The National Security Strategy (NSS) is a document prepared periodically by the executive branch of the United States that lists the national security concerns and how the administration plans to deal with them. The legal foundation for the document is spelled out in the Goldwater–Nichols Act. The document is purposely general in content, and its implementation relies on elaborating guidance provided in supporting documents such as the National Military Strategy.[1]

Purposes of the NSS report

The stated intent of the Goldwater–Nichols legislation is broadly accepted as valid for effective political discourse on issues affecting the nation's security—the Congress and the Executive need a common understanding of the strategic environment and the administration's intent as a starting point for future dialogue. That said, however, it is understood that in the adversarial environment that prevails, this report can only provide a beginning point for the dialogue necessary to reach such a "common" understanding.[2]

The requirement of producing this report along with the budget request leads to an iterative, interagency process involving high level meetings that helps to resolve internal differences in foreign policy agendas. However, "this report was not to be a neutral planning document, as many academics and even some in uniform think it to be. Rather it was ... intended to serve five primary purposes."[2]

  1. Communicate the Executive's strategic vision to Congress, and thus legitimize its requests for resources.
  2. Communicate the Executive's strategic vision to foreign constituencies, especially governments not on the US's summit agenda.
  3. Communicate with select domestic audiences, such as political supporters seeking Presidential recognition of their issues, and those who hope to see a coherent and farsighted strategy they could support.
  4. Create internal consensus on foreign and defense policy within the executive branch.
  5. Contribute to the overall agenda of the President, both in terms of substance and messaging.

Where the incoming executive team has not formulated a national security strategy, such as an after an election in which foreign policy and defense were not important campaign issues, the process of writing the report can be of immense importance:

Few things educate new political appointees faster as to their own strategic sensings, or to the qualities and competencies of the "permanent" government they lead within executive bureaucracies, than to have to commit in writing to the President their plans for the future and how they can be integrated, coordinated and otherwise shared with other agencies and departments. The ability to forge consensus among these competing views on direction, priorities and pace, and getting "on board" important players three political levels down from the president is recognized as an invaluable, if not totally daunting, opportunity for a new administration.[2]

History

2002 NSS

The National Security Strategy issued on September 17, 2002, contained the controversial Bush doctrine of pre-emptive war.[3] It also contained the notion of military pre-eminence that was reflected in a 1992 Department of Defense paper, "Defense Policy Guidance", prepared by two principal authors (Paul Wolfowitz and I. Lewis Libby) working under Defense Secretary Dick Cheney. The NSS 2002 repeated and re-emphasized efforts to provide foreign aid to countries moving towards Western-style democracy, with the "ambitious and specific target" of "doubl[ing] the size of the world's poorest economies within a decade."[3]: p. 21 

The Bush doctrine reflected an effort to move from the Cold War doctrine of deterrence to one that could deal with terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda as well as nation-states such as Iraq or Iran.[4]

The document also treated AIDS as a threat to national security, promising efforts to reduce its spread and devastating effects.

2006 NSS

Published in March 2006, the final Bush White House NSS said it was based on two "pillars": "promoting freedom, justice, and human dignity" and "leading a growing community of democracies."[5]

2010 NSS

On May 26, 2010, President Barack Obama.[6]: p.8  issued a new Strategy which was called by United Nations ambassador Susan Rice a "dramatic departure" from its predecessor.[7] The Strategy advocated increased engagement with Russia, China and India.[8] The Strategy also identified nuclear non-proliferation and climate change as priorities,[9] while noting that the United States's security depended on reviving its economy.[10] The drafters of the new Strategy made a conscious decision to remove terms such as "Islamic radicalism", instead speaking of terrorism generally.[11]

The 2010 NSS said that in order to defeat al Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan, the United States needs to engage in a large amount of interagency cooperation and communication with the Muslim population in Afghanistan and throughout the world.[6] The objective of the National Security Strategy is to create a stable situation for the world, including those countries struggling with insurgencies. "The most effective long-term measure for conflict and resolution is the promotion of democracy and economic development."[12] In order to promote democracy and economic development communication with the civilian population of the host-nation is essential. The Stability Operations Field Manual states that success depends on a U.S. ability to build local institutions and in the establishment of a legitimate permanent government, which builds trust between the citizens and the counterinsurgency personnel."[12] The National Security Strategy establishes the interagency coordination in order to conduct useful public diplomacy to secure the population in the countries of Afghanistan and Iraq.

2015 NSS

On February 6, 2015, Obama[13]: p.1310  issued a new NSS to provide "a vision and strategy for advancing the nation's interests, universal values, and a rules-based international order through strong and sustainable American leadership."[14]

2017 NSS

The primary author of the 2017 National Security Strategy (NSS) was Nadia Schadlow, then-deputy national security adviser.[15] Her work on the document and the inter-agency process that preceded it were well-received by foreign policy experts across the political spectrum. Delivered by President Donald Trump on December 18, 2017, the new document named China and Russia as "revisionist powers" while removing "climate change" as a national threat.[16] It also characterized the world as a competitive arena rather than a "community of nations" or "international community" as previous documents had.[17] NSS-2017 represents a break with past foreign policy doctrine. Brad Patty, an author for the conservative think tank Security Studies Group writes that, "My guess is that members of the Foreign Policy elite will encounter these first pages as a kind of boilerplate, even trite. Notice, though, that those two pages lead directly to a third page that repudiates the whole living body of American foreign policy thought."[18]

About a year later, Schadlow would comment that the NSS had "achieved the state of mattering".[19]

2021 NSS

In March 2021, President Joe Biden published the 2021 Interim National Security Strategy (NSS), which recommitted the United States to the NATO alliance and outlined the country's global priorities, concluding that the United States "must demonstrate that democracies can still deliver for our people. It will not happen by accident – we have to defend our democracy, strengthen it and renew it."[20]

2022 NSS

On October 12, 2022, the Biden Administration sent its classified National Security Strategy to Congress. According to an unclassified fact sheet released to the public, the strategy said the U.S. faced two strategic challenges: a post-cold war competition between superpowers and transnational challenges that range from climate change to global health issues. The document said that “the most pressing strategic challenge facing our vision is from powers that layer authoritarian governance with a revisionist foreign policy,” singling out China and Russia as presenting particular but different challenges.[21]

The 2022 National Security Strategy is organized around three points:[22]

  1. Invest ambitiously and rapidly in the sources of our national strength.
  2. Mobilize the broadest coalition of nations to enhance our collective influence.
  3. Shape the rules of the road of the 21st century economy, from technology, to cyber to trade and economics.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "National Security Strategy Archive". National Security Strategy Archive. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 Snider, Don M. (March 1995). THE NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY: DOCUMENTING STRATEGIC VISION (PDF). Strategic Studies Institute.
  3. 1 2 National Security Strategy 2002
  4. ↑ See External Links reference to H.R. 282.
  5. ↑ The White House. ‘The National Security Strategy of the United States of America’, March 2006. https://www.comw.org/qdr/fulltext/nss2006.pdf
  6. 1 2 "National Security Strategy 2010" (PDF). whitehouse.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2011 – via National Archives.
  7. ↑ Sanger, David E.; Baker, Peter (May 27, 2010). "New U.S. Security Strategy Focuses on Managing Threats". New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  8. ↑ MacAskill, Ewen (May 27, 2010). "Barack Obama sets out security strategy based on diplomacy instead of war". The Guardian. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  9. ↑ DeYoung, Karen (May 27, 2010). "Obama redefines national security strategy, looks beyond military might". Washington Post. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  10. ↑ Luce, Edward (May 27, 2010). "Obama doctrine hinges on economy". Financial Times. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  11. ↑ Rajgahtta, Chidanand (May 28, 2010). "Obama rids terror lexicon of 'Islamic radicalism'". The Times of India. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  12. 1 2 Caldwell, Lt. General William B. "Stability Operations Field Manual FM 3-07" (PDF). United States Army. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
  13. ↑ National Security Strategy 2015
  14. ↑ National Security Strategy 2015 Factsheet
  15. ↑ "A Polished "America First" National Security Strategy". Security Studies Group. December 18, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  16. ↑ "Trump strategy document singles out Russia as bad actor globally". Reuters. 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
  17. ↑ "Giving the New National Security Strategy the Attention It Deserves". www.csis.org. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
  18. ↑ "A Polished "America First" National Security Strategy - Security Studies Group". securitystudies.org. December 18, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
  19. ↑ "The U.S. national security strategy: One year later - WDEF". February 13, 2019. Archived from the original on February 13, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  20. ↑ "Interim National Security Strategic Guidance". March 3, 2021.
  21. ↑ "National Security Strategy 2022". National Security Strategy Archive. October 12, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  22. ↑ "National Security Strategy Archive". U.S. Department of Defense. October 12, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022.

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