Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
Organisation des États de la Caraïbe orientale (French)
Logo of The Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
Logo
  Protocol member   Associate member
CommissionCastries
Working languages
TypePolitical and economic union
Membership
7 protocol
4 associate
Leaders
• Chairman
Ralph Gonsalves
• Director-General
Didacus Jules
Establishment
• Treaty of Basseterre
18 June 1981
• Revised Treaty of Basseterre
21 January 2011
Area
• Total
2,709 km2 (1,046 sq mi)
• Including Associate Members
5,910 km2 (2,280 sq mi)
Population
• 2017 estimate
Increase 615,724
• Including Associate Members
1,434,212
• Density
215.6/km2 (558.4/sq mi)
GDP (nominal)2017 estimate
• Total
  • $6.7 billion
  • $29.6 billion (Including Associate Members)
[1]
• Per capita
  • $10,879
  • $20,622 (Including Associate Members)
[1]
Currency
3 currencies
Time zoneUTC-4 (AST)
Internet TLD
10 TLDs
Website
www.oecs.org

The Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS; French: Organisation des États de la Caraïbe orientale, OECO) is an inter-governmental organisation dedicated to economic harmonisation and integration, protection of human and legal rights, and the encouragement of good governance between countries and territories in the Eastern Caribbean. It also performs the role of spreading responsibility and liability in the event of natural disaster.

The administrative body of the OECS is the Commission, which is based in Castries, the capital of Saint Lucia.

OECS operates an economic union within the larger CARICOM economic union. Eight members operate as a currency union - the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union, using the Eastern Caribbean dollar.

History

OECS was created on 18 June 1981, with the Treaty of Basseterre, which was named after the capital city of St. Kitts and Nevis. OECS is the successor of the Leewards Islands' political organization known as the West Indies Associated States (WISA).

One prominent aspect of OECS economic bloc has been the accelerated pace of trans-national integration among its member states.

The seven protocol members of the OECS, as well as two of the four associate members—Anguilla and the British Virgin Islands—are either full or associate members of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and were among the second group of countries that joined the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME). Martinique is currently negotiating to become an associate member of the Caribbean Community.

Projects

Passport

A common OECS Passport was originally planned for January 1, 2003[2] but its introduction was delayed. At the 38th OECS Authority Meeting in January 2004, the Secretariat was mandated to have the two companies expressing an interest in producing the common passport (De La Rue Identity Systems and the Canadian Banknote Company[3]) make presentations at the next (39th) Authority Meeting.[4] At the 39th Meeting the critical issue of the relationship between the OECS passport and the CARICOM passport was discussed[3] and at the 40th OECS Authority Meeting in November 2004, the OECS Heads of Government agreed to give CARICOM a further 6 months (until May 2005) to introduce a CARICOM Passport. Failure to introduce the CARICOM Passport by that time would have resulted in the OECS moving ahead with its plans to introduce the OECS Passport.[5] As the CARICOM Passport was first introduced in January 2005 (by Suriname) then the idea of the OECS Passport was abandoned. Had the passport been introduced however it would not have been issued to Economic Citizens within the OECS states.[6]

It would also be unknown if the islands under British sovereignty would join the scheme.

Economic union

The decision to establish an economic union was taken by OECS Heads of Government at the 34th meeting of the Authority held in Dominica in July 2001. At the 35th meeting of the Authority in Anguilla in January 2002, the main elements of an economic union implementation project were endorsed. The project was expected to be implemented over a two-year period with seven of the nine OECS member states (i.e. Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia and St. Vincent and the Grenadines) participating in the economic union initiative. The remaining two member states, Anguilla and the British Virgin Islands, would not have participated immediately, but would have requested time to consider the issue further.[2] In 2003, work had been initiated on the central issue of the creation of new Treaty arrangements to replace the Treaty of Basseterre which established the OECS.[7] Among the elements of the project was the creation of a technical committee for a draft OECS Economic Union Treaty. This technical committee was inaugurated on May 4, 2004 and began designing the draft Treaty.[8]

OECS Economic Treaty

The new OECS Economic Union Treaty was finally presented at the 43rd OECS Meeting in St. Kitts on June 21, 2006.[9] The Authority requested changes to allow a role for national parliamentary representatives (both government and opposition) of the Member States in the form of a regional Assembly of Parliamentarians. This body, it was felt, was necessary to act as a legislative filter to the Authority in its law making capacity. The Heads further directed that the Treaty be reviewed by a meeting of members of the Task Force, Attorneys General, the draftsperson for the Treaty and representatives of the OECS Secretariat.

The presentation of the Treaty at the Meeting was followed by the signing of a Declaration of Intent to implement the Treaty by the Heads of Government or their representatives (except that of the British Virgin Islands). It was agreed in the Declaration, that implementation of the Treaty would occur only after a year of public consultation, through a mass national and regional education programme with strong political leadership and direction. According to the Declaration, the Treaty was to be signed, and the Economic Union was to be established by July 1, 2007.[10]

Revised treaty

This intended deadline was missed, however, and after the signing of the Revised Treaty of Basseterre Establishing the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States Economic Union on June 18, 2010,[11][12] the newest target date of January 21, 2011 was met when five of the six independent signatory Member States ratified the Treaty.[13] These were Antigua and Barbuda (December 30, 2010), St. Vincent and the Grenadines (January 12, 2011), St. Kitts and Nevis (January 20, 2011), Grenada (January 20, 2011) and Dominica (January 21, 2011).[14] In order for the Treaty to have entered into force at least four of the independent Member States must have ratified it by January 21, 2011.[15] Montserrat had received entrustments from the United Kingdom to sign the Treaty[11] but is unlikely to be in a position ratify the Treaty before a new constitution comes into force in the territory.[16] Following the need of the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank to temporarily assume control of two indigenous commercial banks in Anguilla, the Chief Minister of Anguilla, Hubert Hughes, announced on August 12, 2013 that Anguilla will seek to join the OECS Economic Union as soon possible in order to fully participate in the strategy of growth conceived by the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (which was crafted within the context of the Economic Union).[17] He was supported in his position by St. Lucia's Prime Minister, Dr. Kenny Anthony, who also called on Anguilla to join the Economic Union to complement its membership of the Currency Union.[18]

Provisions of the Treaty

The provisions of the Economic Union Treaty prior to its ratification were expected to include:[19][20]

  • The free circulation of goods and trade in services within the OECS
  • Free movement of labour by December 2007
  • The free movement of capital (via support of the money and capital market programme of the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank)
  • A regional Assembly of Parliamentarians
  • A common external tariff.

Some of these provisions would already have been covered to some extent by the CSME, but some, such as the Assembly of Parliamentarians, would be unique to the OECS. Although some of the provisions would seem to duplicate efforts by the CSME, the Declaration of Intent[9] and statements by some OECS leaders,[21][22] acknowledge the CSME and give assurance that the OECS Economic Union would not run counter to CARICOM integration but that it would become seamlessly integrated into the CSME. To this end, the OECS Heads of Government agreed that steps should be taken to ensure that the OECS Economic Union Treaty would be recognised under the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas, just as the original Treaty of Chaguaramas had recognised the Treaty of Basseterre. [23]

This was achieved in 2013 at the Twenty-Fourth Inter-Sessional Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of CARICOM held in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, from 18–19 February 2013. At that conference CARICOM leaders adopted the OECS’ Revised Treaty of Basseterre into CARICOM’s Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas, which St. Vincent and the Grenadines Prime Minister, Ralph Gonsalves said would effectively give CARICOM member states the opportunity of integrating initially with the OECS and taking a seemingly quicker path to integration.[24] In order to achieve this the Conference agreed that the Inter-Governmental Task Force (IGTF) revising the Treaty of Chaguaramas would recognise the provisions of the Treaty establishing the Economic Union of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). The IGTF was mandated to refer back to the Conference at its next meeting on this issue.[25]

The Economic Union Treaty's provisions are now expected to establish a Single Financial and Economic Space within which goods, people and capital move freely; harmonize monetary and fiscal policies Member States are expected continue to adopt a common approach to trade, health, education and environment, as well as to the development of such critical sectors as agriculture, tourism and energy.[14] The Economic Union Treaty (or Revised Treaty as it is sometimes known) will also create two new organs for governing the OCES; The Regional Assembly (consisting of members of parliaments/legislatures) and The Commission (a strengthened Secretariat).[26] The free movement of OECS nationals within the subregion is expected to commence in August 2011 after a commitment towards that goal by the Heads of Government at their meeting in May 2011.[27]

This was achieved on schedule with the six independent OECS members and later Montserrat with nationals being allowed to enter the participating Member States without hindrance and remain for an indefinite period in order to work, establish businesses; provide services or to reside.[28][29] The free movement of OECS nationals throughout the Economic Union is underpinned by legislation and is facilitated by administrative mechanisms [29] This is achieved by OECS nationals entering the special immigration lines for CARICOM nationals when traveling throughout the Economic Union and presenting a valid photo ID and completed Entry/Departure form whereupon the immigration officer shall grant the national entry for an indefinite period save where the national presents a security risk or where there exists some other legal basis for prohibiting entry.[30]

Membership

OECS currently has eleven members which together form a continuous archipelago across the Leeward Islands and Windward Islands. Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands, Guadeloupe and Martinique are only associate members of OECS. Diplomatic missions of the OECS do not represent the associate members. For all other purposes, associate members are treated as equals of full members.

Six of the members were formerly colonies of the United Kingdom. Three others, Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands, and Montserrat remain overseas territories of the UK while Martinique and Guadeloupe are French departments and regions of France. Eight of the eleven members are constitutional monarchies with King Charles III as their current monarch (Dominica is a republic with a President). There is no requirement for the members to have been British colonies; however, the close historical, cultural and economic relationship fostered by almost all of them having been British colonies is as much a factor in the membership of the OECS as their geographical proximity.

All seven full members are also the founding members of the OECS, having been a part of the organisation since its founding on 18 June 1981. The British Virgin Islands was the first associate member, joining on 22 November 1984 and Anguilla was the second, joining in 1995. Martinique became an associate member on April 12, 2016[31] becoming the first non-British or formerly British territory to join the OECS.[32][33] Guadeloupe joined as an associate member of the OECS on March 14, 2019 at a Special Meeting of the OECS Authority held on that island on March 14–15, 2019.[34][35] In 2019 the OECS Authority agreed to approve the transition of Saint-Martin from observer status to associate membership by the end of December 2019.[36][37]

The list of full and associate members of the OECS is as follows:

State Status Capital Joined Pop.

(2017)

 Area

(km²)

 GDP

(Nominal)
(millions of US$)

 GDP

(Nominal)
per cap.

 HDI

New 2017
[38][39]

 Curr. Official
Language(s)
 Antigua and BarbudaMemberSt. John'sFounder 91,244[40] 4431,524[40]$16,702[40]Increase0.780EC$English
 Commonwealth of DominicaMemberRoseauFounder 70,693[40]751557[40]$7,879[40]Decrease0.715 EC$ English
 GrenadaMemberSt. George'sFounder 107,541[40]3441,119[40]$10,405[40]Increase0.772 EC$ English
 MontserratMemberBradesFounder 4,417[41] 10263[41]$12,301[41]Increase0.821 EC$ English
Saint Kitts and NevisMemberBasseterreFounder 55,411[40]261964[40]$17,397[40]Increase0.778 EC$ English
 Saint LuciaMemberCastriesFounder 175,498[40]6171,684[40]$9,607[40]Increase0.747 EC$ English
 Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesMemberKingstownFounder 110,185[40]389785[40]$7,124[40]Increase0.723 EC$ English
 AnguillaAssociate MemberThe Valley1995 15,253[42] 96337[42]$22,090[42]Increase0.865EC$ English
 British Virgin IslandsAssociate MemberRoad Town1984 35,015[43] 1511,164[43]$33,233[43]Increase0.945US$ English
 GuadeloupeAssociate MemberBasse-Terre2019 393,640[44] 1,62810,946[44]$27,808[44]Increase0.850EuroFrench
 MartiniqueAssociate MemberFort-de-France2015 374,780[45] 1,12810,438[45]$27,851[45]Increase0.863EuroFrench

Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands, and Montserrat are British Overseas Territories. Thus, foreign relations are the responsibility of the UK government. Guadeloupe and Martinique are Republic of France Overseas departments and regions. Thusly foreign relations are the responsibility of the French government.

Possible future memberships

Although almost all of the current full and associate members are past or present British dependencies, other islands in the region have expressed interest in becoming associate members of the OECS. The first was the United States Virgin Islands, which applied for associate membership in February 1990[46] and requested that US Federal Government allow the territory to participate as such.[47] At that time, it was felt by the US government that it was not an appropriate time to make such a request. However, the US Virgin Islands remained interested in the OECS and, as of 2002, stated that it would revisit the issue with the US government at a later date.[47] In 2001, Saba, an island of the Netherlands Antilles, decided to seek membership in the OECS. Saba's Island Council had passed a motion on May 30, 2001 calling for Saba's membership in the organisation and subsequently on June 7, 2001, the Executive Council of Saba decided in favour of membership. Saba's senator in the Netherlands Antilles parliament was then asked to present a motion requesting the Antillean parliament to support Saba's quest for membership. In addition to the support from the Antillean parliament, Saba also required a dispensation from the government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to become an associate member of the OECS.[48] Saba's bid for membership was reportedly supported by St. Kitts and Nevis and discussed at the 34th meeting of OECS leaders in Dominica in July.[49] Also in 2001, Sint Maarten, another part of the Netherlands Antilles, explored the possibility of joining the OECS. After learning of Saba's intentions to join, St. Maarten suggested exploring ways in which Saba and St. Maarten could support each other in their pursuit of membership.[50]

None of the prospective members have become associate members as yet, but Saba, St. Eustatius and St. Maarten do participate in the meetings of the Council of Tourism Ministers[51] (as the Forum of Tourism Ministers of the Eastern Caribbean, along with representatives of Saint-Martin, Saint Barthélemy, Martinique and Guadeloupe).[52]

Political union with Trinidad and Tobago

On 13 August 2008 the leaders of Trinidad & Tobago, Grenada, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent & the Grenadines announced their intention to pursue a sub-regional political union within CARICOM.[53][54] As part of the preliminary discussions the Heads of Government for the involved states announced that 2011 would see their states entering into an economic union.[55][56] This was however derailed by a change of government in Trinidad and Tobago in 2010.

Venezuela seeking membership

In 2008 the heads of the OECS also received a request from Venezuela to join the grouping.[57]

The OECS Director General at the time Len Ishmael confirmed Venezuela's application was discussed at the 48th Meeting of the OECS Authority held in Montserrat. But she said OECS decision-makers within the region were yet to determine whether membership should be granted for Venezuela. Since that application, Membership was not granted as it has been limited to the Eastern Caribbean archipelago.

A clickable Euler diagram showing the relationships between various Supranational Caribbean Organisations and agreements.
A clickable Euler diagram showing the relationships between various multinational organizations in the Americas.v • d • e

Composite & Organs

Secretariat

OECS Secretariat building.

The functions of the Organization are set out in the Treaty of Basseterre and are coordinated by the Secretariat under the direction and management of the Director General.

The OECS functions in a rapidly changing international economic environment, characterised by globalisation and trade liberalisation which are posing serious challenges to the economic and social stability of their small island members.

It is the purpose of the Organisation to assist its Members to respond to these multi-faceted challenges by identifying scope for joint or coordinated action towards the economic and social advancement of their countries.

The restructuring of the Secretariat was informed by considerations of cost effectiveness in the context of the need to respond to the increasing challenges placed on it, taking into account the limited fiscal capacities of its members. The Secretariat consists of four main Divisions responsible for: External Relations, Functional Cooperation, Corporate Services and Economic Affairs. These four Divisions oversee the work of a number of specialised institutions, work units or projects located in six countries: Antigua/Barbuda, Commonwealth of Dominica, St Lucia, Belgium, Canada, and the United States of America.

In carrying out its mission, the OECS works along with a number of sub-regional and regional agencies and institutions. These include the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB); the Caribbean Community (Caricom) Secretariat; the Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery (RNM)[58] and the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB).

Director General

The authority within the OECS Secretariat is led by the Director General. The current Director General of the OECS is Dr. Didacus Jules (Registrar and Chief Executive Officer of the Barbados-based Caribbean Examinations Council), who took his new position on 1 of May 2014. The former Dr. Len Ishmael demitted the office at the end of December 2013.[59]

Central Bank

Many of the OECS member-states are participants in the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB) monetary authority. The regional central bank oversees financial and banking integrity for the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States economic bloc of states. Part of the bank's oversight is maintaining the financial integrity of the East Caribbean dollar (XCD). Of all OECS member-states, only the British Virgin Islands, Guadeloupe and Martinique do not use the East Caribbean dollar as their de facto native currency.

All other members belong to the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union.

Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court

The Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (ECSC), which was created during the era of WISA, today handles the judicial matters in the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States. When a trial surpasses the stage of High Court in an OECS member state, it can then be passed on to the ECSC at the level of Supreme court. Cases appealed from the stage of ECSC Supreme Court will then be referred to the jurisdiction of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) was established in 2003, but constitutional changes need to be put in place before the CCJ becomes the final Court of Appeal.[60]

Other agencies

Security

The OECS sub-region has a military support unit known as the Regional Security System (RSS). It is made up of the independent countries of the OECS along with Barbados and Guyana. The unit is based in the island of Barbados and receives funding and training from various countries including the United States, Canada and the People's Republic of China.

Foreign missions

CountryLocationMission
 BelgiumBrussels Embassies of the Eastern Caribbean States and Missions to the European Union[61]
  SwitzerlandGeneva Permanent Delegation of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States in Geneva[62]

Health – Pharmaceutical Procurement Service

The Pharmaceutical Procurement Service, also known as the Eastern Caribbean Drug Service, procures medicines and allied health equipment on behalf of the member States. It has an 840 item product portfolio based on the regional formulary.[63] it is said to generate savings of $5 million a year.[64]

The flag and logo of the OECS consists of a complex pattern of concentric design elements on a pale green field, focused on a circle of nine inwardly pointed orange triangles and nine outwardly pointed white triangles. It was adopted June 21, 2006, and first raised on that day at Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis.[65] [66]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2018". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
  2. 1 2 "OECS Economic Union". oecs.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2005. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  3. 1 2 "Archived copy". oecs.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2005. Retrieved 15 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ↑ "Communiqué – 38th Meeting of the OECS Authority" (PDF). Oecs.org. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  5. ↑ "Communiqué – 40th Meeting of the OECS Authority" (PDF). Oecs.org. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  6. ↑ "Communiqué – 35th Meeting of the OECS Authority" (PDF). Oecs.org. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
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  8. ↑ "Archived copy". oecs.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2005. Retrieved 15 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. 1 2
  10. ↑ "Communiqué – 43rd Meeting of the OECS Authority" (PDF). Oecs.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  11. 1 2 "Jan for 2011 OECS economic union | Business". Jamaica Gleaner. 23 June 2010. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  12. ↑ "OECS leaders sign new Economic Union treaty - Caribbean360". www.caribbean360.com. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  13. ↑ "OECS Economic Union goes into effect - Caribbean360". www.caribbean360.com. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  14. 1 2 "The Eleventh meeting of the OECS Council of Tourism Ministers focuses on implementing the OECS Common Tourism Policy". OECS. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  15. ↑ "BBCCaribbean.com | OECS Economic Union ratified". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  16. ↑ "Montserrat ratifying the OECS Economic Union Treaty a "Work in Progress"". TrulyCaribbean.Net. Archived from the original on 15 February 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  17. ↑ "STATEMENT BY THE CHIEF MINISTER OF ANGUILLA THE HONOURABLE HUBERT HUGHES on The Eastern Caribbean Central Bank Assuming Control of the Caribbean Commercial Bank (CCB) and the National Bank of Anguilla Ltd (NBA)" (PDF). Eccb-centralbank.org. 12 August 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  18. ↑ "The ECCB Assumes Control of Indigenous Banks in Anguilla". The Montserrat Reporter. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
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  20. ↑ https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070630050404/http://www.oecs.org/Documents/economic_union/Paper%20No%2017%20-%20Treaty%20of%20Basseterre%20%20OECS%20EU.pdf
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  25. ↑ "ommuniqué issued at the conclusion of the Twenty-Fourth Inter-Sessional Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM),18-19 February 2013,Port-au-Prince, Republic of Haiti". Caricom. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
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  27. ↑ "Free movement across OECS by August - News". JamaicaObserver.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
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  29. 1 2 "Region achieves two years of the free movement of persons throughout the OECS Economic Union". OECS. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
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  31. ↑ Caribbean 360, April 12, 2016, Martinique now a member of OECS
  32. ↑ "Martinique OECS membership described as 'historic'". Dominica News Online. 5 February 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
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  34. ↑ "Guadeloupe to accede to associate membership of OECS at Opening Ceremony for Special Meeting of OECS Authority on March 14, 2019". OECS. 8 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  35. ↑ "GUADELOUPE TO BE ADMITTED AS AN ASSOCIATE MEMBER OF OECS". OECS Business Focus. 1 January 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  36. ↑ "The achievement of the OECS: Membership". OECS. 1 January 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  37. ↑ "OECS council of ministers navigate geopolitical landscape". Caribbean News Now. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  38. ↑ "International Human Development Indicators". Human Development Report 2013, The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  39. ↑ "Subnational Human Development Index". Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 "GDP per capita, current prices". www.imf.org. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
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  48. ↑ Archived January 21, 2003, at the Wayback Machine
  49. ↑ Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  50. ↑ Archived December 20, 2004, at the Wayback Machine
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  52. ↑ "News". www.oecs.org. Archived from the original on 28 September 2006. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  53. ↑ "Grenada PM arrives in Trinidad". Caribbean News Agency (CANA). Archived from the original on 21 August 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
  54. ↑ "Manning-as host and 'unifier' Trinidad PM meets OECS leaders to discuss unity initiative Trinidad Express Newspaper - By Rickey Singh". Retrieved 24 October 2008.
  55. ↑ "Trinidad PM meets OECS leaders to discuss unity initiative Trinidad PM meets OECS leaders to discuss unity initiative". Caribbean News Agency (CANA). Archived from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
  56. ↑ "Leaders mum on T&T, OECS plan". Nation Newspaper. 30 October 2008. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
  57. ↑ "BBC Caribbean News in Brief - OECS considers Venezuela request". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
  58. ↑ "Welcome To OTN". Crnm.org. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  59. ↑ "Authority Selects Dr. Didacus Jules as New Director-General". OECS. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  60. ↑ . Archived August 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  61. ↑ "Embassies of the Eastern Caribbean States and Missions to the European Union". Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  62. ↑ "The OECS Technical Mission in Geneva". Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  63. ↑ "Pharmaceutical Procurement Scheme". Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  64. ↑ "OECS health ministers endorse deeper cooperation with French territories". Caribbean News Today. 4 November 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
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  66. ↑ "Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)". crwflags.com.
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