Olney is a surname. People with the surname include:

• Buster Olney (born 1964), baseball commentator
• Cyrus Olney (1815–1870), American politician and judge
• David Olney (1948–2020), American singer and songwriter
• Frank F. Olney (1851–1903) 18th mayor of Providence, Rhode Island 1894-1896
• Frederick C. Olney (1862–1918), African-American lawyer with Native American ancestry
• Howard Olney (born 1934), Australian jurist and Aboriginal Lands Commissioner
• Ian Olney (born 1969), English association footballer
• Jeremiah Olney (1749–1812), Continental Army soldier and older brother of Stephen Olney
• John Olney (1932–2015), physician, medical scientist and critic of food additives
• Martha Olney (born 1956), economics professor and textbook author
• Peter B. Olney (1843–1922), New York County District Attorney 1883–1884
• Richard Olney (1835–1917), United States Attorney General and Secretary of State
• Richard Olney II (1871–1939), Congressman from Massachusetts
• Richard Olney (food writer) (1927–1999), American writer
• Sarah Olney (born 1977), British Liberal Democrat politician and an accountant
• Stephen Olney (1755–1832), Continental Army soldier and Rhode Island legislator
• Violet Olney (1911–1999), British athlete
• Warren Olney (1841–1921), co-founder of the Sierra Club, mayor of Oakland, California
• Warren Olney Jr. (1870–1939), justice of the California Supreme Court
• Warren Olney IV (born 1938), broadcast journalist in Los Angeles, California