N,N-Dimethylaniline
Skeletal formula of dimethylaniline
Ball-and-stick model of the dimethylaniline molecule
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
N,N-Dimethylaniline
Other names
DMA
Dimethylaminobenzene
N,N-Dimethylbenzeneamine
N,N-Dimethylphenylamine
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.004.085
KEGG
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C8H11N/c1-9(2)8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,1-2H3 checkY
    Key: JLTDJTHDQAWBAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • CN(C)c1ccccc1
Properties
C8H11N
Molar mass 121.183 g·mol−1
Appearance Colorless liquid
Odor amine-like
Density 0.956 g/mL
Melting point 2 °C (36 °F; 275 K)
Boiling point 194 °C (381 °F; 467 K)
2% (20°C)[1]
Vapor pressure 1 mmHg (20°C)[1]
-89.66·10−6 cm3/mol
Hazards
Flash point 63 °C (145 °F; 336 K)
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
1410 mg/kg (rat, oral)[2]
50 ppm (rat, 4 hr)[2]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 TWA 5 ppm (25 mg/m3) [skin][1]
REL (Recommended)
 TWA 5 ppm (25 mg/m3) ST 10 ppm (50 mg/m3) [skin][1]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 100 ppm[1]
Safety data sheet (SDS) External MSDS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

N,N-Dimethylaniline (DMA) is an organic chemical compound, a substituted derivative of aniline. It is a tertiary amine, featuring a dimethylamino group attached to a phenyl group. This oily liquid is colourless when pure, but commercial samples are often yellow. It is an important precursor to dyes such as crystal violet.

Preparation and reactions

DMA was first reported in 1850 by the German chemist A. W. Hofmann, who prepared it by heating aniline and iodomethane:[3][4]

C6H5NH2 + 2 CH3I → C6H5N(CH3)2 + 2 HI

DMA is produced industrially by alkylation of aniline with methanol in the presence of an acid catalyst:[5]

C6H5NH2 + 2 CH3OH → C6H5N(CH3)2 + 2 H2O

Similarly, it is also prepared using dimethyl ether as the methylating agent.

Dimethylaniline undergoes many of the reactions expected for an aniline, being weakly basic and reactive toward electrophiles. For example, it is nitrated to produce tetryl, a derivative with four nitro groups which was once used as explosive. It is lithiated with butyllithium. Methylating agents attack the amine to give the quaternary ammonium salt:[6]

C6H5N(CH3)2 + (CH3O)2SO2 → C6H5N(CH3)3CH3OSO3

Diethylaniline and dimethylaniline are both used as acid-absorbing bases.

Applications

DMA is a key precursor to commercially important triarylmethane dyes such as malachite green and crystal violet.[7] DMA serves as a promoter in the curing of polyester and vinyl ester resins.[8] DMA is also used as a precursor to other organic compounds. A study of the in vitro metabolism of N,N-dimethylaniline using guinea pig and rabbit preparations and GLC techniques has confirmed N-demethylation and N-oxidation as metabolic pathways, and has also established ring hydroxylation as a metabolic route.[9]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0223". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  2. 1 2 "N,N-Dimethylaniline". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  3. ↑ Watts, Henry, A Dictionary of Chemistry and the Allied Branches of Other Sciences, Part 2, (London, England: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1881), Methylanilines, p. 1306
  4. ↑ In 1850, August Hofmann announced his synthesis of methylaniline: However, in 1877, the Swiss chemist Alfred Kern (1850–1893) contended that Hofmann's reaction produced only dimethylaniline, not methylaniline: Hofmann found that acetic anhydride reacted only with methylaniline, not with dimethylaniline, and was thus able to show that his reaction produced both the mono- and di-methylated forms of aniline:
  5. ↑ Kahl, Thomas et al. (2007) "Aniline" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons: New York. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_303
  6. ↑ Jacques, J. and Marquet, A. (1988). "Selective α-Bromination of an Aralkyl Ketone with Phenyltrimethylammonium Tribromide: 2-Bromoacetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene and 2,2-Dibromoacetyl-6-Methoxynaphthalene". Organic Syntheses.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link); Collective Volume, vol. 6, p. 175
  7. ↑ Gessner, Thomas and Mayer, Udo (2002) "Triarylmethane and Diarylmethane Dyes" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_179
  8. ↑ General Info on DMA (N,N-Dimethylaniline), Composites Australia
  9. ↑ Gorrod, J. W.; Gooderham, N. J. (1981). "The in vitro metabolism of N,N-dimethylaniline by guinea pig and rabbit tissue preparations". European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 6 (3): 195–206. doi:10.1007/BF03189489. PMID 7308239. S2CID 7221074.
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