in the inner affairs of the trade organizations".[64][65]

The party sets to stop the privatization of Pemex[66] and the granting of lands to foreign mining companies who "devastate the lands, pay no taxes and harm the environment".

On social issues, the party's platform embraces a progressive agenda in favor of women's rights[67] and the LGBT community in Mexico,[68] supporting causes such as same-sex marriage and the decriminalization of abortion at the national level.[69] It is worth noting that Andrés Manuel López Obrador became the first Mexican president-elect to include the LGBT community in an election victory speech.[70] Almost a year later, on 17 May 2019, Lopez Obrador officially decreed the "National Day against Homophobia, Lesbophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia" in Mexico.[71]

The party advocates an alternative security strategy to the war on drugs, which was implemented in the country during the presidency of Felipe Calderón (2006-2012) and which they oppose, arguing that it is a "failed" strategy that has only sown "insecurity and instability" among Mexicans. Among other things, they advocate the legalization of drugs, such as marijuana, considering that such a proposal would make it possible to find "mechanisms for peace and the reconstruction of the social fabric".[72]

MORENA also declares to be in favor of improving conditions of the Indigenous peoples of Mexico and carrying out the 1996 San Andrés Accords, which were signed by the EZLN and representatives of the Mexican government, but later unenforced by then-President Ernesto Zedillo.[73]

The party states to be against the monopolization of the mass media, especially television, by Televisa and TV Azteca, which in 2018 owned 90% of Mexican television.[74]

Contrary to other parties of the left, MORENA has not sought to reduce inequality by increasing taxes on the wealthy. Instead, the party has focused on reducing the pay gap between lower-level employees and high-level government workers salaries, such as politicians and judges through austerity measures. The party announced support for a plan by López Obrador to cut salaries of higher-ranking public officials (including the President), lay off up to 70 percent of non-unionized federal workers, and reduce spending by cracking down on corruption and tax fraud. As Article 94 of the Mexican Constitution prohibits reducing the salary of judges at any time during their appointment in order to maintain judicial independence, judges on the Supreme Court took a 25% pay cut starting in 2019.[75]

Pragmatism

Various outlets have described MORENA as a big tent party, "not in the strict sense a political party, but an alliance of diverse movements and political actors, whose main reference is its founder and presidential candidate, Andrés Manuel López Obrador." Due to López Obrador's pragmatism, some critics have claimed that MORENA is subject to López Obrador's own decisions rather than having a more consistent ideology as a party.[76] A 2018 article in the magazine Clarín describes MORENA's position as "oscillating between populism and social democracy".[77]

List of Party Presidents

Officeholder Term State
Martí Batres 2012–2015 Mexico City
Andrés Manuel López Obrador 2015–2017 Tabasco
Yeidckol Polevnsky Gurwitz 2017–26 January 2020 State of Mexico
Alfonso Ramírez Cuéllar 26 January 2020 – 24 October 2020 Zacatecas
Mario Martín Delgado 24 October 2020–present State of Mexico

Electoral history

Presidential elections

Election year Candidate Votes  % Result Note
2018 Andrés Manuel López Obrador 30,113,483 53.20 Green tick Elected Alliance: Juntos Haremos Historia
2024 Claudia Sheinbaum Alliance: Sigamos Haciendo Historia

Legislative elections

Chamber of Deputies

Election year Seats [Note 1] Electoral alliance Presidency Position
Constituency Party-list Total
2015 14 21
35 / 500
 None Enrique Peña Nieto Minority
2018 106 85
191 / 500
 Juntos Haremos Historia Andrés Manuel López Obrador MORENA–PT–PVEM majority
2021 122 76
198 / 500
 Juntos Hacemos Historia Andrés Manuel López Obrador MORENA–PT–PVEM majority

Senate elections

Election year Seats [Note 1] Electoral alliance Presidency Position
Constituency Party-list Total
2018 42 13
55 / 128
 Juntos Haremos Historia Andrés Manuel López Obrador MORENA–PT–PVEM majority

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 The seat distribution reflects the election results and does not take into account party switches during the legislative term.

References

  1. ↑ García, Rosario (2 October 2011). "López Obrador Formaliza a 'MORENA' Como Su Estrucutra Para Las Elecciones". Expansion. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  2. ↑ Zepeda, Aurora (10 July 2014). "Aprueban tres nuevos partidos; a partir de agosto recibirán dinero público". Excelsior. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  3. ↑ Beck, Humberto (20 February 2020). "AMLO, ¿socialista del siglo XXI?". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  4. ↑ "Mexico's new president is a nationalist, but he's not anti-American". The Washington Post.
  5. ↑ "'Oye, Trump': candidato presidencial López Obrador ganará por paliza en México" (in Spanish). Bloomberg. 29 June 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2018 – via Gestión.
  6. ↑ "Busca diputada de Morena que México sea un país LGBT-friendly, libre de discriminación en establecimientos y comercios – Diputadas y Diputados Morena LXV Legislatura".
  7. ↑ "La Jornada - Morena se compromete a impulsar políticas a favor de comunidad LGBTTTI+".
  8. ↑ "Morena impulsará la despenalización del aborto en todo el país". 30 September 2019.
  9. ↑ "Morena propuso nueva iniciativa para la despenalización del aborto".
  10. ↑ Doherty, Erin; Gonzalez, Oriana (6 June 2022). "Mexico's president confirms he will skip the Summit of the Americas". Axios. Retrieved 26 July 2022. López Obrador said he hopes to visit the White House in July to talk to Biden about the "integration" of all American countries, with the goal of forming something similar to the European Union.
  11. ↑ "Mexico's Lopez Obrador to skip Biden's Summit of the Americas over 'exclusion' of some countries". France 24. 6 June 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022. The Mexican president said that he would still visit the White House in July where he would look to discuss pan-American "integration." … "That's how they created the European Community and then that became the European Union. That's what we need to do in America," he said.
  12. ↑ "López Obrador pide crear en Latinoamérica "algo semejante" a la Unión Europea". Los Angeles Times en Español (in Spanish). 24 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  13. ↑ Menéndez, Carmen (25 July 2021). "López Obrador propone crear "algo semejante" a la UE en Latinoamérica". euronews (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  14. ↑ Carrillo, Emmanuel (14 March 2022). "Debe buscarse integración de América, plantea AMLO a Fernández". Forbes México (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  15. ↑ [10][11][12][13][14]
  16. ↑ "Mexico: Congress passes marijuana legalization bill". Deutsche Welle. 24 May 2021.
  17. ↑ "Mexico election: Voters pin hopes on left-wing populist Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador". Ann Deslandes. ABC Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2018.
  18. ↑ "AMLO y las nuevas izquierdas". Carlos Illades.
  19. ↑ https://morenademocracia.mx/proyecto-de-nacion-2024-2030/
  20. ↑ [16][17][18][19]
  21. ↑ "Foro de São Paulo Partidos". forodesaopaulo.org.
  22. ↑ Ferrer, Heriberta (13 February 2015). "AMLO llama a sumarse a Morena en nuevo spot". El Financiero. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  23. ↑ "Declaración de principios de MORENA" (PDF). Morena.sí (in Spanish).
  24. ↑ https://www.ine.mx/actores-politicos/partidos-politicos-nacionales/padron-afiliados/
  25. ↑ Cuevas, Marco Polo Hernández (2003). "La Virgen Morena mexicana: Un símbolo nacional y sus raíces africanas". Afro-Hispanic Review. 22 (2): 54–63. JSTOR 23054734.
  26. ↑ Pérez, Santiago; de Córdoba, José (2 July 2018). "Mexico Vote Snubs the Political Establishment". The Wall Street Journal. [An] acronym that also alludes to the country's patron saint, the Virgin of Guadalupe, and means tan skinned
  27. ↑ Agren, David (22 May 2018). "Political video filmed in Mexican church causes controversy". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 2 October 2018. Lopez Obrador's own party name, MORENA, references the national patroness Our Lady of Guadalupe.
  28. ↑ "Mexico's Lopez Obrador leaves coalition to form new movement". BBC News. 10 September 2012.
  29. ↑ "Mexico's electoral Left May Be Divided Further by a New Political Party". The Wall Street Journal. 24 January 2014.
  30. ↑ "Mexico's MORENA Party Obtains Legal Status--What Will Be the Impact?". newpol.org. 19 July 2014.
  31. ↑ "Yeidckol Polevnsky asume presidencia de Morena, tras salida de AMLO". AM De Queretaro. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  32. ↑ Rodríguez García, Arturo (12 December 2017). "Yeidckol Polevnsky asume presidencia nacional de Morena". Proceso. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  33. ↑ «Morena: Partido y movimiento - Proceso». Proceso. 10 de septiembre de 2012. Consultado el 26 de marzo de 2018.
  34. ↑ Octavio Rodríguez Araujo (6 de octubre de 2011). «¿Por qué Morena?». La Jornada. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2016.
  35. ↑ «Concluye Congreso Nacional de Morena». www.cronica.com.mx. 20 November 2012.Archived 25 September 2017. Accessed 13 December 2018.
  36. ↑ «Morena gana la Presidencia y la mayoría en el Congreso». El Economista. 2 July 2018. Accessed 28 July 2018.
  37. ↑ "Segundo intento de AMLO". 30 November 2018.
  38. ↑ "Peña Nieto fue sordo ¿Y AMLO?". Animal Político. 28 November 2018.
  39. ↑ "Antonio Attolini Murra lidera la cara de los jóvenes en Morena". milenio.com. 6 April 2018.
  40. ↑ Preciado, Tlaulli (8 August 2023). "Integrantes de Yo Soy 132 se unirán a Morena". launion.com.mx.
  41. ↑ "What is MORENA?". LaJornada (in Spanish). 6 October 2011.
  42. ↑ "After July, MORENA will be a political party". Diario Cambio (in Spanish). 19 January 2012.
  43. ↑ "La Separación de López Obrador Del PRD Fue un "Divorcio Por Conveniencia"". Expansion. 13 September 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  44. ↑ "Sólo 21% a favor que Morena sea partido político: Parametría". Animal Politico. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  45. ↑ "Solicita Morena al IFE su registro como partido político". Aristegui Noticias. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  46. ↑ Lara Paz, Ana Paola. "AMLO indicó que se salió del PRD porque los dirigentes de ese partido se fueron con EPN y traicionaron al pueblo". MVS Noticias. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  47. ↑ Chouza, Paula (10 July 2014). "Mexico's López Obrador registers new leftist party to run in 2015 election". El Pais. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  48. ↑ Zepeda, Aurora (10 July 2014). "Aprueban tres nuevos partidos; a partir de agosto recibirán dinero público". Excelsior. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  49. ↑ Digital, Milenio. "PT acuerda ir con Morena por la Presidencia en el 2018". Milenio. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  50. ↑ "Aprueba PT coalición con Morena en elecciones de 2018". SDPnoticias.com. 25 June 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  51. ↑ "PRD avala "frente amplio" en 2018; PT se va con Morena (Documento)". aristeguinoticias.com. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  52. ↑ García, Carina (23 October 2017). "PT va con MORENA y reelige a Alberto Anaya en liderazgo". El Universal. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  53. ↑ "Prd amlo alianza 2018". animalpolitico.com. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  54. ↑ "No negociaremos con el PRI; vamos solos o con Morena: PES". Excélsior. 7 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  55. ↑ "Partido del Trabajo y Encuentro Social anuncian coalición con Morena". Expansión. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  56. ↑ Nación321 (13 December 2017). "Morena y Encuentro Social oficializan su unión rumbo a 2018". Retrieved 13 December 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  57. ↑ Redacción (13 December 2017). "Morena, PT y Encuentro Social firman coalición rumbo a elección de 2018". El Financiero. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  58. ↑ Zavala, Misael (13 December 2017). "Firman acuerdo Morena, PES y PT para ir en coalición". El Universal. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  59. ↑ Camhaji, Elías (13 December 2017). "López Obrador se alía con el conservador Encuentro Social para las elecciones de 2018". El País. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  60. ↑ "En Morena creemos en la inclusión: Yeidckol ante las críticas por alianza con el PES". El Financiero Bloomberg. 13 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017 – via YouTube.
  61. ↑ "La única opción para cambiar el país es la que encabeza AMLO: Hugo Eric Flores". El Financiero Bloomberg. 13 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017 – via YouTube.
  62. ↑ Huerta, David (20 February 2019). "Ruptura del PRD da a Morena mayoría calificada en San Lázaro". Expansion Politica. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  63. ↑ Karol Suarez, Rafael Romo, and Joshua Berlinger. "Mexico's President loses grip on power in midterm elections marred by violence". CNN.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  64. ↑ "Morena se opondrá al neoliberalismo en gabinete: Polevnsky". El Siglo de Torreón. 17 August 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  65. ↑ "MORENA proyecto alternativo al neoliberalismo: AMLO". Regeneración. 7 March 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  66. ↑ Vergara, Rosalía (19 June 2018). "Morena, en 'alerta roja' ante eventual privatización de Pemex". Proceso. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  67. ↑ "La Cuarta Transformación es y será feminista, incluyente y revolucionaria: Ignacio Mier". Grupo Parlamentario Morena. 6 March 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  68. ↑ "Morena se compromete a impulsar políticas a favor de comunidad LGBTTTI+". La Jornada. 17 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  69. ↑ "Morena va por aborto seguro en todo el país, dice la senadora Martha Mícher". Expansión. 20 September 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  70. ↑ "Esto fue lo que dijo López Obrador tras su victoria electoral (discursos completos)". Animal Político. 2 July 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  71. ↑ "Presidente López Obrador decreta Día Nacional contra Homofobia, Lesbofobia, Transfobia y Bifobia". Gobierno de México. 17 May 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  72. ↑ "México no debe pelear una guerra contra el narcotráfico: Blanca Piña". Grupo Parlamentario Morena. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  73. ↑ González Casanova, Pablo (2001). "Los zapatistas del siglo XXI" (PDF). Observatorio Social de América Latina: 6 – via CLACSO.
  74. ↑ "Programa de Morena" (PDF). Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  75. ↑ Gómez Romero, Luis (8 February 2019). "López Obrador Takes on Corruption And Poverty in Mexico Through Austerity". Pacific Standard. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
  76. ↑ López Montiel, Gustavo (July 2018). "El futuro de los partidos después de la elección". Forbes Mexico. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  77. ↑ Gregorich, Luis (2 July 2018). "De la corrupción al narcotráfico, el difícil mandato que le espera al mexicano López Obrador". clarin.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 August 2021.
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