Ossetians
Ир, Ирæттæ, Дигорæ, Дигорæнттæ / Ir, Irættæ, Digoræ, Digorænttæ
Ossetian flag variant for North Ossetia
Ossetian flag variant for South Ossetia
Ossetian folk dancer in North Ossetia (Russia), 2010
Total population
700,000
Regions with significant populations
 Russia558,515[1]
( North Ossetia–Alania)480,310[2]
 South Ossetia51,000[3][4]
 Georgia
(excluding South Ossetia P.A.)		14,385[5]
 Syria50,000[6]
 Turkey20,000–50,000[7][8][9][10]
 Tajikistan7,861[11]
 Uzbekistan5,823[12]
 Ukraine4,830[13]
 Kazakhstan4,308[14]
 Turkmenistan2,066[15]
 Azerbaijan1,170[16]
 Kyrgyzstan758[17]
 Belarus554[18]
 Moldova403[19]
 Armenia331[20]
 Latvia285[21]
 Lithuania119[22]
 Estonia116[23]
Languages
Ossetian languages
(Iron and Digor)
Russian, Turkish, Arabic (L2)
Religion
Majority:
Eastern Orthodoxy (70-85%)[24]
Minority:
Islam (15-30%)[25]
Uatsdin
Related ethnic groups
Jász, other Iranian peoples
a. ^ The total figure is merely an estimation; sum of all the referenced populations.

The Ossetians (/ɒˈsiːʃənz/ oss-EE-shənz or /ɒˈsɛtiənz/ oss-ET-ee-ənz;[26] Ossetic: ир, ирæттæ / дигорӕ, дигорӕнттӕ, romanized: ir, irættæ / digoræ, digorænttæ),[27] also known as Ossetes (/ˈɒsiːts/ OSS-eets),[28] Ossets (/ˈɒsɪts/ OSS-its),[29] and Alans (/ˈælənz/ AL-ənz), are an Eastern Iranian[30][31][32][33] ethnic group who are indigenous to Ossetia, a region situated across the northern and southern sides of the Caucasus Mountains.[34][35][36] They natively speak Ossetic, an Eastern Iranian language of the Indo-European language family, with most also being fluent in Russian as a second language.

Currently, the Ossetian homeland of Ossetia is politically divided between North Ossetia–Alania in Russia, and the de facto country of South Ossetia (recognized by the United Nations as Russian-occupied territory that is de jure part of Georgia). Their closest historical and linguistic relatives, the Jász people, live in the Jászság region within the northwestern part of the Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County of Hungary. A third group descended from the medieval Alans are the Asud of Mongolia. Both the Jász and the Asud have long been assimilated; only the Ossetians have preserved a form of the Alanic language and Alanian identity.[37]

The majority of Ossetians are Eastern Orthodox Christians,[38] with sizable minorities professing the Ossetian ethnic religion of Uatsdin as well as Islam.

Etymology

The Ossetians and Ossetia received their name from the Russians, who had adopted the Georgian designations Osi (ოსი, pl. Osebi, ოსები) and Oseti ('the land of Osi', ოსეთი – note the personal pronoun), used since the Middle Ages for the single Iranian-speaking population of the Central Caucasus and probably based on the old Sarmatian self-designation As (pronounced Az) or Iasi (pronounced Yazi), cognate with Hungarian Jasz, both derived from the Latin Iazyges, which is a latinization of a Sarmatian tribal name of the Alans called *Yazig, from Proto-Iranian *Yaz, meaning "those who sacrifice", perhaps referring to a tribe specifying in ritual sacrifice, although the broader Sarmatians apparently called themselves "Ariitai" or "Aryan", preserved in modern Ossetic Irættæ.[39][40][41]

Since Ossetian speakers lacked any single inclusive name for themselves in their native language beyond the traditional Iron–Digoron subdivision, these terms came to be accepted by the Ossetians as an endonym even before their integration into the Russian Empire.[42]

This practice was put into question by the new Ossetian nationalism in the early 1990s, when the dispute between the Ossetian subgroups of Digoron and Iron over the status of the Digor dialect made Ossetian intellectuals search for a new inclusive ethnic name. This, combined with the effects of the Georgian–Ossetian conflict, led to the popularization of Alania, the name of the medieval Sarmatian confederation, to which the Ossetians traced their origin and to the inclusion of this name into the official republican title of North Ossetia in 1994.[42]

The root os/as- probably stems from an earlier *ows/aws-. This is suggested by the archaic Georgian root ovs- (cf. Ovsi, Ovseti), documented in the Georgian Chronicles; the long length of the initial vowel or the gemination of the consonant s in some forms (NPers. Ās, Āṣ; Lat. Aas, Assi); and by the Armenian ethnic name *Awsowrk' (Ōsur-), probably derived from a cognate preserved in the Jassic term *Jaszok, referring to the branch of the Iazyges Alanic tribe dwelling near modern Georgia by the time of Anania Shirakatsi (7th century AD).[43]

Subgroups

Ossetian tribes (according to B. A. Kaloev).[44][45]

Culture

Mythology

The native beliefs of the Ossetian people are rooted in their Sarmatian origin, which have been syncretized with a local variant of Folk Orthodoxy, in which some pagan gods having been converted into Christian saints.[46] The Narts, the Daredzant, and the Tsartsiat, serve as the basic literature of folk mythology in the region.[47]

Music

Genres

Ossetian folk songs are divided into 10 unique genres:

  • Historic songs
  • War songs
  • Heroic songs
  • Work songs
  • Wedding songs
  • Drinking songs
  • Humorous songs
  • Dance songs
  • Romantic songs
  • Lyrical songs

Instruments

Ossetians use the following Instruments in their music:

History

Charnel vaults at a necropolis near the village of Dargavs, North Ossetia

Pre-history (Early Alans)

The Ossetians descend from the Iazyges tribe of the Sarmatians, an Alanic sub-tribe, which in turn split off from the broader Scythians itself.[38] The Sarmatians were the only branch of the Alans to keep their culture in the face of a Gothic invasion (c. 200 AD) and those who remained built a great kingdom between the Don and Volga Rivers, according to Coon, The Races of Europe. Between 350 and 374 AD, the Huns destroyed the Alan kingdom and the Alan people were split in half. A few fled to the west, where they participated in the Barbarian Invasions of Rome, established short-lived kingdoms in Spain and North Africa and settled in many other places such as Orléans, France, Iași, Romania, Alenquer, Portugal and Jászberény, Hungary. The other Alans fled to the south and settled in the Caucasus, where they established their medieval kingdom of Alania.

Middle Ages

Figurine of "Zadaleski Nana" ("the mother of Zadalesk"), also known as "mother of the Ossetes", who is said to have hid orphaned children in a cave during Tamerlane's invasion in the late 14th century

In the 8th century, a consolidated Alan kingdom, referred to in sources of the period as Alania, emerged in the northern Caucasus Mountains, roughly in the location of the latter-day Circassia and the modern North Ossetia–Alania. At its height, Alania was a centralized monarchy with a strong military force and had a strong economy that benefited from the Silk Road.

After the Mongol invasions of the 1200s, the Alans migrated further into Caucasus Mountains, where they would form three ethnographical groups; the Iron, the Digoron and the Kudar. The Jassic people are believed to be a potentially fourth group that migrated in the 13th century to Hungary.

Modern history

Kosta Khetagurov

In more-recent history, the Ossetians participated in the Ossetian–Ingush conflict (1991–1992) and Georgian–Ossetian conflicts (1918–1920, early 1990s) and in the 2008 South Ossetia war between Georgia and Russia.

Key events:

Ever since de facto independence, there have been proposals in South Ossetia of joining Russia and uniting with North Ossetia.

Language

OSABC2highlited
The Ossetic language written in its traditional Khutsuri

The Ossetian language belongs to the Eastern Iranian (Alanic) branch of the Indo-European language family.[38]

Ossetian is divided into two main dialect groups: Ironian[38] (os. – Ирон) in North and South Ossetia and Digorian[38] (os. – Дыгурон) in Western North Ossetia. In these two groups are some subdialects, such as Tualian, Alagirian and Ksanian. The Ironian dialect is the most widely spoken.

Ossetian is among the remnants of the Scytho-Sarmatian dialect group, which was once spoken across the Pontic–Caspian Steppe. The Ossetian language is not mutually intelligible with any other Iranian language.

Religion

Religion in North Ossetia-Alania as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[53][54]
Russian Orthodoxy
 
 49.2%
Assianism and other native faiths
 
 29.4%
Islam
 
 15%
Other Christians
 
 9.8%
Atheism and irreligion
 
 3%
Other Orthodox
 
 2.4%
Protestantism
 
 0.8%
Spiritual but not religious
 
 0.8%
Other and undeclared
 
 0.6%

Prior to the 10th century, Ossetians were strictly pagan, though they were partially Christianized by Byzantine missionaries in the beginning of the 10th century.[55] By the 13th century, most of the urban population of Ossetia gradually became Eastern Orthodox Christian as a result of Georgian missionary work.[38][56][57]

Islam was introduced shortly after during the 1500s and 1600s, when the members of the Digor first encountered Circassians of the Kabarday tribe in Western Ossetia, who themselves had been introduced to the religion by Tatars during the 1400s.[58]

e
Left: The pagan Rekom shrine, said to be established in the late 14th century Right: Gift offerings from the Rekom shrine

According to a 2013 estimate, up to 15% of North Ossetia’s population practice Islam.[59]

In 1774, Ossetia became part of the Russian Empire, which only went on to strengthen Orthodox Christianity considerably, by having sent Russian Orthodox missionaries there. However, most of the missionaries chosen were churchmen from Eastern Orthodox communities living in Georgia, including Armenians and Greeks, as well as ethnic Georgians. Russian missionaries themselves were not sent, as this would have been regarded by the Ossetians as too intrusive.

Today, the majority of Ossetians from both North and South Ossetia follow Eastern Orthodoxy.[38][60]

Assianism (Uatsdin or Aesdin in Ossetian), the Ossetian folk religion, is also widespread among Ossetians, with ritual traditions like animal sacrifices, holy shrines, annual festivities, etc. There are temples, known as kuvandon, in most villages.[61] According to the research service Sreda, North Ossetia is the primary center of Ossetian Folk religion and 29% of the population reported practicing the Folk religion in a 2012 survey.[62] Assianism has been steadily rising in popularity since the 1980s.[63]

  • side1

Demographics

Outside of South Ossetia, there are also a significant number of Ossetians living in Trialeti, in North-Central Georgia. A large Ossetian diaspora lives in Turkey and Syria, Ossetians have also settled in Belgium, France, Sweden, the United States (primarily New York City, Florida and California), Canada (Toronto), Australia (Sydney) and other countries all around the world.

Russian Census of 2002

The vast majority of Ossetians live in Russia (according to the Russian Census (2002)):

Genetics

The Ossetians are a unique ethnic group of the Caucasus, speaking an Indo-Iranian language surrounded mostly by Vainakh-Dagestani and Abkhazo-Circassian ethnolinguistic groups, as well as Turkic tribes such as the Karachays and the Balkars.

The Ossetians (Alans) formed as a nation in the Caucasian region and are the result of mixing Sarmatians with the native North Caucasian (Ossetian) population. According to Y-haplogroup, Alans are the descendants of Native Ossetian-Caucasian population and According to MtDNA Alano-Ossetians are the descendants of Sarmatians. This is also suggested by their language, which has both North Caucasian and Iranian influence, therefore Ossetians-Alans are the Iranian speaking Caucasian people and their formation as an ethnic group happened between I-lV centuries.

According to this study, Ossetians are more related to Georgians (60-70%) than to most other Caucasian ethnic groups.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity". Perepis-2010.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original (XLS) on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  2. ↑ "Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года". Perepis2002.ru. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  3. ↑ South Ossetia's status is disputed. It considers itself to be an independent state, but this is recognised by only a few other countries. The Georgian government and most of the world's other states consider South Ossetia de jure a part of Georgia's territory.
  4. ↑ "PCGN Report "Georgia: a toponymic note concerning South Ossetia"" (PDF). Pcgn.org.uk. 2007. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  5. ↑ "Ethnic Composition of Georgia" (PDF). Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  6. ↑ "Ossetian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  7. ↑ "Lib.ru/Современная литература: Емельянова Надежда Михайловна. Мусульмане Осетии: На перекрестке цивилизаций. Часть 2. Ислам в Осетии. Историческая ретроспектива". Lit.lib.ru. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  8. ↑ "Официальный сайт Постоянного представительства Республики Северная Осетия-Алания при Президенте РФ. Осетины в Москве". Noar.ru. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  9. ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld – The North Caucasian Diaspora In Turkey". Unhcr.org. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  10. ↑ "Göç edeli 100 yıl oldu ama Asetinceyi unutmadılar". 17 August 2008.
  11. ↑ Национальный состав, владение языками и гражданство населения республики таджикистан (PDF). Statistics of Tajikistan (in Russian and Tajik). p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  12. ↑ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  13. ↑ "2001 Ukrainian census". Ukrcensus.gov.ua. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  14. ↑ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Archived from the original on 3 January 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  15. ↑ "Итоги всеобщей переписи населения Туркменистана по национальному составу в 1995 году". Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  16. ↑ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Archived from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  17. ↑ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  18. ↑ Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь (PDF). Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь (in Russian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  19. ↑ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  20. ↑ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Archived from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  21. ↑ "Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības (Datums=01.07.2017)" (PDF) (in Latvian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  22. ↑ "Lietuvos Respublikos 2011 metų visuotinio gyventojų ir būstų surašymo rezultatai". p. 8. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  23. ↑ "2000 Estonian census". Pub.stat.ee. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  24. ↑ "Ossetians". 19 June 2015.
  25. ↑ "Ossetians". 19 June 2015.
  26. ↑ "Ossetian". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  27. ↑ Merriam-Webster (2021), s.v. "Ossete".
  28. ↑ Merriam-Webster (2021), s.v. "Ossete".
  29. ↑ Merriam-Webster (2021), s.v. "Ossete".
  30. ↑ Akiner, Shirin (2016) [1987]. Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union. Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 978-0710301888. The Ossetians are an Iranian people of the Caucasus.
  31. ↑ Galiev, Anuar (2016). "Mythologization of History and the Invention of Tradition in Kazakhstan". Oriente Moderno. 96 (1): 61. doi:10.1163/22138617-12340094. The Ossetians are an East Iranian people, the Kalmyks and Buryats are Mongolian, and the Bashkirs are Turkic people.
  32. ↑ Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. p. 8. ISBN 978-1780230702. For most of Georgian history, those Ossetians (formerly Alanians, an Iranian people, remnants of the Scythians)...
  33. ↑ Saul, Norman E. (2015). "Russo-Georgian War (2008)". Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Foreign Policy. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 317. ISBN 978-1442244375. The Ossetians are a people of Iranian descent in the Caucasus that uniquely occupy territories on both sides of the Caucasus Mountain chain.
  34. ↑ Bell, Imogen (2003). Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 200.
  35. ↑ Mirsky, Georgiy I. (1997). On Ruins of Empire: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Former Soviet Union. p. 28.
  36. ↑ Mastyugina, Tatiana. An Ethnic History of Russia: Pre-revolutionary Times to the Present. p. 80.
  37. ↑ Foltz, Richard (2022). The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 50–52. ISBN 9780755618453.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Ossetians". Encarta. Microsoft Corporation. 2008.
  39. ↑ Lebedynsky, Iaroslav (2014). Les Sarmates amazones et lanciers cuirassés entre Oural et Danube (VIIe siècle av. J.-C. – VIe siècle apr. J.-C.). Éd. Errance.
  40. ↑ Alemany, Agustí (2000). Sources on the Alans: A Critical Compilation. Brill.
  41. ↑ Crismaru, Valentin (December 2019). "Aspecte privind impactul natural și antropic asupra solurilor și productivității culturilor din regiunea de dezvoltare centru". Starea actuală a componentelor de mediu. Institute of Ecology and Geography, Republic of Moldova: 264–267. doi:10.53380/9789975315593.30. ISBN 9789975315593. S2CID 242518750.
  42. 1 2 Shnirelman, Victor (2006). "The Politics of a Name: Between Consolidation and Separation in the Northern Caucasus" (PDF). Acta Slavica Iaponica. 23: 37–49.
  43. ↑ Alemany, Agustí (2000). Sources on the Alans: A Critical Compilation. Brill. pp. 5–7. ISBN 978-90-04-11442-5.
  44. ↑ "Map image". S23.postimg.org. Archived from the original (JPG) on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  45. ↑ "Map image". S50.radikal.ru. Archived from the original (JPG) on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  46. ↑ Foltz, Richard (2022). The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 107–108. ISBN 9780755618453.
  47. ↑ Lora Arys-Djanaïéva "Parlons ossète" (Harmattan, 2004)
  48. ↑ "Getting Back Home? Towards Sustainable Return of Ingush Forced Migrants and Lasting Peace in Prigorodny District of North Ossetia" (PDF). Pdc.ceu.hu. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  49. ↑ "Ca-c.org". Ca-c.org. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  50. ↑ "South Ossetia profile". BBC News. 21 April 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  51. ↑
  52. ↑
  53. ↑ "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
  54. ↑ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27 August 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2017. Archived.
  55. ↑ Kuznetsov, Vladimir Alexandrovitch. "Alania and Byzantine". The History of Alania.
  56. ↑ James Stuart Olson, Nicholas Charles Pappas. An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994. p 522.
  57. ↑ Ronald Wixman. The peoples of the USSR: an ethnographic handbook. M.E. Sharpe, 1984. p 151
  58. ↑ Benningsen, Alexandre; Wimbush, S. Enders (1986). Muslims of the Soviet Union. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 206. ISBN 0-253-33958-8.
  59. ↑ "Ossetians in Georgia, with their backs to the mountains".
  60. ↑ "South Ossetia profile". BBC. 30 May 2012. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  61. ↑ "Михаил Рощин : Религиозная жизнь Южной Осетии: в поисках национально-культурной идентификации". Keston.org.uk. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  62. ↑ Arena – Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
  63. ↑ "DataLife Engine > Версия для печати > Местная религиозная организация традиционных верований осетин "Ǽцǽг Дин" г. Владикавказ". Osetins.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2017.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Chaudhri, Anna (2003). "The Ossetic Oral Narrative Tradition: Fairy Tales in the Context of other Forms of Oral Literature". In Davidson, Hilda Ellis; Chaudhri, Anna (eds.). A Companion to the Fairy Tale. Rochester, New York: D. S. Brewer. pp. 202–216.
Folktale collections
  • Munkácsi, Bernhard. Blüten der ossetischen Volksdichtung. Otto Harrassowitz, 1932. (in German)
  • Осетинские народные сказки [Ossetian Folk Tales]. Запись текстов, перевод, предисловие и примечания Г. А. Дзагурова [ Grigory A. Dzagurov ]. Мoskva: Главная редакция восточной литературы издательства «Наука», 1973. (in Russian)
  • Byazyrov, A. (1978) [1960]. Осетинские народные сказки [Ossetian Folk Tales]. Tskhinvali: Ирыстон.
  • Arys-Djanaïéva, Lora; Lebedynsky, Iaroslav. Contes Populaires Ossètes (Caucase Central). Paris: L'Harmattan, 2010. ISBN 978-2-296-13332-7 (In French)
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