Muhūrta (Sanskrit: मुहूर्त, romanized: muhūrtaṃ)[1] is a Hindu unit of measurement for time along with nimiṣa, kāṣṭhā, and kalā[2] in the Hindu calendar.

In the Brāhmaṇas, muhūrta denotes a division of time: 1/30 of a day, or a period of 48 minutes.[3] An alternative meaning of "moment" is also common in the Brāhmanạs.[4] In the Rigveda[5] muhūrta exclusively means, "moment".[6]

Each muhūrta is further divided into 30 kalā, (1 kalā = 1.6 minutes or 96 seconds). Each kalā is further divided into 30 kāṣṭhā (1 kāṣṭhā ≈ 3.2 seconds).

Etymology

Muhurta is a combination of the Sanskrit root words muhu (moment/immediate) and ṛta (order). The Ṛg Ved III.33.5 accordingly mentions this descriptive term. Ṛta refers to the natural, yearly order of the seasons, so muhūrta refers to the daily reflection of these. Also, cf., Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa X.4.2.18, as below.

Annual calibration

The Muhūrtas are traditionally calculated by assuming sunrise at 06:00 am on the vernal equinox, which is the Vedic New Year. Not all of the constellations cross the zenith, so that it is not in every case clear which constellation presides over the Muhūrta. Yet it is clear that one or more prominent features of the correlate constellations, from which the later Muhūrtas draw their respective names, falls within the celestial longitude of the same, drawn from the polar axis.

No. Daily period Name (मुहूर्त) Translation Correlate constellation/star (Greek) Quality, or guṇa (गुण)
1 06:00–06:48 (sunrise) Rudra (रुद्र) "Cryer", "Howler" Unknown Inauspicious
2 06:48–07:36 Āhi (आहि) "Serpent" Lacerta Inauspicious
3 07:36–08:24 Mitra (मित्र) "Friend" Unknown Auspicious
4 08:24–09:12 Pitṝ (पितृ) "Father" Cepheus & Casseiopeia Inauspicious
5 09:12–10:00 Vasu (वसु) "Bright" Delphinus Auspicious
6 10:00–10:48 Vārāha (वाराह) "Boar" Unknown Auspicious
7 10:48–11:36 Viśvedevā (विश्वेदेवा) "Heavenly Lights in the Universe" Unknown Auspicious
8 11:36–12:24 Vidhi (विधि) "Insight" Unknown Auspicious, except Mondays and Fridays
9 12:24–13:12 Sutamukhī (सतमुखी) "Goat/Charioteer-Face" Auriga Auspicious
10 13:12–14:00 Puruhūta (पुरुहूत) "Many Offerings" Unknown (Taurus or Orion?) Inauspicious
11 14:00–14:48 Vāhinī (वाहिनी) "Possessed of Chariot" Unknown (Gemini?) Inauspicious
12 14:48–15:36 Naktanakarā (नक्तनकरा) "Night Maker" Unknown Inauspicious
13 15:36–16:24 Varuṇa (वरुण) "All-Enveloping Night Sky" Unknown Auspicious
14 16:24–17:12 Aryaman (अर्यमन्) "Possessed of Nobility" Unknown Auspicious, except Sundays
15 17:12–18:00 Bhaga (भग) "Share"/"Stake" Unknown Inauspicious
16 18:00–18:48 (sunset) Girīśa (गिरीश) "Lord who lifted the Mount (Krishna)" Unknown Auspicious
17 18:48–19:36 Ajapāda (अजपाद) "Unborn Foot"/"Goat Foot" Unknown Inauspicious
18 19:36–20:24 Ahir-Budhnya (अहिर्बुध्न्य) "Serpent at the Bottom" Hydra Auspicious
19 20:24–21:12 Puṣya (पुष्य) "Nourishment"/"Blossom" Unknown Auspicious
20 21:12–22:00 Aśvinī (अश्विनी) "Horsemen" Unknown Auspicious
21 22:00–22:48 Yama (यम) "Restrainer" (Death) Boötes (cf., Bhūteśa) Inauspicious
22 22:48–23:36 Agni (अग्नि) "Fire"/"Ignition" Ara Auspicious
23 23:36–00:24 Vidhātṛ (विधातृ) "Distributor" Unknown Auspicious
24 00:24–01:12 Kaṇḍa (क्ण्ड) "Ornament" Corona Borealis Auspicious
25 01:12–02:00 Aditi (अदिति) "Limitless"/"Boundless" goddess good time Auspicious
26 02:00–02:48 Jīva/Amṛta (जीव/अमृत) "Life"/"Immortal" Unknown Very Auspicious
27 02:48–03:36 Viṣṇu (विष्णु) "All Pervading" Hercules Auspicious
28 03:36–04:24 Dyumadgadyuti (द्युमद्गद्युति) "Resounding Light" Lyra Auspicious
29 04:24–05:12 Brahma (ब्रह्म) "Universe" Cygnus Very Auspicious[7]
30 05:12–06:00 Samudra (समुद्र) "Ocean" Deluge (region with several aqueous constellations) Auspicious

Literature

The term appears as early as the Ṛg Veda, where, according to Monier Williams, it means "a moment",[8] but does not evidence any specification of an exact periodicity there as received in later works, such as the Śatapatha-Brāhmaṇa, "The One Hundred Path Riddle" or the Taittirīya-Brāhmaṇa, "The Partridge's Riddle".[9]

Pt. Vijay Shrikrishna Jakatdar points to two specific Ṛg Veda passages that employ the term, III.33.5, and III.53.8:[10]

and

Taittirīya-Brāhmaṇa mentions the names of 15 muhūrtas as follows:

  1. saṁjñānaṁ
  2. vijñānaṁ
  3. prajñānaṁ
  4. jānad
  5. abhijānat
  6. saṁkalpamānaṁ
  7. prakalpamānam
  8. upakalpamānam
  9. upakḷptaṁ
  10. kḷptam
  11. śreyo
  12. vasīya
  13. āyat
  14. saṁbhūtaṁ
  15. bhūtam |

Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa describes a muhūrta as 1/15th portion of a day:

átʰa yaccáturviṃśatimātmáno'kuruta
tásmāc-cátur-viṃśaty-ardʰa-māsaḥ saṃ-vatsaraḥ sá etaiś-cátur-viṃśatyā triṃ-śád-iṣṭakair-ātmábʰir-na vyábʰavat-sa páñca-daśā́hno rūpā́ṇy-apaśyad-ātmánas-tanvò muhūrtā́lokam-pr̥ṇāḥ páñca-daśaiva rā́tres-tadyán-muhu trā́yante tásmān-muhurtā átʰa yát-kṣudrāḥ sánta imā́ṃ-lokā́n-āpūráyanti tásmāl-lokam-pr̥ṇā́ḥ (X.4.2.18)

saṃvatsarásya muhūrtā́ yā́vanto muhūrtā́s tā́vanti páñcadaśa kŕ̥̄tvaḥ kṣiprā́ṇi yā́vanti kṣiprā́ṇi tā́vanti páñcadaśa kŕ̥̄tva etárhīṇi yā́vanty etárhīṇi tā́vanti páñcadaśa kŕ̥̄tva idā́nīni yā́vantīdā́nīni tā́vantaḥ páñcadaśa kŕ̥̄tvaḥ prā́ṇā́ yā́vantaḥ prā́ṇā́s tā́vanto 'nā́ yā́vanto 'nā́s tā́vanto nimeṣā́ yā́vanto nimeṣā́s tā́vanto lomagartā́ yā́vanto lomagartā́s tā́vanti svedā́yanā́ni yā́vanti svedā́yanā́ni tā́vanta eté stokā́ varṣanti (XII.3.2.5b)

It is stated in Manusmṛti that 18 nimeṣas ("twinklings of the eye") are 1 kāṣṭhā, 30 kāṣṭhās are 1 kāla, 30 kālas are one muhūrta, and 30 muhūrtas are one day and night.

Significance (version 1)

It is a common practice in Hinduism to perform or avoid activities like important religious ceremonies on the basis of the quality of a particular Muhūrta.[13] One or more Muhūrtas are recommended by the Vedic scriptures when performing rituals and other ceremonies.[13] This is demonstrated in the way "Muhūrt" is used in present-day South Asia for calculating the most auspicious moment for a Vedic-Hindu Wedding ceremony. Astrologers are often hired to calculate a moment for the wedding so that any possible divinely-sourced problems can be averted. Jakatdar suggests a shift in the contemporary temperament regarding the traditional approach to calculating such events, to accommodate the ever increasing complexity of modern life.[10] The muhūrt has the same utility in the marriage rites in Hinduism.[14]

Another example is the so-called Brahma Muhūrta, which is about one and a half hours before sunrise. This particular time, which is associated with the constellations during the Vernal Equinox, is said to be auspicious for practicing yoga.[13] There is also the case of samayik, which is part of the initiation rite for the Svetambar mendicants or those who pursue a perpetual state of heightened meditative awareness. They take the samayik, a vow for life taken for short periods, preferably one or two muhūrts, where one muhūrt constitutes forty minutes.[15]

Significance (version 2)

Traditionally, it is common practice amongst Hindus to start or avoid starting significant tasks like religious ceremonies, etc. on the basis of the quality of a particular Muhūrta. The Vedic scriptures also generally recommend one or more Muhūrtas to perform rituals and practices. The most widely known example of this practice:

Brahma Muhūrta, approximately one and a half hours before sunrise or more precisely is 1Hr 36 Mins. i.e. 96 Minutes = 2 Muhūrta or 4 Ghaṭīkā, is recommended in all practices of yoga is traditionally considered most apt for meditation.[7] However, it is clear from the associations of the names with specific constellations that the present Brahma-Muhūrta starts just before 6:00 am during the Vernal Equinox. At present, Jīva-Amṛta and Viṣṇu comprise the two twilight muhūrtas prior to sunrise.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Scharf, Peter M. (2003). Rāmopākhyāna: The Story of Rāma in the Mahābhārata : an Independent-study Reader in Sanskrit. Psychology Press. p. 354. ISBN 978-0-7007-1390-5.
  2. ↑ Verma, Dinesh (2008). Hinduism for Children Activity Workbook. Chanda Books. p. 101. ISBN 9781440499913.
  3. ↑ Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, iii. 10, I, I (for the names); 9, 7; 12, 9, 6; Śatapata Brāhmaṇa, x. 4, 2, 18. 25. 27; 3, 20; xii. 3, 2, 5; x. 4, 4, 4, etc.
  4. ↑ See Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 9, 139 et seq.; Indische Streifen, I, 92, et seq.
  5. ↑ Rigveda iii. 33, 5: 53, 8.
  6. ↑ Arthur Anthony Macdonnell and Arthur Berriedale Keith, Vedic Index of Names and Subjects, vol. 2, p. 169. Motilal Banarsidas, London 1912, reprint 1995.
  7. 1 2 "Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents". nitaaiveda.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-08. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  8. ↑ "Cologne Scan". Archived from the original on 2016-05-14. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
  9. ↑ Arthur Anthony Macdonell; Arthur Berriedale Keith (1995). Vedic Index of Names and Subjects, Volume 2; Volume 5. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 169. ISBN 9788120813335.
  10. 1 2 "Ebookbrowsee.net".
  11. ↑ "Rig Veda: Rig-Veda, Book 3: HYMN XXXIII. Indra".
  12. ↑ "Rig Veda: Rig-Veda, Book 3: HYMN LIII. Indra, Parvata, Etc".
  13. 1 2 3 Shri, Satya (2017). Demystifying Brahminism and Re-Inventing Hinduism: Volume 1 - Demystifying Brahminism. Chennai: Notion Press. ISBN 9781946515544.
  14. ↑ Sholapur (1884). Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Volume 20. Bombay: Government Central Press. p. 110.
  15. ↑ Cort, John (2001). Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 123. ISBN 0195132343.

Further reading

  • Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend (ISBN 0-500-51088-1) by Anna Dallapiccola
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