Ngardi
Ngarti
Native toAustralia
RegionNorthern Territory and Western Australia
EthnicityNgardi
Native speakers
3 (2016 census)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3rxd
Glottologngar1288
AIATSIS[1]A121
ELPNgardi

Ngardi, also spelt Ngarti or Ngardilj, is an Australian Aboriginal language that is considered moribund. It was previously thought to be an alternative name for the Bunara language, but these are now classified as separate languages. It was/is spoken by the Ngarti people of the Northern Territory and northern Western Australia.

Classification

Capell (1962) considered Ngardi, Warlpiri, and Warlmanpa to be dialects of a single language. R. M. W. Dixon (2002) grouped Ngardi together with Warlpiri and Warlmanpa in the Yapa group, but admitted that this was based on limited data. McConvell and Laughren (2004) showed that it was in Ngumbin, a closely related group, and this was followed in Honeyman (2005). However, Bowern (2011) listed it as a more distant Wati language.[2]

Tindale shows Ngardi as an alternative name for Bunara language, but Lynette Oates and Arthur Capell showed that Bunara was a separate language. The two languages have now been assigned separate code in AIATSIS's AUSTLANG database.[3][4]

Waringari

Some old recordings and manuscripts refer to Waringari (or Waiangara) as a language related to Ngardi, but linguists have agreed that it is a geographical name and not the name of a language.[5] Norman Tindale listed Waringari as a pejorative name for the Ngarti people,[6] as well as for the Yeidji,[7] the Worla [8] and the Warlpiri, suggesting that they were cannibals.[9]

Phonology

Vowels

Front Back
High i u
Low a

Consonants

Peripheral Laminal Apical
Bilabial Velar Palatal Alveolar Retroflex
Stop p k c t ʈ
Nasal m ŋ ɲ n ɳ
Lateral ʎ l ɭ
Rhotic r ɻ
Semivowel w j

See also

  • Ngururrpa, a grouping of peoples of language groups including Ngardi

References

  1. 1 2 A121 Ngardi at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  2. ↑ Bowern, Claire. 2011 "How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?", Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web, December 23, 2011 (corrected February 6, 2012)
  3. ↑ A121 Ngardi at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  4. ↑ A69 Bunara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  5. ↑ A63 Waringari at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  6. ↑ Tindale 1974, p. 234.
  7. ↑ Tindale 1974, p. 243.
  8. ↑ Tindale 1974, p. 255.
  9. ↑ Tindale 1974, p. 237.

Sources

  • Capell, A. (1962). Some linguistic types in Australia. Sydney: Oceania Publications.
  • Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Honeyman, Tom (2005). Topic and Focus in Ngardi. thesis. University of Sydney.
  • McConvell and Laughren (2004) "The Ngumpin-Yapa subgroup". In Claire Bowern & Harold Koch, Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.


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