One of many "Benson Bubblers" in downtown Portland

A temperance fountain was a fountain that was set up, usually by a private benefactor, to encourage temperance, and to make abstinence from beer possible by the provision of clean, safe, and free water. Beer was the main alternative to water, and generally safer. The temperance societies had no real alternative as tea and coffee were too expensive, so drinking fountains were very attractive.

Temperance fountains in the United States

Temperance fountains by Henry D. Cogswell
Boston Common, ca. 1890
Destruction of Cogswell's fountain in San Francisco, 1894; San Francisco Call
Tompkins Square Park, New York City
Pawtucket, Rhode Island[1]
Washington, D.C.

Muddied and bad tasting drinking water encouraged many Americans to drink alcohol for health purposes, so temperance groups constructed public drinking fountains throughout the United States following the Civil War. The National Woman's Christian Temperance Union (NWCTU)'s organizing convention of 1874 encouraged its attendees to erect the fountains in their hometowns. The NWCTU advocated the fountains as a means to discourage people from entering saloons for refreshment.[2] The NWCTU sponsored temperance fountains in towns and cities across the United States.[3]

Cast-stone statues of Hebe were marketed for use in temperance fountains. In New York City, the James Fountain in Union Square Park[4] is a Temperance fountain with the figure of Charity who empties her jug of water, aided by a child; it was donated by Daniel Willis James and sculpted by Adolf Donndorf.[5]

In Washington DC "the" Temperance Fountain was donated to the city in 1882 by Temperance crusader Henry D. Cogswell. This fountain was one of a series of fountains he designed and commissioned in a belief that easy access to cool drinking water would prevent people from consuming alcohol.[6] Under its stone canopy the words "Faith," "Hope," "Charity," and "Temperance" are chiseled. Atop this canopy is a life-sized heron, and the centerpiece is a pair of entwined heraldic scaly dolphins. Originally, visitors were supposed to freely drink ice water flowing from the dolphins' snouts with a brass cup attached to the fountain and the overflow was collected by a trough for horses, but the city tired of replenishing the ice in a reservoir beneath the base and disconnected the supply pipes. Other Cogswell fountains include one still standing in New York City's Tompkins Square Park,[7][8] and one in downtown Pawtucket, Rhode Island (1880).[9]

These grandiose statues were not all well received by the communities where they were placed.[10] Washington, DC's Temperance Fountain has been called "the city's ugliest statue"[11] and spurred city councils across the country to set up fine arts commissions to screen such gifts.[12] Although the D.C. statue survived mostly unscathed, the California and Market Street, San Francisco Statue of Henry D. Cogswell and Fountain was pulled down[13] on New Year's Eve Night of 1893-1894 by "a lynch party of self-professed art lovers" including Gelett Burgess (who was subsequently fired from his job at University of California at Berkeley),[14]

Cogswell's 1879[15] Ben Franklin statue and temperance fountain in Washington Square, San Francisco remains unscathed to this day.[16] One in Rockville, Connecticut, was thrown into Shenipsic Lake.[17] In Dubuque, Iowa, a statue of Cogswell in Washington Park was pulled down by a group of vandals in 1900 and buried under the ground of a planned sidewalk. The next day the sidewalk was poured and the object was entombed. When new sidewalks were recently laid, the statue was not found.[18]

Simon Benson, an Oregon lumberman, was a teetotaler who wanted to discourage his workers from drinking alcohol in the middle of the day. In 1912, Benson gave the City of Portland USD $10,000 for the installation of 20 bronze drinking fountains. As of March 2014, these fountains, known as "Benson Bubblers", remain functional in downtown Portland.[19][20]

Temperance fountains in the United Kingdom

Temperance fountain in Clapham Common, London

The provision of drinking fountains in the United Kingdom was also linked to the temperance movement in the United Kingdom, with the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association in London drawing support from temperance advocates. Many of its fountains were sited opposite public houses. The evangelical movement was encouraged to build fountains in churchyards to encourage the poor to see churches as supporting them. Many fountains have inscriptions such as "Jesus said whosoever drinketh of this water shall thirst again but whosoever drinketh of the water I shall give him shall never thirst". By 1877, the association was widely accepted and Queen Victoria donated money for a fountain in Esher.

Many fountains, within London and outside, were called temperance fountains or would have a representation of the Greek mythical figure Temperance.

Examples

Many temperance fountains were erected:

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Temperance fountains.
  1. ↑ Duffy, Kathrinne. ""God's Free Gift to Man and Beast" Henry Cogswell's Temperance Fountains". Rhode Tour. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  2. ↑ "WCTU Drinking Fountains - Then and Now". Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Woman's Christian Temperance Union. 1996–2009. Archived from the original on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  3. ↑ WCTU Drinking Fountains – Then and Now Archived 2011-10-14 at the Wayback Machine, from Woman's Christian Temperance Union.
  4. ↑ "Union Square Park Monuments - Union Square Drinking Fountain : NYC Parks". Nycgovparks.org. 2006-04-28. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  5. ↑ "Tompkins Square Park Highlights - Temperance Fountain". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Retrieved 2011-08-08.
  6. ↑ Foster, Lee (April 6, 2004). "Town Plans to Restore Fountain as Part of Park Project". The Hartford Courant. Retrieved 2007-06-10.
  7. ↑ "Tompkins Square Park Highlights : NYC Parks". Nycgovparks.org. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  8. ↑ "History lessons flow from two temperance fountains | The Villager Newspaper". Thevillager.com. 20 September 2012. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  9. ↑ Duffy, Kathrinne. ""God's Free Gift to Man and Beast"". Rhode Tour. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  10. ↑ "Weeding Out Bad Sculpture" (PDF). The New York Times. March 13, 1894.
  11. ↑ "...Toasted Temperance". Washington Post. September 21, 2003. pp. C02. Retrieved 2007-06-10.
  12. ↑ Rash, Bryson (1983). Footnote Washington. EPM Publications. ISBN 0-914440-62-4.
  13. ↑ The morning call., January 03, 1894, Page 8, (San Francisco [Calif.])
  14. ↑ Kitsock, Greg (January 3, 1992). "Fountain of Hooch". Washington City Paper. Retrieved 2009-10-10.
  15. ↑ "FRANKLIN, Benjamin statue in Washington Square in San Francisco, California". Dcmemorials.com. Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  16. ↑ "SIRIS - Smithsonian Institution Research Information System". Siris-artinventories.si.edu. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  17. ↑ Ciparelli, Jessica (November 1, 2005). "Back where he belongs: Dr. Henry Cogswell statue once again graces Rockville's Central Park". Rockville Reminder. Retrieved 2007-06-10.
  18. ↑ "Monument Park". Geocaching.org. Retrieved 2007-06-10.
  19. ↑ Jolie Wolfe (20 May 2012). "Water Bureau: Benson Bubbler bowl was stolen". FOX 12 Oregon. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  20. ↑ Dan Haneckow (2 February 2012). "Benson Bubbler, 3rd and Burnside. Portland Oregon, February 2, 2012" (Image file). flickr. Yahoo! Inc. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
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