Myriam Sarachik
Sarachik in 2019
Born
Myriam Paula Morgenstein

(1933-08-08)August 8, 1933
Antwerp, Belgium
DiedOctober 7, 2021(2021-10-07) (aged 88)
Manhattan, New York, U.S.
Alma materColumbia University (M.S., 1957; Ph.D, 1960, physics)
Barnard College (B.A., 1954, physics)
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
InstitutionsCity College of New York
ThesisPenetration of magnetic fields through superconducting lead films (1960)
Doctoral advisorRichard Garwin

Myriam Paula Sarachik (August 8, 1933 – October 7, 2021) was a Belgian-born American experimental physicist who specialized in low-temperature solid state physics. From 1996, she was a distinguished professor of physics at the City College of New York. She is known for the first experimental confirmation of the Kondo effect in the 1960s.

Early life and education

Myriam Sarachik was born Myriam Paula Morgenstein on August 8, 1933, in Antwerp, Belgium.[1][2] Her parents, Sarah (Segal) and Schloimo Morgenstein, were Orthodox Jews[3] who were born in Poland. Her mother moved to Belgium as a child and her father moved in his mid-teens. Her parents met and married in Belgium. Her father worked as a diamond cutter and diamond dealer. Myriam had two siblings, an older brother Paul and a younger brother Henry. The primary language spoken at home was Yiddish.[4]

The family fled Belgium in 1940 due to the German occupation of Belgium during World War II.[1] At first they fled to Calais, France, but by the time they arrived it had already been invaded by Germany, so the family returned to Antwerp. In the process her older brother Paul became separated and was transported on a British ship for women and children from Dunkirk to England.[4] In 1941, after a year in Antwerp the family decided to try to escape the German occupation again. They took a train to Paris and then with fake papers attempted to cross the border into Spain.[4] While attempting to cross the border, the family was apprehended and interned in Merignac, a concentration camp near Bordeaux. They were then transferred to Camp de la Lande near Tours. The family escaped the same year and were smuggled across the border between German-occupied France and Vichy France.[5]

After spending a few weeks in Nice, the family took a train across the Pyrenees Mountains into Spain and stayed in Bilbao before sailing from Vigo to Cuba.[4] Sarachik spent the next five and a half years in Cuba as a refugee, where she attended school and learned Spanish and English.[6] In 1947, Sarachik and her family were granted visas to enter the United States and they moved to New York City.[6]

She graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1950 and began studying at Barnard College the same year. Sarachik was awarded a B.A. in 1954.[5][7] She received her M.S. at Columbia University in 1957, and her Ph.D. at Columbia University in 1960,[8] where her advisor was Richard Garwin.[9] Her Ph.D. research was on measuring the attenuation of a magnetic field by Type-I superconducting films.[6] Her doctoral work provided an important experimental test for BCS theory by showing how the magnetic field penetration depth in superconducting lead depended on temperature. This led Sarachik to be able to deduce a value of the superconducting energy gap which agreed with the directly measured value[10] She published results from her doctoral research in Physical Review Letters and the IBM Journal of Research and Development the same year as she received her doctorate.[11]

Academic career

From 1962 to 1964 she held a postdoctoral appointment at the Bell Telephone Laboratories. At Bell Laboratories she demonstrated that magnetic impurities in a non-magnetic metal, which form local magnetic moments, can cause the electrical resistance of the alloy to increase at low temperatures. As the temperature lowers, the resistance for most metallic metallic materials will continue to decrease until it reaches a plateau. However, some anomalous metallic materials will have a minimum resistance after which the resistance will increase even as the temperature is lowered. Sarachik showed that there was a one-to-one correspondence between the presence of local magnetic moments and the minimum of the resistance in metallic materials.[10] Her experiments provided the first data that confirmed the Kondo effect.[12]

Despite advice from mentors that becoming a housewife or part-time teacher might suit her better, Sarachik joined the physics department of the City College of New York as an assistant professor in 1964.[1][5][7][11] Three years later, in 1967, she was elevated to associate professor. In 1971, she became a full professor.[11] In 1996, City College honored her by naming her as distinguished professor of physics.

Sarachik's work was primarily in the field of low temperature condensed matter physics, in which she focused on molecular nanomagnets and novel phenomena in dilute two-dimensional electron systems.[13] Some of her research sought to understand the metal-insulator transition, or the conditions under which an insulator can become a conductor. Experiments of this type must be performed near absolute zero.[7] Sarachik also researched the transport and magnetic properties of semiconductors and quantum tunnelling.[14]

In 2020, Sarachik was awarded the American Physical Society (APS) Medal for Exceptional Achievement in Research for her "contributions to the physics of electronic transport in solids and molecular magnetism".[15][12] She was president of APS in 2003, and was awarded the Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Physics Prize in 2005.[16] In 2008, she was elected to the governing council of the National Academy of Sciences.[17]

She was active in defending the human rights of scientists as a member and chair of the Committee on the International Freedom of Scientists of the APS, a long-time member of the Human Rights of Scientists Committee of the New York Academy of Sciences, and a board member of the Committee of Concerned Scientists.[18]

Honors and awards

Sarachik received the following honors:[2]

Personal life

In 1954, Myriam married Philip Sarachik, a professor of electrical engineering at New York University.[5][12] They had two children, Karen and Leah. In 1970, five-year-old Leah was kidnapped by Sarachik's housekeeper using the family car. The housekeeper's body was found 12 days later and Leah's body was found a month after that.[25][26]

Sarachik died on October 7, 2021, in Manhattan at the age of 88.[1]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Chang, Kenneth (October 13, 2021). "Myriam Sarachik, Physicist Who Plumbed Magnetism, Dies at 88". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 13, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Clark, W. Gilbert (ed.). "Sarachik, Myriam P". Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics. University of California, Los Angeles. Archived from the original on September 23, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2012.
  3. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (August 31, 2020). "Myriam Sarachik Never Gave Up on Physics". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 31, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Interview of Myriam Sarachik by David Zierler on September 15, 2020". Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics. September 15, 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Sarachik, Myriam P. (March 10, 2018). "Pushing Boundaries: My Personal and Scientific Journey". Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics. 9 (1): 1–15. Bibcode:2018ARCMP...9....1S. doi:10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-033117-054029. ISSN 1947-5454.
  6. 1 2 3 Sarachik, Myriam P. (March 10, 2018). "Pushing Boundaries: My Personal and Scientific Journey". Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics. 9 (1): 1–15. Bibcode:2018ARCMP...9....1S. doi:10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-033117-054029. ISSN 1947-5454. S2CID 126184659.
  7. 1 2 3 Hargittai, Magdolna (2015). Women Scientists: Reflections, Challenges, and Breaking Boundaries. Oxford University Press. pp. 169–173. ISBN 978-0-19-935999-8. OCLC 900783734.
  8. ↑ "Myriam Sarachik". City College of New York. August 3, 2015. Archived from the original on November 10, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
  9. ↑ "Myriam P Sarachik (nee Morgenstein)". Mathematics Genealogy Project. Department of Mathematics, North Dakota State University. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  10. 1 2 Friedman, Jonathan (2006). "Myriam P. Sarachik (1933-)". Out of the shadows : contributions of twentieth-century women to physics. Edited by Nina Byers, Gary A. Williams. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 362–373. ISBN 0-521-82197-5. OCLC 62891583.
  11. 1 2 3 Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2002). International Encyclopedia of Women Scientists. Facts on File. p. 319. ISBN 0-8160-4381-7. OCLC 45835614.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Chang, Kenneth (August 31, 2020). "Myriam Sarachik Never Gave Up on Physics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 31, 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  13. ↑ "Myriam Sarachik". www.ccny.cuny.edu. The City College of New York. August 3, 2015. Archived from the original on November 10, 2019. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  14. ↑ Bailey, Martha J. (1998). American Women in Science: 1950 to the Present: A Biographical Dictionary. ABC-Clio. p. 347. ISBN 0-87436-921-5. OCLC 39060650.
  15. 1 2 "2020 APS Medal for Exceptional Achievement in Research Awarded to Myriam P. Sarachik". www.aps.org. Archived from the original on August 13, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  16. ↑ "2005 Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Physics Prize Recipient". APS Physics. American Physical Society. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  17. ↑ Simon, Ellis (February 19, 2008). "CCNY Distinguished Professor Myriam P. Sarachik elected to governing council of National Academy of Sciences". CUNY Newswire. The City University of New York. Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2012.
  18. ↑ "National Academy of Sciences Elects Treasurer and Councilors". Office of News and Public Information, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. February 12, 2008. Archived from the original on December 20, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
  19. ↑ "Myriam P. Sarachik". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on September 29, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
  20. ↑ "Myriam P. Sarachik". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
  21. 1 2 3 4 "2020 APS Medal for Exceptional Achievement in Research Awarded to Myriam P. Sarachik". www.aps.org. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
  22. ↑ "Five Remarkable Women Physicists Receive The L'Oréal-Unesco For Women In Science Award For 2005" (PDF). March 3, 2005. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  23. ↑ "President's Medal - Distinguished Professor Myriam P Sarachik". Institute of Physics.
  24. ↑ "White House honors CCNY legends Myriam Sarachik and Sheldon Weinbaum". City College of New York.
  25. ↑ "Police Think Body Is Sarachik Girl's". The New York Times. October 25, 1970. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  26. ↑ "CCS Board Member, Myriam Sarachik, Profiled in NY Post Article". Committee of Concerned Scientists. November 20, 2019. Archived from the original on August 11, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.

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