Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary
Bhadra Tiger Reserve
IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area)
Tigers keeping a close eye on gaurs in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary
Map showing the location of Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary
Map showing the location of Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary
Location in Karnataka, India
LocationChikkamagaluru District, Karnataka, India
Nearest cityChikkamagaluru
Coordinates13°41′43.72″N 75°38′12.53″E / 13.6954778°N 75.6368139°E / 13.6954778; 75.6368139
Area892.46 km2 (344.58 sq mi)
Max. elevation1,875 m (6,152 ft)
Min. elevation615 m (2,018 ft)
Established1951[1]
Governing bodyGovernment of India,
MOEF, Project Tiger,
Karnataka Forest Department
Languages
 • OfficialKannada
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
Precipitation2,100 millimetres (83 in)
Avg. summer temperature32 °C (90 °F)
Avg. winter temperature19 °C (66 °F)

Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area and tiger reserve as part of the Project Tiger, situated in Chikkamagaluru district, 23 km (14 mi) south of Bhadravathi city, 38 km (24 mi) 20 km from Tarikere town, northwest of Chikkamagaluru and 283 km from Bengaluru city in Karnataka state, India.[2] Bhadra sanctuary has a wide range of flora and fauna and is a popular place for day outings. The 1,875 m (6,152 ft) above MSL Hebbe Giri is the highest peak in the sanctuary.

Geography

Bhadra sanctuary consists of two adjacent sections. The main western Lakkavalli-Muthodi section lies from 13˚22’ to 13˚47’ N latitude, 75˚29’ to 75˚45’ E longitude and the smaller eastern Bababudangiri section from 13˚30’ to 13˚33’ N latitude and 75˚44’ to 75˚47’ E longitude.

Elevation varies from 615 m (2,018 ft) to 1,875 m (6,152 ft) above MSL, the highest point being Kallathigiri on the eastern boundary.[3] The sanctuary is surrounded by the scenic hills and steep slopes of the Mullayanagiri, Hebbegiri, Gangegiri and Bababudangiri hills. 1,930 metres (6,330 ft) Mullayanagiri peak in the Baba Budan Giri Range near the southeast edge of the sanctuary is the highest peak between the Himalayas and the Nilgiris.

The 551 ft (168 m) high Hebbe Falls are in the eastern part of the sanctuary. The Manikyadhara Falls is located on the nearby sacred Baba Budan Giri Hill, The tributaries of the Bhadra river flow west through the sanctuary. The western border of the sanctuary abuts the Bhadra Reservoir and is part of its catchment area of 1,968 km2 (760 sq mi).[2]

Jagara and Sirivase are the villages located within the sanctuary. Bhadravathi, Tarikere and Birur are cities nearby. Larger metropolitan cities are well connected to Bhadravthi and Birur by bus and rail. There is frequent local bus service from Bhadravathi to both Bhadra Dam and Bhadra WLS. The nearest airport is in Mangalore, around 163 km (101 mi) from Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary.

Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is located at Lakkavalli, Karnataka; the nearest cities is Tarikere, Birur and Bhadravathi.

Climate

Temperatures vary from 10˚ to 35 °C and mean annual rainfall varies from 1200 mm to 2600 mm.[3]

History

The area was first declared as 'Jagara Valley Wildlife Sanctuary' in 1951 by the then government of its surroundings, the area was extended to its present extent and renamed to Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary in 1974.[2]

The Wildlife Sanctuary was declared as a Project Tiger Reserve in 1998. Bhadra is the first tiger reserve in the country to complete a successful village relocation program. The original relocation plan was introduced in 1974 and was implemented completely by 2002 when the 26 villages in the sanctuary were successfully relocated to M C Halli which is about 50 km (31 mi) from the Sanctuary.[4]

Biology and ecology

Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is the biodiversity hotspot. Most of the area consists the wet deciduous forest, moist deciduous forest and green forests.[5] Elevations ranging from 615 m (2,018 ft) to 1,875 m (6,152 ft) above MSL allows a variety of ecotypes including the unique shola forest/ mountain grasslands complex at Bababudan Giri and other patches higher than 1,400 m (4,600 ft) above MSL.[3] Phenology has been defined as the study of cyclical biological events. In plants, this can include leafing, flowering and fruiting phenophases. Phenological studies were on going to know the biology of tree species (9,10,11,12)

Flora

Bhadra supports more than 120 plant species. One typical 2 ha (4.9 acres) of tropical dry deciduous forest had 46 species, 37 genera and 24 families.[6][7][8] Combretaceae was the most abundant family in the forest. Indigoberry (Randia dumetorum) was the dominant species.[5]

Throughout the sanctuary the common species include crepe myrtle (lanceolata), kadam, thaasal (tiliaefolia), simpoh (pentagyna), teak, kindal, Indian-laurel, rosewood, Indian kino tree, white teak, fig tree, mangosteen, Kydia calycina, indigo, toddy palm, Ceylon oak, jalari, jamba tree, axlewood, slow match tree, thorny bamboo and clumping bamboo.[9]

It is the habitat of valuable teak and rosewood. Other commercial timber in the sanctuary includes: mathi, honne, Nandi, tadasalu and kindal. There is also bamboo and several types of medicinal plants.[2]

Fauna

Tiger at Bhadra WLS
Indian Leopard at Bhadra WLS

An estimated 33 tigers are found in Bhadra. Other animals in the sanctuary include elephant, Indian Leopard, gaur, sloth bear, wild boar, black leopard, jungle cat, jackal, wild dog, sambar, spotted deer, barking deer, mouse deer, common langur, bonnet macaque, slender loris, small Indian civet, common palm civet, pangolin, porcupine, flying squirrel and the Malabar giant squirrel.[4][9]

Small carnivores found in the Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary include leopard cat, rusty-spotted cat, ruddy mongoose, stripe-necked mongoose and otters.[10]

Large animal census of Bhadra[2]
Tiger 22 40
Leopard 22 22
Elephant 161 203
Gaur 139 186
Chital 780
Sambar 518
Bonnet macaque 248
Wild boar 470
Muntjac 749

Reptiles

Some of the reptiles commonly sighted in this park are common vine snake, king cobra, common cobra, Russell's viper, bamboo pit viper, rat snake, olive keelback, common wolf snake, common Indian monitor, Draco or gliding lizards and marsh crocodiles.[9]

Birds

Osprey at Bhadra wildlife Sanctuary

Bhadra sanctuary has more than 300 species of birds, some endemic to this region and some migratory.[4] Some of the species are grey junglefowl, red spurfowl, painted bush quail, emerald dove, Osprey, southern green imperial pigeon, great black woodpecker, Malabar parakeet, hill myna, ruby-throated bulbul, shama, Malabar trogon, Malabar whistling thrush, four species of hornbill and racquet-tailed drongo.[11]

Butterflies

Some of the butterflies in Bhadra sanctuary are yamfly, baronet, crimson rose butterfly, southern birdwing, tailed jay, great orange tip, bamboo tree brown, and blue pansy.

Threats

A growing threat is human population in the villages close to the sanctuary and encroachment in areas surrounding Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary. Grazing by the thousands of cattle that belong to the villagers are a threat. Livestock carry diseases like foot and mouth disease to the herbivores in the park. During the 1989-99 time period, rinderpest wiped out most of the Gaur population, which numbered more than a thousand, reducing the population to its present numbers. With proactive programs of inoculating local cattle, the population of Gaur is again on the rise.

Another concern due to closeness of the population is procurement of non-timber forest products for commercial purposes and the procurement of timber for firewood. These affect the health of the forest in a long run. The other large threats are fishing and illegal poaching of wild animals.[12]

Management practices of the forest department are habitat improvement, boundary consolidation, protection against poaching and fires, and infrastructure development. However, operating funds are insufficient and often delayed and the sanctuary management is understaffed. There are problems with frequent fires which adversely affect the habitat and biodiversity of Bhadra. Timber smuggling of valuable trees is a big problem.[1]

Tunga-Bhadra Lift Irrigation Project promises to bring water to the rain shadow areas of Chikmagalur district by transferring water from the Tunga River to the Bhadra River,[13] however this poses a threat of disturbance to the natural habitat of Bhadra sanctuary.

References

  1. 1 2 Fact sheet of Bhadra Tiger Reserve, Wildlife Protection Society of India, retrieved 1 February 2012
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "bhadra on project tiger". Archived from the original on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  3. 1 2 3 "About The Sanctuary", Sanctuaries - Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka State Wildlife Board, 2011, archived from the original on 13 January 2012, retrieved 1 February 2012
  4. 1 2 3 k karanth, krithi, Economic and Political Weekly (PDF), retrieved 12 March 2011
  5. 1 2 y l, Krishnamurthy (2010), "Vegetation structure and floristic composition of a tropical wet deciduous forest in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, India" (PDF), Tropical Ecology, International Society for Tropical Ecology, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 235–246, ISSN 0564-3295
  6. ↑ Nanda, A; Prakasha, H.M.; Krishnamurthy, Y.L.; Suresh, H.S. (2012). "Leafing phenology of canopy, under-storey trees and seasonality in a tropical evergreen forest of bhadra wildlife sanctuary, Karnataka, southern India". Indian Journal of Forestry. 35 (4): 457–462. doi:10.54207/bsmps1000-2021-CX37D0. S2CID 246963230.
  7. ↑ Nanda, A; Prakasha, H.M.; Krishnamurthy, Y.L.; Suresh, H.S. (2011). "Phenology of leaf flushing, flower initiation and fruit maturation in dry deciduous and evergreen forests of Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, southern India". Our Nature. 9: 89–99. doi:10.3126/on.v9i1.5738.
  8. ↑ Nanda, A; Prakasha, H.M.; Krishnamurthy, Y.L.; Suresh, H.S. (2010). "Phenology of a tropical dry forest: study from Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, peninsular India". Indian Journal of Forestry. 33 (2): 167–172. doi:10.54207/bsmps1000-2010-3V5Z1H. S2CID 129966683.
  9. 1 2 3 "Sanctuary - Flora and Fauna", Sanctuaries - Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka State Wildlife Board, 2011, retrieved 1 February 2012
  10. ↑ Kumar, H N; Mewa Singh (November 2006). "Small Carnivores Of Karnataka: Distribution And Sight Records". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay Natural History Society. 104: 155–162.
  11. ↑ Nazneen, K; Gururaja, K V; Reddy, Manjunath A H; Krishnamurthy, S V (2001). "Birds of Kuvempu University Campus, Shimoga District, Karnataka". Zoos' Print Journal. 16 (8): 559, 560. doi:10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.16.8.557-60.
  12. ↑ D karanth, krithi, Forest use and human-wildlife conflicts in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, India (PDF), retrieved 12 March 2011
  13. ↑ "Upper Bhadra Project". Visvesvaraya Jala Nigam Ltd - Government of Karnataka. 20 January 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
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