National Rural Letter Carriers' Association
Founded1903
HeadquartersAlexandria, Virginia
Location
  • United States
Members
115,104 (2019)
Key people
Donald L. Maston, President

Patrick A. Pitts, Vice President
Thomas K. Turner, Secretary-Treasurer
Bridget Boseak, Director of Labor Relations
Shirley Baffa, Director of Steward Operations
Nicky Phillips, Executive Committee Chair

Executive Committee: John C. Adams, Jeanette P. Dwyer & Kirby Ricketts
Websitewww.nrlca.org
Don Cantriel & his successor, Jeanette Dwyer

The National Rural Letter Carriers' Association (NRLCA) is an American labor union that represents the rural letter carriers of the United States Postal Service (USPS). The NRLCA negotiates all labor agreements for the rural carrier craft with the USPS, including salaries, and represents members of the rural carrier craft in the grievance procedure. The NRLCA's stated goal is to "improve the methods used by rural letter carriers, to benefit their conditions of labor with the United States Postal Service, and to promote a fraternal spirit among its members."

Membership

To join the NRLCA, one must be employed by the USPS in the rural carrier craft as a Rural Carrier Associate (RCA), Substitute Rural Carrier, Rural Carrier Relief (RCR), Part-time Flexible (PTF), Assistant Rural Carriers (ARC) or Regular Carrier (Designation Code 71).[1] The NRLCA provides information and fellowship for its members at county, district, state and national meetings where all members may participate in a democratic process of developing Association policy. The NRLCA provides a monthly publication, The National Rural Letter Carrier, to keep its members informed on postal and legislative matters of interest.

History

Gus & Shirley Baffa. Gus was President of the NRLCA from 2001 to 2003, and served as National PAC Chairman until his death in 2022.[2] Shirley is the Director of Steward Operations.

Free mail delivery began in American cities in 1863 with a limited scope. Shortly afterwards, rural citizens began petitioning for equal consideration. Postmaster General John Wanamaker first suggested rural free delivery (RFD) of mail in the United States in his annual report for fiscal year 1891.[3] It began in 1896 with five routes, and the first rural carriers were paid $300 per year for their services.[4] Seven years later, it had expanded to 15,119 routes covering 322,618 miles, however, inadequate pay was still an issue.[5] The NRLCA was formed in 1903 at a cost of fifty cents per year in dues to its members.

In 1906, rural carriers were granted six national holidays. Christmas was not one of them, and did not become a holiday for rural carriers until 1923. In 1924, a special association committee traveled to Washington, D.C. to lobby for an equipment maintenance allowance (EMA). The following year, it became law. In 1928, the NRLCA implemented term limits for its officers, however, term limits were repealed in 1932. In 1941, tire and gasoline rationing from World War II affected rural carriers. NRLCA President Walker gained some exemptions from rationing for rural carriers. In 1946, the National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC) expressed interest in incorporating RFD into their union. In 1947, the NRLCA declined.

On January 17, 1962, President John F. Kennedy signed executive order 10988 establishing employee-management cooperation in the federal service.[6] Rural carriers selected the NRLCA as their agent,[7] and on July 12, the NRLCA became the first postal union to sign a national exclusive contract with the USPS. To qualify, unions needed to demonstrate that they did not discriminate based upon race. Thus, the stipulation that only white delegates shall be eligible to seats in the national convention was quietly lifted from article 3 of the NRLCA's constitution without the passing of a resolution or bylaw.[8] Separate gender pay was also abolished in a ruling by Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy.

On September 8, 1978, the NRLCA was the first postal union to come to an agreement on a new contract when contract negotiations between the USPS and its unions nearly resulted in an illegal mail strike.[9]

After the NALC severed bargaining ties with the American Postal Workers Union in 1994, NALC President Vince Sombrotto tried to get the NRLCA to join the NALC. His effort was unsuccessful.

On November 14, 2008, the NRLCA withdrew support from the Quality of Work Life/Employee Involvement (QWL/EI) program. As the USPS funded all QWL-EI activities, it became more focused on issues supporting corporate goals. The NRLCA saw QWL/EI headed in a different direction than improving the "quality of work life" for rural carriers and managers alike. On December 12, 2008, the USPS confirmed that QWL/EI will be closed entirely. As NRLCA President Don Cantriel put it, "They were looking for an excuse to get rid of it; we gave it to them."

On August 19, 2011, the NRLCA became the first labor union in the history of the United States Postal Service to elect a female President, Jeanette Dwyer, at its 107th National Convention in Savannah, Georgia.[10] She served until 2018, when she chose not to run for re-election, and was succeeded by her Vice President, Ronnie Stutts. Dwyer rejoined the board to fill the remainder of Johnny Miller's unexpired term on November 21, 2020.

RRECS & calls for decertification

Brian McKee is the President of Arkansas, Vickie Lovings is President of Texas & Delonna Callaway is President of Oklahoma

On July 3, 2012, the postal service & NRLCA agreed to create the Rural Route Evaluated Compensation System (RRECS). From January 2013 to June 2018, a panel of engineers, consisting of Ken Mericle, Don Ratliff & Louis Martin-Vega, began developing an automated system that captured daily counts of work activities (whereas the evaluated pay system was originally based upon a 2 week count).[11] Count data is also captured from mapping software developed by the project. Mapping captures the line of travel for each route, plus the distances of mailstops, mailboxes and direct door delivery stops associated with each customer address. These mapped locations are used to calculate walking and driving distances.[12]

RRECS had a devastating effect on rural carrier pay. Two-thirds of all rural letter carriers lost at least one hour per week, and 44% lost four hours or more. Only 14% of rural carriers actually gained hours. The changes also added days worked while reducing hours on those days, reducing opportunities for overtime.[13] The number of K routes (routes evaluated at 5 days a week) dropped from 65,910 to 49,747, a difference of 16,163. J routes (5.5 days a week) increased from 5,012 to 11,429, and H routes (routes carried 6 days a week without a relief day) increased from 3,427 to 13,142, an increase of 9,715. Overall, rural carriers on average lost about 2.8 hours from their routes after RRECS went into effect.[14]

On March 20, 2023, the NRLCA was notified that because of system issues, the PS Forms 4241-A could not be generated, causing a delay in RRECS implementation until at least April 8. On April 7, the NRLCA & USPS reached an agreement to delay the implementation of the initial rural route evaluations under RRECS until April 22, despite the NRLCA seeking a 60 day delay. On April 21, the NRLCA & USPS reached a second agreement to delay its implementation until May 6.[15]

On May 5, a group of U.S. Senators, consisting of Democrats Ron Wyden, Elizabeth Warren, Sherrod Brown, Ed Markey & John Fetterman and Independent Bernie Sanders, sent a letter to United States Postmaster General Louis DeJoy saying RRECS should not be used until the system’s serious flaws are rectified. Regardless, the system went into effect the following day.

Many carriers across the nation felt the NRLCA did little to prevent RRECS from going into effect or communicating its rollout to members. Soon, calls for decertification of the NRLCA grew within the craft.[16] Shortly after the 117th national convention in Grand Rapids, Michigan, new President Don Maston & the NRLCA released the following statement on the topic:[17]

What happens if the NRLCA is decertified?

The NRLCA will no longer be able to represent rural letter carriers.

The National Agreement will be nullified: Every right and term or condition of employment currently guaranteed by the Agreement must be re-negotiated without any assurance that it will be reinstated. Some of the things at serious risk are:

  • Current salary rates and guaranteed salary increases
  • Twice-a-year COLA adjustments
  • EMA rates
  • Grievance and Arbitration provisions
  • Just cause protections for discipline and termination. (You will bean at-will employee)
  • No layoff provisions
  • Seniority rights
  • Scheduling rights
  • Protections from subcontracting (CDS)
  • Health insurance, life insurance, and retirement benefits.
  • Work rules

You will lose your Union stewards and representatives.

The Union has invested millions of dollars in an extensive and effective steward system. With decertification, your District Representatives, Assistant District Representatives, Area Stewards, and Local Stewards will be stripped of their legal authority to help resolve grievances and other workplace conflicts.

Management will have ALL of the power.

The rights bargained for in collective bargaining with the Postal Service since 1970 will no longer be guaranteed, and without a collective bargaining agreement, Postal Management will have the unilateral right to set wages and working conditions.

There is no guarantee that you will be represented by another union.

Signing a decertification petition only guarantees an election as to whether the NRLCA will represent you. To replace the NRLCA, another union would have to agree to represent rural carriers, and a majority of rural carriers would have to vote (in a separate election) to establish the new union as the collective bargaining representative.

In order for calls to decertify the NRLCA to be successful, at least 30% of rural carriers must sign cards or a petition asking the National Labor Relations Board to conduct an election. Unless a majority of the votes cast in the election are in favor of union representation, the union will be decertified.[18] Roughly 34,000 signatures would need to be collected by December 28, 2023 in order to give the NLRB enough time to verify the signatures and mail ballots.

NRLCA Constitution

Prior to the National Steward System, Allan Jones (right) served as Florida's state steward. Janet Thomas & Linda Wiersema were his assistant State Stewards. In 2011, Thomas & Wiersema became District Representatives in Florida, and Jones was named the national headquarters' Labor Relations Specialist

The NRLCA ratified its first constitution[19] on day two of its first national convention in Chicago, Illinois, September 12, 1903. Henry Haven Windsor, editor of Popular Mechanics magazine as well as the RFD News (now The National Rural Letter Carrier) and chair of the Constitution & Bylaws Committee, presented his committee's report, followed by discussion on each article. One of the many topics discussed was union dues. Originally, the NRLCA sought one dollar a year from its members, however, this was negotiated down to fifty cents a year by the time this constitution was ratified (In 1910, dues were raised to 75 cents per year. The following year, it was reduced back down to 50 cents a year. It took until 1919, for dues to reach the dollar originally sought). The articles were amended and approved in order, and after adoption of each separate article, the entire constitution was voted upon and adopted in its entirety.

In 2007, bylaws were eliminated from the NRLCA Constitution, and each state was directed by the National office to do the same with their state constitutions. Existing bylaws were incorporated within the constitution in their appropriate places. As a result, the NRLCA constitution underwent some renumbering. In 2011, the NRLCA ratified a national steward system.[20]

National convention

Executive Committeeman John C. Adams, New York District Representative Phil Tremper & Connecticut RLCA President Joshua Smith at the 2023 National Convention in Grand Rapids, Michigan

The NRLCA held its first annual national convention in Chicago, Illinois, September 11–12, 1903. The first officers elected to serve the NRLCA on day two of the NRLCA's first national convention (September 12, 1903) were:

In 1908, women attended the NRLCA national convention for the first time. During World War II, the convention was limited to a small conference in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1942, and Cincinnati, Ohio the following two years. In 1945, a National Board Session was held in lieu of a delegate gathering. In attendance were 52 delegates from fifteen states. The host state was represented by the most delegates with thirteen, followed by Michigan with twelve. Indiana and Nebraska both had five, Missouri had four, Iowa had three, Minnesota, New York and Ohio each had two and Colorado, Georgia, Massachusetts and Wisconsin all had one. While represented by the NRLCA, neither Kansas nor Oklahoma had a representative in attendance.

The 2020 convention, which was set to take place in Spokane, Washington August 18–21 was canceled due to COVID-19, as was the 2021 convention. The only other year a national convention was not held was 1918, when it was canceled due to World War I.

Contract with the USPS[21]

Randy Anderson & Joey Johnson both served as NRLCA Directors of Labor Relations
Director of Labor Relations Bridget Boseak & Puerto Rico President Dickson Matos

The NRLCA negotiates all labor agreements for the rural carrier craft with the Postal Service, including salaries. Rural carriers are considered bargaining unit employees in the USPS. This means that there is a contract between the Postal Service and the NRLCA. Only the NRLCA can represent members of the rural carrier craft in the grievance procedure, including providing protection in disciplinary actions.[22]

Following the establishment of executive order 10988 in 1962, the NRLCA and USPS established their first national agreement on a contract for rural carriers. As a result of this contract, the Heavy Duty Agreement, or Evaluated Pay System was established (Rural Carriers are paid a salary based upon an evaluation of their particular route. Credit is given to all carriers' duties and compensated accordingly). On August 12, 1970, President Richard Nixon signed the Postal Reorganization Act (PRA). The Post Office Department became the United States Postal Service, and the NRLCA became a union, with collective bargaining rights for wages and fringe benefits.

When the 2007 contract between the NRLCA and USPS expired, rural carriers were operating without a contract for nearly two years. With the contract set to expire in December 2010, at midnight, November 20, 2010, negotiations between the NRLCA and USPS on a new contract ended in an impasse, and went into third party arbitrator.[23]

On July 3, 2012, arbitrator Jack Clarke imposed a new contract upon the NRLCA and USPS that ran through 2015.[24] Concessions by the NRLCA in the new contract mirrored concessions made by the APWU a year earlier. NRLCA Director of Labor Relations Joey Johnson voted with the USPS arbitrator to accept the contract despite a two-year wage freeze, a two-tiered wage structure and increased health care costs (from 19% to 24%). Substitute rural carriers and RCAs hired under the new contract faced a twenty percent cut in pay with no cost-of-living increases. New hire pay was cut from $19.45 to $15.56 per hour.[25]

On April 25, 2016, President Jeanette Dwyer met with Postmaster General Megan Brennan and other postal officials at USPS headquarters for the signing of a new national agreement to run to 2018. It is the first negotiated agreement between the Postal Service and NRLCA in more than 20 years not to go to arbitration. NRLCA members ratified the agreement in April with 83% of votes cast in favor.[26]

NRLCA Presidents

William Brown, Jr.
Scottie B. Hicks
Gus Baffa
Donnie Pitts
Don Cantriel
Jeanette P. Dwyer
Ronnie W. Stutts
Don Maston
Ronnie Stutts & Georgia President Darrell Whitehead
Don Maston & Florida state President William Braddick
NRLCA presidents
NRLCA President Start year End year
F. H. Cunningham 1903 1904
P.L. Lindsay 1905 1908
Elias Frey 1909
E.A. McMahon 1910 1911
L.N. Brockway 1912 1913
George W. Kime 1914 1915
Fred L. White 1916
Claude Smith 1917 1919
E.D. Landwehr 1920 1921
A.P. Lang 1922 1924
W.A. Keown 1925
Ned H. Goodell 1928 1929
W.G. Armstrong 1930 1934
J.E. Cooper 1935
R.H. Combs 1936 1939
L.M. Walker 1940 1941
Wiley M. Riedel 1942
T.G. Walters 1943 1945
B.A. Winquest 1946 1947
W.L. Manning 1948 1949
C.L. Ashcraft 1950
Bud Raley 1951 1952
Paul G. Benson 1953
W.B. Bledsoe 1954 1955
Ray L. Hulick 1956 1957
C.R. Larson 1958 1959
T.M. Martin 1960 1961
Max H. Jordan 1962 1963
F.E. Huffman 1964 1965
C.W. Hilliard 1966 1967
H.F. Alfrey 1968 1969
C.E. Olmstead 1970 1972
R.M. Rainwater 1973 1974
L.F. Miller 1975 1976
C.E. Edwards 1977 1978
Dean King 1979 1980
Wilbur S. Wood 1981 1982
Tom W. Griffith 1983 1985
Olin Armentrout 1986
Dallas N. Fields 1987 1988
Vernon H. Meier 1989 1990
William R. Brown, Jr. 1991 1993
Scottie B. Hicks 1994 1996
Steven R. Smith 1997 2000
Gus Baffa 2001 2003
Dale Holton 2004 2005
Donnie Pitts 2006 2007
Don Cantriel 2008 2011
Jeanette P. Dwyer 2011 2018
Ronnie Stutts 2018 2023
Don Maston 2023 Present

NRLCA-PAC

PAC Chair Natasha Patterson & Don Maston

The Political Action Committee (NRLCA-PAC) was created in 1975 to represent rural letter carrier interests on Capitol Hill by lobbying key government officials and staff on privatization of the postal service, five day delivery and other issues affecting rural carriers. NRLCA-PAC supports members currently in Congress who are friendly to its positions, gains access to members who are on key congressional committees whose jurisdiction affects issues that are important to the rural carrier craft, and develops relationships with current and new congressional candidates. NRLCA-PAC also educates and alerts NRLCA membership on key issues & developments and encourages rural carriers to become involved legislatively.

Five-day delivery

In the 1970s, Postmaster General Benjamin F. Bailar suggested five-day delivery as a means of battling high energy costs resulting from the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries' (OAPEC) embargo that resulted in a worldwide oil crisis.[27] The NRLCA opposed five-day delivery;[28] a bill to block five-day delivery was introduced by Rep. James M. Hanley (D-NY).[29]

On January 28, 2009, Postmaster General John E. Potter testified before the Senate[30] that if the Postal Service is not able to readjust their payment toward the pre-funding of retiree health benefits, as mandated by the Postal Accountability & Enhancement Act of 2006,[31] the USPS would be forced to consider cutting delivery to five days per week during the summer months of June, July & August.

On June 10, 2009, the NRLCA, along with other union and management groups of the United States Postal Service, was contacted for its input on the study of the impact of five-day delivery along with developing an implementation plan for a five-day service plan. On July 30, 2009, President Don Cantriel voiced opposition to five-day delivery before the House Oversight & Government Reform subcommittee.

NRLCA VP Patrick A. Pitts & OHRLCA President Timothy Barker

On September 30, 2009, the House of Representatives and Senate passed and signed into law H.R. 22, reducing the amount the United States Postal Service pays into the Postal Service Retiree Health Benefits Fund from $5.4 billion to $1.4 billion. PMG Potter continued to unveil a plan to eliminate Saturday mail delivery, regardless. On Thursday, April 15, 2010, PMG Potter testified before the House Committee on Oversight & Government Reform that by the year 2020, the USPS cumulative losses could exceed $238 billion, and that mail volume would drop 15% from 2009.

Postmaster General Patrick R. Donahoe echoed his predecessor's views on five-day delivery when he assumed office in 2011. On February 6, 2013, Donahoe announced that the Postal Service would implement five-day mail delivery beginning August 5, a move he claimed would save $2 billion annually. Later the same day, the NRLCA national board voted unanimously to call for his dismissal,[32] as the universal service obligation[33] and six-day delivery are upheld by Congressional language within Appropriations legislation. Therefore, a reduction in service would require action from the House and Senate. July 16, the House passed the Financial Services and General Government Appropriations bill, which included language protecting six‐day mail delivery, thereby blocking Donahoe's plan. He retired on November 14, 2014.[34]

His replacement, the first female Postmaster General Megan Brennan, has been non-committal on five-day versus six-day delivery. While the issue remains on the table in her seeking of an overhaul postal laws, she has stated that she wants to focus on "similarities before differences" as she works with stakeholders, including postal employee unions, to craft her approach to Congress.[35] President Barack Obama's Fiscal Year 2016 budget endorsed the outgoing PMG Donahoe's proposed plan to eliminate six‐day mail delivery.

Privatization

President Karen Shafer & VP Joan Ort of Pennsylvania

On December 17, 2017, President Donald Trump criticized the postal service's relationship with Amazon. In a post on Twitter, the President stated: "Why is the United States Post Office, which is losing many billions of dollars a year, while charging Amazon and others so little to deliver their packages, making Amazon richer and the Post Office dumber and poorer? Should be charging MUCH MORE!"[36] On June 21, 2018, the President proposed a sweeping government reorganization that would sharpen the focus on workforce training, consolidate government-assistance programs and shrink federal agencies. As part of this proposal, he recommended restructuring the postal service with an eye toward privatization. According to his proposal, privatization would cut costs and give the financially burdened agency greater flexibility in adjusting to the digital age.[37]

In the Articles of Confederation of the United States Constitution, Congress possessed the power to establish and regulate post offices (Article 1, Section 8, Clause 7), but does not specify how it is funded. The NRLCA fully opposes privatizing the Postal Service, and has publicly supported House Bill 993[38] and Senate Bill 933 that would prevent privatization.[39]

CDS

Contract Delivery Service (CDS) is purchased on a contractual basis by the U.S. Postal Service whereby mail is carried from one USPS specified starting point to another, via highway, by private carriers. CDS carriers are not USPS employees, but are independent contractors who provide mail service on these routes. The NRLCA believes that contract delivery inhibits the security, sanctity and service of the USPS, and believes that Congress should support H.Res. 282[40] and S. 1457.[41]

Other rural carrier unions

In 1920, a secession from the NRLCA resulted in the forming of the National Federation of Rural Letter Carriers; in 1946, the NFRLC merged into the larger NALC.[42] The National Alliance of Postal Employees was formed in 1913 by black employees of the Railway Mail Service. Although the Union was organized to prevent the elimination of blacks from the railway mail service, in 1923, the NAPE became the first industrial union in the United States when it opened its membership to any postal employee who desired to join, regardless of race, sex, creed or religion. The NAPE allowed membership to all eligible postal employees of all crafts, rural carriers included.[43]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Rural Letter Carriers Association.

References

  1. ↑ "United States Postal Service Authorization for the Deduction of Dues" (PDF).
  2. ↑ "Gus Baffa April 20, 1941 ~ March 6, 2022". Willis Funeral Service.
  3. ↑ "Rural Letter Carriers to Serve More Homes". Pennsboro News. January 11, 1979. pp. 1&8.
  4. ↑ "Government Trade Union". Boston Evening Transcript. January 1, 1902. p. 19.
  5. ↑ "Justice to the Rural Carrier". Milwaukee Journal. October 28, 1903. p. 6.
  6. ↑ "Executive Order 10988". The American Presidency Project. January 17, 1962.
  7. ↑ "Post Office to Sign Union Contracts Covering 500,000". Toledo Blade. March 19, 1963. p. 37.
  8. ↑ Philip F. Rubio (March 22, 2006). "There's Always Work at the Post Office": African Americans Fight for Jobs, Justice & Equality at the United States Post Office, 1970–1971. p. 249. ISBN 9780549163190.
  9. ↑ "Rural Carriers Ink Mail Pact". The Victoria Advocate. September 9, 1978. p. 8A.
  10. ↑ "NRLCA Elects Jeanette P. Dwyer as First Female National President". Business Wire. October 11, 2011.
  11. ↑ Heckman, Jory (August 25, 2023). "USPS rural carriers union says members have more to lose than gain in decertification push". Federal News Network.
  12. ↑ Heather, David (October 2021). "The Rural Route Evaluated Compensation System (RRECS): Development & History" (PDF). NRLCA Comprehensive Guide to the Rural Route Evaluated Compensation System. p. 6-7.
  13. ↑ Dayen, David (April 21, 2023). "Rural Letter Carriers Complain About Dramatically Reduced Pay". The American Prospect, Inc.
  14. ↑ "Preliminary RRECS Evaluation Results via NRLCA". RuralInfo.net. MDLogan Enterprises LLC.
  15. ↑ Heckman, Jory (April 24, 2023). "USPS Delays Rollout of New Pay System After Data Shows Major Cuts for Rural Carriers". Federal News Network.
  16. ↑ Heckman, Jory (August 21, 2023). "USPS rural carriers seek to decertify union after most members see pay cuts". Federal News Network.
  17. ↑ "USPS Delays Rollout of New Pay System After Data Shows Major Cuts for Rural Carriers". NRLCA.org. August 29, 2023.
  18. ↑ "Decertification Election". National Labor Relations Board.
  19. ↑ "Constitution of the National Rural Letter Carriers' Association" (PDF). 2022–2023.
  20. ↑ "Report: Rural Letter Carriers Union Passes New National Steward System". PostalReporter New Blog. August 23, 2011.
  21. ↑ "Agreement Between the United States Postal Service & the National Rural Letter Carriers' Association" (PDF). 2021–2024.
  22. ↑ "Grievance PS Form 8191" (PDF).
  23. ↑ Cordon, Hector (January 26, 2012). "United States Postal Service Ends Negotiations With Two Unions". World Socialist Website.
  24. ↑ "Agreement Between the United States Postal Service & the National Rural Letter Carriers' Association" (PDF). 2010–2015.
  25. ↑ Cordon, Hector (July 7, 2012). "Concessions Contract Imposed by Arbitrator on US Postal Union". World Socialist Website.
  26. ↑ "Agreement Between the United States Postal Service & the National Rural Letter Carriers' Association" (PDF). 2018–2021.
  27. ↑ Davis, Hugh (August 11, 1977). "Carriers' Wives Grill Mail Chief". Spokane Daily Chronicle. p. 37.
  28. ↑ Sutton, Lorna (August 9, 1977). "Six Day Mail Defended". The Spokesman-Review. p. 6.
  29. ↑ "5 Day Mail is Opposed by Carriers". Spokane Daily Chronicle. August 9, 1977. p. 5.
  30. ↑ "Postmaster General/CEO John E. Potter Before the Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management" (PDF). January 28, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 30, 2009.
  31. ↑ "Postal Accountability & Enhancement Act of 2006". December 7, 2006.
  32. ↑ Davidson, Joe (February 6, 2013). "Postal Union Wants Postmaster General Patrick Donahoe Ousted". The Washington Post.
  33. ↑ "Report on Universal Postal Service & the Postal Monopoly" (PDF).
  34. ↑ Sarah A. McCarty (November 14, 2014). "U.S. Postmaster General Patrick Donahoe announces resignation as postal workers protest proposed cuts". Alabama Media Group.
  35. ↑ Leinwand, Donna (March 6, 2015). "Postmaster general to seek new tech, fleet for USPS". USA Today.
  36. ↑ Banker, Steve (December 29, 2017). "President Trump, Here's Why The Postal Service Is Charging Amazon 'So Little'". Forbes.
  37. ↑ Smith, Jennifer (June 22, 2018). "Trump's Fix for Postal Service: Privatize It". The Wall Street Journal.
  38. ↑ Lynch, Stephen (July 16, 2018). "H.Res.993". Library of Congress.
  39. ↑ Henson, Stacey (October 8, 2018). "Rallying postal workers in Cape Coral have message for congress: U.S. Mail is not for sale". The News-Press.
  40. ↑ "Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that the United States Postal Service should discontinue the practice of contracting out mail delivery services". March 28, 2007. Archived from the original on July 4, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  41. ↑ "A bill to provide for the protection of mail delivery on certain postal routes, and for other purposes". June 6, 2007. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012.
  42. ↑ Estelle May Stewart (1936). Handbook of American Trade-unions. United States Government Printing Office. p. 308.
  43. ↑ "History of NAPFE". NAPFE – National Alliance of Postal & Federal Employees. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015.
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