Onchidiidae
A live but partially retracted individual of Onchidella sp.
A live and active individual of Onchidella nigricans
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Heterobranchia
Order: Systellommatophora
Superfamily: Onchidioidea
Rafinesque, 1815
Family: Onchidiidae
Rafinesque, 1815[1]
Genera

See text

Synonyms
  • Hoffmannolidae Starobogatov, 1976
  • Onchidinidae Starobogatov, 1976
  • Onchidellidae Labbé, 1934
  • Peroniidae Keferstein, 1865
  • Peroninidae Starobogatov, 1976
  • Platevindecidae Starobogatov, 1976
  • Quoyellidae Starobogatov, 1976
  • Scaphidae Labbé, 1934

Onchidiidae are a family of small, air-breathing sea (and land) slugs. They are shell-less marine (except for 2 species)[2] pulmonate gastropod molluscs. Onchidiidae is the only family within the superfamily Onchidioidea.

These animals are quite unusual in that they are emphatically not opisthobranchs with gills, as are almost all of the sea slugs. Instead these creatures are pulmonates. They are more closely related to air-breathing land and freshwater snails and slugs than they are to most other sea snails and sea slugs.

This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

143 species names were created within the Onchidiidae,[2] but until recently few species could be identified. In the late 1920s Hoffmann revised the family (based on the descriptions), and classified the described species into genera.[3] Labbé later continued the revision and named many new genera in his classification of onchidiid slugs.[4] Labbé also made mistakes in describing the anatomy of some species,[5] and the Onchidiidae was not revised again for over 80 years. The genus Onchidium was revised in 2016 based on natural history, comparative anatomy, and DNA sequences.[6] This was followed by revisions of the other onchidiid genera[7][8][9][10], and the descriptions of onchidiid species in several new genera.[5][11][12][13][14][15]

Anatomy

Adult onchidiids lack a shell, although a shell[16] and operculum is present at the larval stage. The mantle cavity is reduced to the point of absence, correlating with a loss of gills, raphes, and other characters usually found in the mantle cavity. The organism is completely detorted.[17]

Slugs in this family make and use love darts made of chitin.[18]

Genetics

In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 16 and 20 (according to the values in this table).[19]

Habitat

Most of the species in this family are marine and are found in the intertidal zone. Many species live on rocky coasts, while others live in mangrove forests which may be marine or brackish.[6] Onchidium stuxbergi (as E. ajuthiae, synonym in literature) was previously considered to be a fresh water species, but the species is now recognized to be found in brackish water habitats.[6]

Remarkably, some onchidiid species are completely terrestrial.[20] Semperoncis montana (synonym in literature: Platevindex apoikistes and Semperella montana) and Platevindex ponsonbyi are the only known terrestrial species in the Onchidiidae.[2] They live in high-elevation rainforests in Borneo and the Philippines.[2]

Life habits

All these slugs breathe air. The marine ones breathe and move around and feed during low tide, when the water recedes and the slugs are exposed to the air.

Genera

Genera in the family Onchidiidae include:

Synonymized genera

References

  1. ↑ Rafinesque, C.S. (1815). Analyse de la nature ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organises. Palermo: [Privately printed]. pp. 224 pp. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Dayrat B. (2009). "Review of the current knowledge of the systematics of Onchidiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) with a checklist of nominal species". Zootaxa. 2068: 1–26. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2068.1.1. S2CID 4821033., preview.
  3. ↑ Hoffmann, H. (1928). "Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden". Zoologische Jahrbücher(Jena). 55: 29–118.
  4. ↑ Labbé, A. (1934). "Les Silicodermés (Labbé) du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Première partie: Classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues". Annales de l'Institut Océanographique de Monaco. 14: 73–246.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Goulding, Tricia C.; Khalil, Munawar; Tan, Shau Hwai; Dayrat, Benoît (4 June 2018). "Integrative taxonomy of a new and highly-diverse genus of onchidiid slugs from the Coral Triangle (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae)". ZooKeys (763): 1–111. doi:10.3897/zookeys.763.21252. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 5996013. PMID 29896045.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dayrat, Benoît; Goulding, Tricia C.; Apte, Deepak; Bhave, Vishal; Comendador, Joseph; Quang, Ngô Xuân; Tan, Siong Kiat; Tan, Shau Hwai (24 November 2016). "Integrative taxonomy of the genus Onchidium Buchannan, 1800 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae)". ZooKeys (636): 1–40. doi:10.3897/zookeys.636.8879. PMC 5126514. PMID 27917062.
  7. ↑ Goulding, Tricia C.; Tan, Shau Hwai; Tan, Siong Kiat; Apte, Deepak; Bhave, Vishal; Narayana, Sumantha; Salunkhe, Rahul; Dayrat, Benoît (16 August 2018). "A revision of Peronina Plate, 1893 (Gastropoda : Euthyneura : Onchidiidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences, morphology and natural history". Invertebrate Systematics. 32 (4): 803–826. doi:10.1071/IS17094. ISSN 1447-2600. S2CID 91784082.
  8. 1 2 Goulding, Tricia C.; Bourke, Adam J.; Comendador, Joseph; Khalil, Munawar; Quang, Ngo Xuan; Tan, Shau Hwai; Tan, Siong Kiat; Dayrat, Benoît (8 March 2021). "Systematic revision of Platevindex Baker, 1938 (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae)". European Journal of Taxonomy (737): 1–133. doi:10.5852/ejt.2021.737.1259. ISSN 2118-9773. S2CID 233797267.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dayrat, Benoît; Goulding, Tricia C.; Apte, Deepak; Aslam, Sadar; Bourke, Adam; Comendador, Joseph; Khalil, Munawar; Ngô, Xuân Quảng; Tan, Siong Kiat; Tan, Shau Hwai (1 October 2020). "Systematic revision of the genus Peronia Fleming, 1822 (Gastropoda, Euthyneura, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae)". ZooKeys (972): 1–224. doi:10.3897/zookeys.972.52853. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 7544732. PMID 33071542.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Dayrat, Benoît; Goulding, Tricia C. (29 June 2017). "Systematics of the onchidiid slug Onchidina australis (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata)". Archiv für Molluskenkunde. 146: 121–133. doi:10.1127/arch.moll/146/121-133.
  11. 1 2 Goulding, Tricia; Khalil, Munawar; Tan, Shau Hwai; Dayrat, Benoit (2018). "A new genus and a new species of onchidiid slugs from eastern Indonesia (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae)". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 66: 337–349.
  12. 1 2 Dayrat, Benoît; Goulding, Tricia C.; Apte, Deepak; Bhave, Vishal; Ngô Xuân, Quảng (27 July 2017). "A new genus and four new species of onchidiid slugs from South-East Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Onchidiidae)". Journal of Natural History. 51 (31–32): 1851–1897. doi:10.1080/00222933.2017.1347297. ISSN 0022-2933. S2CID 91153309.
  13. ↑ Dayrat, Benoît; Goulding, Tricia C.; Khalil, Munawar; Apte, Deepak; Bourke, Adam J.; Comendador, Joseph; Tan, Shau Hwai (22 February 2019). "A new genus and three new species of mangrove slugs from the Indo-West Pacific (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae)". European Journal of Taxonomy (500). doi:10.5852/ejt.2019.500. ISSN 2118-9773.
  14. ↑ Dayrat, Benoît; Goulding, Tricia C.; Khalil, Munawar; Comendador, Joseph; Xuân, Quảng Ngô; Tan, Siong Kiat; Tan, Shau Hwai (9 February 2019). "A new genus of air-breathing marine slugs from South-East Asia (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae)". ZooKeys (877): 31–80. doi:10.3897/zookeys.877.36698. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 6775175. PMID 31592220.
  15. ↑ Dayrat, B.; Goulding T.C.; Khalil, M.; Lozouet, P., Tan, S.H. (2018) Systematic revision one clade at a time: A new genus of onchidiid slugs from the Indo-West Pacific (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 814–837.
  16. ↑ Berry, A.J. (2 December 2012). Giese, A (ed.). Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates V4: Molluscs: Gastropods and Cephalopods. Elsevier. p. 220. ISBN 9780323153058.
  17. ↑ Morton, Brian (1992). The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China III___ Fouling and pollution, morphology, behaviour and physiology, Hoi Ha Wan. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-295-2.
  18. ↑ Chung D. J. D.: Molluscan 'Love darts'? Hawaiian Shell News, 1986 May, Vol 34(5), pages 3–4. http://s190418054.onlinehome.us/HSN/1980/8605.pdf%5B%5D
  19. ↑ Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1–146, cited pages: 139 and 142.
  20. 1 2 Dayrat, Benoît (January 2010). "Anatomical Re-Description of the Terrestrial Onchidiid SlugSemperoncis montana(Plate, 1893)". Malacologia. 52 (1): 1–20. doi:10.4002/040.052.0101. ISSN 0076-2997. S2CID 84799367.
  21. ↑ "Onchidella". Integrated Taxonomic Information System., accessed 13 September 2010.
  22. ↑ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Platevindex H. B. Baker, 1938". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
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