If you remember the onerous treaties by which Turkey was bound, and which were so interpreted as to give Russia powers of interference in the Ottoman Empire

- Earl of Clarendon, Debate in Parliament about the Peace Treaty of Paris,1856 [1]

The Ottoman Empire, which began as an Anatolian beylik and became an empire through expansion, has been known historically by different names at different periods and in various languages. This page surveys the history of these names and their usage.

The Ottomans called their state "Devlet-i Aliyye" (The Exalted State) since its establishment. During the Tanzimat period, the suffix "Osmaniyye"(Dynasty of Osman) was added to this name.[2] However, the Ottomans did not call their state by just one name. There was a second name that the state used in official international agreements; Turkey. Ottomans called their state as Turkey in many agreements. For exampe, in official version of Turkish edition of Treaty of Paris (1856) Sultan Abdulmejid I call his state with two name; Devlet-i Aliyye and Turkey.[3]

Bizki bilutfulmevla Türkistan ve şamil olduğu memalik ve büldanın Padişahı, essultan ibnussultan essultanülgazi Abdülmecid Han ibnussultanülgazi Mahmud Han ibnussultanülgazi Abdülhamid Hanız, işbu tasdikname-i hümayunumuzla beyan ve ilan ederizki Devlet-i Aliyem ve müttefik-i müfahhamları olan Fransa ve İngiltere ve Sardinya devletleri ile Rusya devleti beyninde bir müddettenberi zuhura gelen ihtilaf ve muavedatın... (By the grace of God, we are the Sultan of Turkey and the kingdoms and regions over which it reigns, the Sultan, son of Sultan, Ghazi Sultan Abdülmecid Han, Ghazi Sultan Mahmud Khan, son of Sultan, Ghazi Sultan Abdulhamid Khan, son of Sultan, and we declare with this imperial ratification. We, declare that the conflict and hostility that has been going on for a while between My Supreme State (Devlet-i Aliyye) and its respected allies, France, England and Sardinia, and the Russian state...)

In different languages

  • Medieval Latin: Turchia (Turkey) or Imperium Turcicum (Turkish Empire)[4]
  • English: Ottoman Empire, Osmanic Empire, Osmanian Empire, Ottoman Turkey, Turkish Empire
  • Ottoman Turkish: دولت عليه عثمانيه Devlet-i Alîye-i Osmânîye (The Sublime Ottoman State)[5]
  • Ottoman Turkish: Devlet-i Âlîye (The Exalted State)
  • Ottoman Turkish: Türkistan (Turkey)
  • Ottoman Turkish: Devlet-i Ebed-Müddet (The Eternal State)
  • Ottoman Turkish: Memâlik-i Mahrûse (The Well-Protected Domains)
  • Ottoman Turkish: Memâlik-i Mahrûse-i Osmanîye (The Well-Protected Domains of the Ottomans)
  • Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu (Ottoman Empire), Osmanlı Devleti (Ottoman State), Osmanlı Türkiyesi (Ottoman Turkey),Türk İmparatorluğu (Turkish Empire)
  • Azerbaijani: Osmanlı İmperiyası (Ottoman Empire), Osmanlı Dövləti (Ottoman State)
  • Albanian: Perandoria Osmane (occasionally but very seldom "Otomane")
  • Arabic: الدولةُ العليةُ العثمانيةُ Ad-Daulatu' l-ʿAliyatu' l-ʿUṯmāniyya (The Sublime Ottoman State) or الدولةُ العثمانيةُ Ad-Daulatu' l-ʿUṯmāniyya
  • Aromanian: Imperiul Otoman
  • Armenian: Օսմանյան Կայսրություն (Osmanyan Kaysroutyoun)
  • Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian: Османско царство (Osmansko Carstvo) / Отоманско царство (Otomansko Carstvo) / Османлијско царство (Osmanlijsko carstvo) / Турска (Turska) / Турско царство (Tursko carstvo)
  • Bulgarian: Османска империя (Osmanska Imperia)
  • Chinese: Lumi (魯迷) (originates from Rûm or Rumi.), or Rumu 如木 (originates from Rûm or Rumi.), or Du'erge 度爾格 (from Turkey), Tuliyesike 圖里耶斯科 (from Turkey), or Du'erke 都兒克 (from Turkey), or Du'erjia 都爾佳 (from Turkey), or Tuliya 圖里雅 (from Turkey), or Tu'erqi 土耳其 (from Turkey), or Hongke'er 烘克爾 (from Mongolian Khungghar), Gongka'er 供喀爾 (from Mongolian Khungghar), Hongke'er 烘克爾 (from Mongolian Khungghar), or Hongga'er 紅噶爾 (from Mongolian Khungghar), or Kongka'er 孔喀爾 (from Mongolian Khungghar), or Kongka'er 空喀爾 (from Mongolian Khungghar), or Konggu'er 空谷爾 (from Mongolian Khungghar)
  • Danish: Det Osmanske Rige (the Ottoman realm)
  • Greek: Οθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία (Othomanikí Aftokratoría), informally, Τουρκιά (Tourkiâ)
  • Georgian: ოსმალეთის იმპერია (Osmaletis Imperia)
  • German: Osmanisches Reich (or Türkisches Reich)
  • Hungarian: Oszmán Birodalom (Osman Empire)
  • Macedonian: Отоманска Империја (Otomanska Imperija) or Османлиска Империја (Osmanliska Imperija)
  • Mongolian: Khungghar (derives from Ottoman word hunkār)
  • Persian: امپراطوری عثمانی (Empraturi Osmani)
  • Polish: "Imperium Osmańskie" (the Osman Empire), "Turcja Osmańska" (Osman Turkey) unofficially "Turcja" (Turkey)
  • Romanian: "Imperiul Otoman" (the Ottoman Empire), sometimes "Poarta Otomană" (the Ottoman Gate)
  • Swedish: Osmanska riket (the Ottoman realm)[6]
  • Serbo-Croatian: Osmansko Carstvo/Osmanlijsko Carstvo (The Ottoman Empire); Tursko Carstvo (Turkish Empire)[7]
  • French: Empire ottoman
  • Ukrainian: Османська Імперія (Osmans'ka Imperiya)

In diplomatic circles, the Ottoman government was often referred to as the "Porte" or the "Sublime Porte," a literal translation of the Ottoman Turkish Bâb-ı Âlî, which was the only gate of Topkapı Palace open to foreigners and the location where the Sultan and his viziers greeted ambassadors.

References

  1. ↑ Column 2001,UK Parliament, "The Treaty Of Peace Volume 141: debated on Monday 5 May 1856"Website of UK Parliament
  2. ↑ "Bilen bilmeyen herkes konuşuyor! Osmanlı Devleti'nin resmî adı 'DEVLET-İ ALİYYE'dir". Habertürk (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 11 December 2023.
  3. ↑ "Treaty of Paris (30 March 1856) original Turkish version transfered by Türk Tarih Kurumu from arabic alphabet to latin alphabet" (PDF). Türk Tarih Kurumu (in Turkish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2023. Bizki bilutfulmevla Türkistan ve şamil olduğu memalik ve büldanın Padişahı essultan ibnussultan essultanülgazi Abdülmecid Han ibnussultanülgazi Mahmud Han ibnussultanülgazi Abdülhamid Hanız...
  4. ↑ K.H. Karpat, "Historical continuity and identity change or How to be modern Muslim, Ottoman, and Turk", in: K.H. Karpat (ed.), Ottoman past and today's Turkey (2000), 1-28, esp. 20; G. Ágoston & B.A. Masters, Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire (2009), 574.
  5. ↑ O. Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK)
  6. ↑ "Osmanska riket - Uppslagsverk - NE.se".
  7. ↑ Новаковић, Стојан. Турско царство пред српски устанак 1780-1804 (in Serbian). Београд: Српска књижевна задруга.

Historic maps using the alternative names of the Ottoman Empire

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