Sport | Collegiate fencing |
---|---|
Founded | 1941 |
Country | United States |
Most recent champion(s) | Notre Dame (9) |
Official website | NCAA.com |
The NCAA Fencing Championships are awarded at the annual tournament held in March to determine the NCAA's national collegiate individual and team championships in fencing.[1] Individual champions are determined by performance during the NCAA fencing team championship competition.[1] Unlike most NCAA sports, the fencing championship is a single National Collegiate championship rather than being split into divisions.
History
Prior to 1990, separate men's championships were held, but since then, fencing has been a coed sport with teams having men's and women's squads, although some schools field only a women's team. Fencing is a single-division sport with schools from all three NCAA divisions competing against each other.[1]
Fencing was one of twelve women's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981–82 school year, as the NCAA engaged in battle with the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) for sole governance of women's collegiate sports. The AIAW continued to conduct its established championship program in the same twelve (and other) sports; however, after a year of dual women's championships, the NCAA conquered the AIAW and usurped its authority and membership.
NCAA fencing follows the rules of the U.S. Fencing Association with several modifications.[2]
Criticism of coed model
After major publicity regarding the differences in facilities provided to participants in the 2021 Division I men's and women's basketball tournaments, the NCAA commissioned the law firm Kaplan Hecker & Fink to conduct a broad-based review of gender equity issues surrounding all of its championship events. The first phase dealt exclusively with Division I basketball; the second phase investigated all other NCAA championships, including fencing. In the second phase, both fencing stakeholders and NCAA staff identified a major gender inequity issue stemming from the NCAA's 1990 decision to combine the men's and women's team championships. As of the date of the report (the 2021–22 school year), no NCAA fencing programs fielded only a men's team, but many fielded only women's teams. Because the team champion is determined by combining each school's men's and women's points earned, and entry rules limit the number of participants of each sex per school and region, women-only teams cannot win the team championship. Some stakeholders have suggested that men's and women's team championships be reintroduced, either as substitutes for or supplements to the current coed championship. The NCAA's fencing committee has discussed this change, but it was still "under consideration" as of the report date.[3]
Champions
Co-ed team championships (1990–present)
Year | Venue | Team Champions | Individual Champions | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Team Champion | Score | Team Runner-Up | Foil | Épée | Sabre | ||
2023 | Durham, NC | Notre Dame (9) | 188-175 | Princeton | Men: Jan Jurkiewicz, St. John's Women: Lauren Scruggs, Harvard |
Men: Jonas Hansen, Harvard Women: Eszter Muhari, Notre Dame |
Men: Luke Linder, Notre Dame Women: Nora Burke, Columbia-Barnard |
2022 | South Bend, IN | Notre Dame (8) | 189-168 | Harvard | Men: Ashton Daniel, Columbia-Barnard Women: Maia Weintraub, Princeton |
Men: Gabriel Feinberg, Ohio State Women: Kaylin Hsieh, Notre Dame |
Men: Filip Dolegiewicz, Harvard Women: Elizabeth Tartakovsky, Harvard |
2021 | State College, PA | Notre Dame (7) | 201-182 | Penn State | Men: Marcello Olivares, Notre Dame Women: Stefani Deschner, Notre Dame |
Men: Ryan Griffiths, Penn State Women: Laura Fekete, Long Island University |
Men: Luke Linder, Notre Dame Women: Kara Linder, Notre Dame |
2020 | Cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic | ||||||
2019 | Cleveland, OH | Columbia-Barnard (5) | 178-166 | Penn State | Men: Nick Itkin, Notre Dame Women: Sylvie Binder, Columbia-Barnard |
Men: Oliver Shindler, Ohio State Women: Anne Cebula, Columbia-Barnard |
Men: Karol Metryka, Penn State Women: Karolina Cieślar, St. John's |
2018 | State College, PA | Notre Dame (6) | 185-170 | Columbia-Barnard | Men: Nick Itkin, Notre Dame Women: Iman Blow, Columbia-Barnard |
Men: Marc-Antoine Blais, Ohio State Women: Catherine Nixon, Princeton |
Men: Eli Dershwitz, Harvard Women: Maia Chamberlain, Princeton |
2017 details |
Indianapolis, IN | Notre Dame (5) | 186-161 | Ohio State | Men: Andras Nemeth, St. John's Women: Lee Kiefer, Notre Dame |
Men: Cooper Schumacher, St. John's Women: Anna Van Brummen, Princeton |
Men: Eli Dershwitz, Harvard Women: Francesca Russo, Notre Dame |
2016 | Waltham, MA | Columbia-Barnard (4) | 174–167 | Ohio State | Men: Maximilien Chastanet, Ohio State Women: Eleanor Harvey, Ohio State |
Men: Jacob Hoyle, Columbia Women: Jessie Radanovich, Penn State |
Men: Andrew Mackiewicz, Penn State Women: Adrienne Jarocki, Harvard |
2015 | Columbus, OH | Columbia-Barnard (3) | 165–156 | Penn State | Men: Alexander Massialas, Stanford Women: Lee Kiefer, Notre Dame |
Men: Jacob Hoyle, Columbia Women: Isis Washington, St. John's |
Men: Andrew Mackiewicz, Penn State Women: Francesca Russo, Notre Dame |
2014 | Columbus, OH | Penn State (13) | 180–159 | Princeton | Men: Gerek Meinhardt, Notre Dame Women: Lee Kiefer, Notre Dame |
Men: Yevgeniy Karyuchenko, St. John's Women: Vivian Kong, Stanford |
Men: Kaito Streets, Penn State Women: Adrienne Jarocki, Harvard |
2013 | San Antonio, TX | Princeton | 182–175 | Notre Dame | Men: Alexander Massialas, Stanford Women: Lee Kiefer, Notre Dame |
Men: Marco Canevari, Ohio State Women: Courtney Hurley, Notre Dame |
Men: Michael Mills, Penn Women: Eliza Stone, Princeton |
2012 | Columbus, OH | Ohio State (3) | 182–161 | Princeton | Men: Zain Shaito, Ohio State Women: Evgeniya Kirpicheva, St. John's |
Men: Jonathan Yergler, Princeton Women: Katarzyna Dabrowa, Ohio State |
Men: Aleksander Ochocki, Penn State Women: Rebecca Ward, Duke |
2011 | Columbus, OH | Notre Dame (4) | 174–168 | Penn State | Men: Ariel DeSmet, Notre Dame Women: Alexandra Kiefer, Harvard |
Men: Marat Israelian, St. John's Women: Courtney Hurley, Notre Dame |
Men: Daryl Homer, St. John's Women: Rebecca Ward, Duke |
2010 | Cambridge, MA | Penn State (12) | 191–182 | St. John's | Men: Gerek Meinhardt, Notre Dame Women: Nicole Ross, Columbia-Barnard |
Men: Marat Israelian, St. John's Women: Margherita Guzzi Vincenti, Penn State |
Men: Daryl Homer, St. John's Women: Caroline Vloka, Harvard |
2009 | State College, PA | Penn State (11) | 195–182 | Notre Dame | Men: Nicholas Chinman, Penn State Women: Doris Willette, Penn State |
Men: Slava Zingerman, Wayne State Women: Anastasia Ferdman, Penn State |
Men: Aleksander Ochocki, Penn State Women: Rebecca Ward, Duke |
2008 | Columbus, OH | Ohio State (2) | 185–176 | Notre Dame | Men: Andras Horanyi, Ohio State Women: Monika Golebiewski, St. John's |
Men: Slava Zingerman, Wayne State Women: Kelly Hurley, Notre Dame |
Men: Jeff Spear, Columbia Women: Sarah Borrmann, Notre Dame |
2007 | Madison, NJ | Penn State (10) | 194–176 | St. John's | Men: Andras Horanyi, Ohio State Women: Doris Willette, Penn State |
Men: Slava Zingerman, Wayne State Women: Anna Garina, Wayne State |
Men: Timothy Hagamen, Harvard Women: Daria Schneider, Columbia-Barnard |
2006 | Houston, TX | Harvard | 165–159 | Penn State | Men: Boaz Ellis, Ohio State Women: Erzsebet Garay, St. John's |
Men: Benji Ungar, Harvard Women: Katarzyna Trzopek, Penn State |
Men: Adam Crompton, Ohio State Women: Mariel Zagunis, Notre Dame |
2005 | Houston, TX | Notre Dame (3) | 173–171 | Ohio State | Men: Boaz Ellis, Ohio State Women: Emily Cross, Harvard |
Men: Michal Sobieraj, Notre Dame Women: Anna Garina, Wayne State |
Men: Sergey Isayenko, St. John's Women: Emily Jacobson, Columbia-Barnard |
2004 | Waltham, MA | Ohio State | 194–160 | Penn State | Men: Boaz Ellis, Ohio State Women: Alicja Kryczalo, Notre Dame |
Men: Arpad Horvath, St. John's Women: Anna Garina, Wayne State |
Men: Adam Crompton, Ohio State Women: Valerie Providenza, Notre Dame |
2003 | Colorado Springs, CO | Notre Dame (2) | 182–179 | Penn State | Men: Nontapat Panchan, Penn State Women: Alicja Kryczalo, Notre Dame |
Men: Seth Kelsey, Air Force Women: Katarzyna Trzopek, Penn State |
Men: Adam Crompton, Ohio State Women: Alexis Jemal, Rutgers |
2002 | Madison, NJ | Penn State (9) | 195–190 | St. John's | Men: Nontapat Panchan, Penn State Women: Alicja Kryczalo, Notre Dame |
Men: Arpad Horvath, St. John's Women: Kerry Walton, Notre Dame |
Men: Ivan Lee, St. John's Women: Sada Jacobson, Yale |
2001 | Parkside, WI | St. John's | 180–172 | Penn State | Men: Jedediah Dupree, Columbia Women: Iris Zimmermann, Stanford |
Men: Soren Thompson, Princeton Women: Emese Takacs, St. John's |
Men: Ivan Lee, St. John's Women: Sada Jacobson, Yale |
2000 | Stanford, CA | Penn State (8) | 175–171 | Notre Dame St. John's |
Men: Felix Reichling, Stanford Women: Eva Petschnigg, Princeton |
Men: Daniel Landgren, Penn State Women: Jessica Burke, Penn State |
Men: Gabor Szelle, Notre Dame Women: Caroline Purcell, MIT |
1999 | Waltham, MA | Penn State (7) | 171–139 | Notre Dame | Men: Felix Reichling, Stanford Women: Monique DeBruin, Stanford |
Men: Alex Roylblat, St. John's Women: Felicia Zimmerman, Stanford |
Men: Keeth Smart, St. John's |
1998 | South Bend, IN | Penn State (6) | 149–147 | Notre Dame | Men: Ayo Griffin, Yale Women: Felicia Zimmerman, Stanford |
Men: George Hentea, St. John's Women: Charlotte Walker, Penn State |
Men: Luke LaValle, Notre Dame |
1997 | Colorado Springs, CO | Penn State (5) | 1,530–1,470 | Notre Dame | Men: Cliff Bayer, Penn Women: Yelena Kalkina, Ohio State |
Men: Alden Clarke, Stanford Women: Magda Krol, Notre Dame |
Men: Keeth Smart, St. John's |
1996 | New Haven, CT | Penn State (4) | 1,500–1,190 | Notre Dame | Men: Thorstein Becker, Wayne State Women: Olga Kalinovskaya, Penn State |
Men: Jeremy Kahn, Duke Women: Nicole Dygert, St. John's |
Men: Maxim Pekarev, Princeton |
1995 | South Bend, IN | Penn State (3) | 440–413 | St. Johns | Men: Sean McClain, Stanford Women: Olga Kalinovskaya, Penn State |
Men: Mike Gattner, Lawrence Women: Tina Loven, St. John's |
Men: Paul Palestis, NYU |
1994 | Waltham, MA | Notre Dame | 4,350–4,075 | Penn State | Men: Kwame van Leeuwen, Harvard Women: Olga Kalinovskaya, Penn State |
Men: Harold Winkmann, Princeton | Men: Thomas Strzalkowski, Penn State |
1993 | Detroit, MI | Columbia-Barnard (2) | 4,525–4,500 | Penn State | Men: Nick Bravin, Stanford Women: Olga Kalinovskaya, Penn State |
Men: Ben Atkins, Columbia | Men: Thomas Strzalkowski, Penn State |
1992 | South Bend, IN | Columbia-Barnard | 4,150–3,646 | Penn State | Men: Nick Bravin, Stanford Women: Olga Chernyak, Penn State |
Men: Harold Bauder, Wayne State | Men: Thomas Strzalkowski, Penn State |
1991 | State College, PA | Penn State (2) | 4,700–4,200 | Columbia-Barnard | Men: Ben Akins, Columbia Women: Heidi Piper, Notre Dame |
Men: Marc Oshima, Columbia | Men: Vitali Nazlimov, Penn State |
1990 | South Bend, IN | Penn State | 36–35 | Columbia-Barnard | Men: Nick Bravin, Stanford Women: Tzu Moy, Columbia-Barnard |
Men: Jubba Beshin, Notre Dame | Men: David Mandell, Columbia |
Separate team championships (1982–1989)
Year | Team | Venue | Team Champions | Individual Champions | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Team Champion | Score | Team Runner-Up | Foil | Épée | Sabre | |||
1989 | Men | Evanston, IL | Columbia | 88–85 | Penn State | Men: Edward Mufel, Penn State Women: Yasemin Opcu, Wayne State |
Men: Jon Normile, Columbia | Men: Peter Cox, Penn State |
Women | Wayne State | (3–0)–(2–1) | Columbia-Barnard | |||||
1988 | Men | Princeton, NJ | Columbia | 90–83 | Notre Dame | Men: Marc Kent, Columbia Women: Molly Sullivan, Notre Dame |
Men: Jon Normile, Columbia | Men: Robert Cottingham, Columbia |
Women | Wayne State | (3–0)–(2–1) | Notre Dame | |||||
1987 | Men | South Bend, IN | Columbia | 86–78 | Penn | Men: William Mindel, Columbia Women: Caitlin Bilodeaux, Columbia-Barnard |
Men: James O'Neill, Harvard | Men: Michael Lofton, NYU |
Women | Notre Dame | (3–0)–(2–1) | Temple | |||||
1986 | Men | Princeton, NJ | Notre Dame | 151–141 | Columbia | Men: Adam Feldman, Penn State Women: Molly Sullivan, Notre Dame |
Men: Chris O'Loughlin, Pennsylvania | Men: Michael Lofton, NYU |
Women | Penn | (3–0)–(2–1) | Notre Dame | |||||
1985 | Men | South Bend, IN | Wayne State | 141–140 | Notre Dame | Men: Stephan Chauvel, Wayne State Women: Caitlin Bilodeaux, Columbia-Barnard |
Men: Ettore Bianchi, Wayne State | Men: Michael Lofton, NYU |
Women | Yale | (3–0)–(2–1) | Penn | |||||
1984 | Men | Princeton, NJ | Wayne State | 69–50 | Penn State | Men: Charles Higgs-Coulthard, Notre Dame Women: Mary Jane O'Neill, Penn |
Men: Ettore Bianchi, Wayne State | Men: Michael Lofton, NYU |
Women | Yale | (3–0)–(2–1) | Penn State | |||||
1983 | Men | Parkside, WI | Wayne State | 86–80 | Notre Dame | Men: Demetrios Valsamis, NYU Women: Jana Angelakis, Penn State |
Men: Ola Harstrom, Notre Dame | Men: John Friedberg, North Carolina |
Women | State College, PA | Penn State | (5–0)–(3–2) | Wayne State | ||||
1982 | Men | South Bend, IN | Wayne State | 85–77 | Clemson | Men: Alexander Flom, George Mason Women: Joy Ellingson, San Jose State |
Men: Peter Schifrin, San Jose State | Men:Neil Hick, Wayne State |
Women | San Jose, CA | Wayne State | (7–0)–(6–1) | San Jose State |
Men's-only team championships (1941–1981)
Year | Venue | Team Champions | Individual Champions | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Team Champion | Score | Team Runner-Up | Foil | Épée | Sabre | ||
1981 | Parkside, WI | Penn | 113–111 | Wayne State | Men: Ernest Simon, Wayne State | Men: Gill Pezza, Wayne State | Men: Paul Friedberg, Penn |
1980 | State College, PA | Wayne State | 111–106 | Penn MIT |
Men: Ernest Simon, Wayne State | Men: Gill Pezza, Wayne State | Men: Paul Friedberg, Penn |
1979 | Princeton, NJ | Wayne State | 119–108 | Notre Dame | Men: Andrew Bonk, Notre Dame | Men: Carlos Songini, Cleveland State | Men: Yuri Rabinovich, Wayne State |
1978 | Parkside, WI | Notre Dame | 121–110 | Penn | Men: Ernest Simon, Wayne State | Men: Björne Väggö, Notre Dame | Men: Mike Sullivan, Notre Dame |
1977 | South Bend, IN | Notre Dame | 114–114 (fence-off) | NYU | Men: Pat Gerard, Notre Dame | Men: Hans Wieselgren, NYU | Men: Mike Sullivan, Notre Dame |
1976 | Philadelphia, PA | NYU | 79–77 | Wayne State | Men: Greg Benko, Wayne State | Men: Randy Eggleton, Pennsylvania | Men: Brian Smith, Columbia |
1975 | Fullerton, CA | Wayne State | 89–83 | Cornell | Men: Greg Benko, Wayne State | Men: Risto Hurme, NYU | Men: Yuri Rabinovich, Wayne State |
1974 | Cleveland, OH | NYU | 92–87 | Wayne State | Men: Greg Benko, Wayne State | Men: Risto Hurme, NYU | Men: Steve Danosi, Wayne State |
1973 | Baltimore, MD | NYU | 76–71 | Penn | Men: Brooke Makler, Pennsylvania | Men: Risto Hurme, NYU | Men: Peter Westbrook, NYU |
1972 | Chicago, IL | Detroit | 73–70 | NYU | Men: Tyrone Simmons, Detroit | Men: Ernesto Fernández, Pennsylvania | Men: Bruce Soriano, Columbia |
1971 | Colorado Springs, CO | NYU Columbia | 68–68 | tie | Men: Tyrone Simmons, Detroit | Men: George Szunyogh, NYU | Men: Bruce Soriano, Columbia |
1970 | South Bend, IN | NYU | 71–63 | Columbia | Men: Walter Krause, NYU | Men: John Nadas, Case Reserve | Men: Bruce Soriano, Columbia |
1969 | Raleigh, NC | Penn | 54–43 | Harvard | Men: Anthony Kestler, Columbia | Men: James Metzler, Pennsylvania | Men: Norman Braslow, Penn |
1968 | Detroit, MI | Columbia | 92–87 | NYU | Men: Gerard Esponda, San Francisco | Men: Don Sieja, Cornell | Men: Todd Makler, Penn |
1967 | Northridge, CA | NYU | 72–64 | Penn | Men: Mike Gaylor, NYU | Men: George Masin, NYU | Men: Todd Makler, Penn |
1966 | Durham, NC | NYU | (5–0)–(5–2) | Army | Men: Al Davis, NYU | Men: Bernhardt Hermann, Iowa | Men: Paul Apostol, NYU |
1965 | Detroit, MI | Columbia | 76–74 | NYU | Men: Joe Nalven, Columbia | Men: Paul Pesthy, Rutgers | Men: Howard Goodman, NYU |
1964 | Cambridge, Massachusetts | Princeton | 81–79 | NYU | Men: Bill Hicks, Princeton | Men: Paul Pesthy, Rutgers | Men: Craig Bell, Illinois |
1963 | Colorado Springs, CO | Columbia | 55–50 | Navy | Men: Jay Lustig, Columbia | Men: Larry Crum, Navy | Men: Bela Szentivanyi, Wayne State |
1962 | Columbus, OH | Navy | 76–74 | NYU | Men: Herbert Cohen, NYU | Men: Thane Hawkins, Navy | Men: Barton Nisonson, Columbia |
1961 | Princeton, NJ | NYU | 79–68 | Princeton | Men: Herbert Cohen, NYU | Men: Jerry Halpern, NYU | Men: Israel Colon, NYU |
1960 | Champaign, IL | NYU | 65–57 | Navy | Men: Gene Glazer, NYU | Men: Gil Eisner, NYU | Men: Mike D’Asaro, NYU |
1959 | Annapolis, MD | Navy | 72–65 | NYU | Men: Joe Paletta, Navy | Men: Roland Wommack, Navy | Men: Al Morales, Navy |
1958 | Lubbock, TX | Illinois | 47–43 | Columbia | Men: Bruce Davis, Wayne State | Men: Roland Wommack, Navy | Men: Art Schankin, Illinois |
1957 | Detroit, MI | NYU | 65–64 | Columbia | Men: Bruce Davis, Wayne State | Men: James Margolis, Columbia | Men: Bernie Balaban, NYU |
1956 | Annapolis, MD | Illinois | 90–88 | Columbia | Men: Ralph DeMarco, Columbia | Men: Kinmont Hoitsma, Princeton | Men: Gerald Kaufman, Columbia |
1955 | East Lansing, MI | Columbia | 62–57 | Cornell | Men: Herman Velasco, Illinois | Men: Donald Tadrawski, Notre Dame | Men: Barry Pariser, Columbia |
1954 | Chicago, IL | Columbia NYU | 61–61 | tie | Men: Robert Goldman, Pennsylvania | Men: Henry Kolowrat, Princeton | Men: Steve Sobel, Columbia |
1953 | Philadelphia, PA | Penn | 94–86 | Navy | Men: Ed Nober, Brooklyn College | Men: Jack Tori, Pennsylvania | Men: Robert Parmacek, Penn |
1952 | New Haven, CT | Columbia | 71–69 | NYU | Men: Harold Goldsmith, CCNY | Men: Herman W. Wallner, NYU | Men: Frank Zimolzak, Navy |
1951 | Champaign, IL | Columbia | 69–64 | Penn | Men: Robert Nielsen, Columbia | Men: Daniel Chafetz, Columbia | Men: Chambless Johnston, Princeton |
1950 | Detroit, MI | Navy | 67½–66½ | NYU Rutgers |
Men: Robert Nielsen, Columbia | Men: Thomas Stuart, Navy | Men: Alex Treves, Rutgers |
1949 | West Point, NY | Army Rutgers | 63–63 | tie | Men: Ralph Tedeschi, Rutgers | Men: Richard Bowman, Army | Men: Alex Treves, Rutgers |
1948 | Annapolis, MD | CCNY | 30–28 | Navy | Men: Albert Axelrod, CCNY | Men: William Bryan, Navy | Men: James Day, Navy |
1947 | Chicago, IL | NYU | 72–50½ | Chicago | Men: Abraham Balk, NYU | Men: Abraham Balk, NYU | Men: Oscar Parsons, Temple |
1943–1946 | Championship not held due to World War II | ||||||
1942 | St. Louis, MO | Ohio State | 34–33½ | St. John's | Men: Byron Krieger, Wayne State | Men: Ben Burtt, Ohio State | Men: Andre Deladrier, St. John's |
1941 | Columbus, OH | Northwestern | 28½–27 | Illinois | Men: Edward McNamara, Northwestern | Men: Chester H. Boland, Illinois | Men: William Meyer, Dartmouth |
- Note: Team scoring in 1990 was based on weapon team events standings. From 1991 to 1994, point values increased due to fencers not qualifying as part of a team being able to contribute points from individual performances. Weapon team events were eliminated in 1995, and team scoring was based entirely on individual performances; women's épée was added as a fifth weapon. Since 1998, team scoring has been based on a one-point system; women's sabre was added as a sixth weapon in 2000.
Team Titles
Team | Titles | Men | Women | Coed |
---|---|---|---|---|
Columbia | 16 | 11 | - | 5 |
Penn State | 14 | - | 1 | 13 |
Notre Dame | 13 | 3 | 1 | 9 |
NYU | 12 | 12 | - | - |
Wayne State (MI) | 10 | 7 | 3 | - |
Ohio State | 4 | 1 | - | 3 |
Navy | 3 | 3 | - | - |
Penn | 3 | 2 | 1 | - |
Illinois | 2 | 2 | - | - |
Princeton | 2 | 1 | - | 1 |
Yale | 2 | - | 2 | - |
Army | 1 | 1 | - | - |
CCNY | 1 | 1 | - | - |
Detroit Mercy | 1 | 1 | - | - |
Harvard | 1 | - | - | 1 |
Northwestern | 1 | 1 | - | - |
Rutgers | 1 | 1 | - | - |
St. John's | 1 | - | - | 1 |
See also
References
- 1 2 3 "NCAA College Fencing – Find Scores, Brackets, Rankings". Ncaa.com. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
- ↑ "NCAA Public Home Page". Ncaa.org. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
- ↑ "NCAA External Gender Equity Review — Phase II". Kaplan Hecker & Fink LLP. October 25, 2021. p. 56. Retrieved March 7, 2022.