Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan
AbbreviationPDI-P/PDIP, PDI Perjuangan
General ChairwomanMegawati Sukarnoputri
Secretary-GeneralHasto Kristiyanto
Founded10 January 1973 (1973-01-10) (as PDI)
15 February 1999 (1999-02-15) (as PDI-P)
Split fromPDI
HeadquartersJakarta
Youth wingBMI (Indonesian Young Bulls)
TMP (Red-White Cadets)
Muslim wingBamusi (Indonesian Muslims Abode)
Membership (2022)478,008[1]
Ideology
Political positionCentre[10] to left-wing[11]
National affiliationOnward Indonesia Coalition
International affiliationProgressive Alliance[12]
Network of Social Democracy in Asia[13]
Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
SloganKerja Kita, Kerja Indonesia
(Our Work, Indonesia's Work)
Anthem
  • Hymne PDI-P
    (PDI-P Hymn)
  • Mars PDI-P
    (PDI-P March)
Ballot number3
DPR seats
128 / 575
DPRD I seats
418 / 2,232
DPRD II seats
2,803 / 17,340
Website
pdiperjuangan.id

The Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (Indonesian: Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan, PDI-P) is a secular-nationalist political party in Indonesia. Since 2014, it has been the ruling and largest party in the House of Representatives (DPR) with 128 seats. The party is currently led by Megawati Sukarnoputri, who served as the President of Indonesia from 2001 to 2004. It is also the party of the current president, Joko Widodo.

The origins of PDI-P can be traced back to when Megawati was forced out from the leadership of the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) by the New Order government under Suharto in 1996. After Suharto's resignation and the lifting of restrictions on political parties, she founded the party. PDI-P won the majority of votes in the 1999 legislative election, and Megawati assumed the presidency in July 2001, replacing Abdurrahman Wahid. Following the end of her term, PDI-P became the opposition during the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono administration. PDI-P returned to power following the 2014 legislative election.

It is a member of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats and Progressive Alliance.

History

Origins

Party head office on Jalan Diponegoro, Menteng, Jakarta

At the 1993 National Congress, Megawati Sukarnoputri was elected Chairperson of the Indonesian Democratic Party, one of the three political parties recognised by President Suharto's "New Order" government. This result was not recognised by the government, which continued to push for Budi Harjono, its preferred candidate for the chairpersonship, to be elected. A Special Congress was held where the government expected to have Harjono elected, but Megawati once again emerged as elected leader. Her position was consolidated further when a PDI National Assembly ratified the results of the congress.

In June 1996, another National Congress was held in the city of Medan, to which Megawati was not invited; anti-Megawati members were in attendance. With the government's backing, Suryadi, a former chairperson was re-elected as PDI's Chairperson. Megawati refused to acknowledge the results of this congress and continued to see herself as the rightful leader of the PDI.

On the morning of 27 July 1996, Suryadi threatened to take back PDI's headquarters in Jakarta.[14] Suryadi's supporters (reportedly with the Government's backing) attacked the PDI Headquarters and faced resistance from Megawati supporters who had been stationed there since the National Congress in Medan. In the ensuing clash, Megawati's supporters managed to hold on to the headquarters. A riot ensued – at that stage considered the worst that Jakarta had seen during the "New Order" – which was followed by a government crackdown. The government later blamed the riots on the Democratic People's Party (PRD). Despite being overthrown as chairperson by Suryadi and the government, the event lifted Megawati's profile immensely, providing both sympathy and national popularity.

The PDI was now divided into two factions, Megawati's and Suryadi's. The former had wanted to participate in the 1997 legislative elections, but the government only recognized the latter. In the elections, Megawati and her supporters threw their support behind the United Development Party and the PDI won only 3% of the vote. Following Suharto's resignation and the lifting of the "New Order" limitations on national political parties, Megawati declared the formation of the PDI-P, adding the suffix perjuangan ("struggle") to differentiate her faction of the party from the government-backed faction. She was elected chairperson of PDI-P and was nominated for the presidency in 1999.

1999–2004: Election victory, the Wahid–Megawati administrations, and splits

PDI-P was by far the most popular political party coming into the 1999 legislative elections. With 33% of the votes, PDI-P emerged with the largest share. As the 1999 People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) General Session loomed closer, it was expected that PDI-P would once again play the dominant role. Despite winning the legislative elections, PDI-P did not have absolute majority. Despite this, however, PDI-P never formed a coalition with any of the other political parties in the lead-up to the 1999 MPR General Session. The closest PDI-P had to a coalition was a loose alliance with Abdurrahman Wahid's National Awakening Party (PKB). The presidency looked set to be contested by Megawati and the then incumbent BJ Habibie of Golkar who was looking for a second term. However, MPR Chairman Amien Rais had other ideas as he formed a coalition called the Central Axis which consisted of Muslim parties. Amien also announced that he would like to nominate Wahid as president. PKB, their alliance with PDI-P never cemented, now moved over to the Central Axis. Golkar then joined this coalition after Habibie's accountability speech was rejected and he withdrew from the race. It came down to Megawati and Wahid. Wahid, with a powerful coalition backing him, was elected as Indonesia's 4th president with 373 votes to Megawati's 313. The PDI-P supporters were outraged. As the winners of the legislative elections, they also expected to win the presidential elections. PDI-P masses began rioting in cities such as Jakarta, Solo and Medan. The normally peaceful Bali was also involved in pro-Megawati protests. Wahid then realized that there was a need to recognize PDI-P's status as the winners of the Legislative Elections. With that, he encouraged Megawati to run for the vice presidency. Megawati rejected this offer when she saw that she had to face opponents such as United Development Party's (PPP) Hamzah Haz and Golkar's Akbar Tanjung and Wiranto. After some politicking by Wahid, Akbar and Wiranto withdrew from the race. Wahid also ordered PKB to throw their weight behind Megawati. She was now confident and competed in the vice presidential elections, and was elected with 396 votes to Hamzah's 284.

The First PDI-P Congress was held in Semarang, Central Java in April 2000, during which Megawati was re-elected as the chairperson of PDI-P for a second term. The congress was noted as one where she consolidated her position within PDI-P by taking harsh measures to remove potential rivals.[15] During the election for the chairperson, two other candidates emerged, Eros Djarot and Dimyati Hartono. Both ran because they did not want Megawati to hold the PDI-P chairpersonship while concurrently being Vice President. For Eros, when finally received his nomination from the South Jakarta branch, membership problems arose and made his nomination void. He was then not allowed to go and participate in the congress. Disillusioned with what he perceived to be a cult of personality developing around Megawati, Eros left PDI-P and in July 2002, formed the Freedom Bull National Party. For Dimyati, although his candidacy was not opposed as harshly as Eros', he was removed from his position as Head of PDI-P's Central Branch. He kept his position as a People's Representative Council (DPR) member but retired in February 2002. In April 2002, Dimyati formed the Our Homeland of Indonesia Party (PITA).

Although it had not supported Wahid for presidency, PDI-P members received ministerial positions in his cabinet because of Megawati's position as vice president. As time went on, much like the Central Axis that had supported Wahid, PDI-P would grow disillusioned with him. In April 2000, Laksamana Sukardi, a PDI-P member who held position as Minister of Investments and State Owned Enterprises was sacked from his position. When PDI-P enquired as to why this was done, Wahid claimed it was because of corruption but never backed up his claim. The relationship improved somewhat when later in the year, when Wahid authorized Megawati to manage the day-to-day running of the government. However, she and PDI-P had slowly but surely started to distance themselves from Wahid and join forces with the Central Axis. Finally, in July 2001 at a Special Session of the MPR, Wahid was removed as president. Megawati was then elected as president to replace him with Hamzah as her vice president, becoming Indonesia's first female president. They party, however, faced further splits after Megawati became president with more disillusioned members leaving the party. Two of them were Megawati's own sisters. In May 2002, Sukmawati Sukarnoputri formed the Indonesian National Party Marhaenism (PNI-Marhaenisme). This was followed in November 2002, with Rachmawati Sukarnoputri declaring the formation of the Pioneers' Party (PP).

2004–2014: Opposition to the Yudhoyono administration

By 2004, the reformist sentiments that had led PDI-P to victory in the 1999 elections had died down. Many were disappointed with what the reform process had achieved thus far and were also disappointed with Megawati's presidency. This was reflected in the 2004 legislative election, PDI-P obtained 18.5% of the total vote, down from the 33.7% it obtained in 1999.[16] PDI-P nominated Megawati as its presidential candidate for the 2004 presidential election. Several running mates were considered, including Hamzah Haz (to renew the partnership), Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY), and Jusuf Kalla. Megawati eventually selected Nahdatul Ulama chairman Hasyim Muzadi as her running mate. It was expected that she would appeal to nationalist sentiments while Hasyim would appeal to Islamist voters. In the first round of elections, the pairing came second to SBY/Kalla. To improve their chances in the run-off, the PDI-P formed a coalition with the PPP, Golkar, the Reform Star Party (PBR) and the Prosperous Peace Party (PDS) in August 2004. However, they were defeated in the run-off against SBY/Kalla. The National Coalition then turned their eyes on being the opposition in the DPR for the SBY/Kalla government. With Kalla's election as chairman of Golkar, Golkar defected to the government's side, leaving the PDI-P as the only major opposition party in the DPR.

On 28 March 2005, the second PDI-P Congress was held in Sanur, Bali where Megawati was re-elected to the chairpersonship for a third term. Her brother, Guruh Sukarnoputra, was chosen as head of the party's Education and Culture department. This congress was noted for the formation of a faction called the Renewal of PDI-P Movement. It called for a renewal of the party leadership if it was to win the 2009 legislative elections. Although they attended the Congress, the members left once Megawati was re-elected. In December 2005, these same members would form the Democratic Renewal Party (PDP).

The party came third in the 2009 legislative election with 14% of the votes. It had 95 seats in the DPR.[17] Megawati was chosen as the presidential candidate, this time with a coalition between the Great Indonesia Movement Party and PDI-P themselves, with Prabowo Subianto as her running mate. They lost to SBY, with Boediono as vice-president, who won 26.6% of the vote.

2014–present: Return to power, the Jokowi administration, and factional rivalry

In March 2014, the party nominated Jakarta governor Joko Widodo as its presidential candidate, with Jusuf Kalla as his running mate. The pairing won with 53.15% of the vote,[18] and PDI-P returned as the largest party in the DPR, winning nearly 19% of the vote.[19]

In April 2019, incumbent president Joko Widodo was the party's presidential candidate running for a second term, with Ma'ruf Amin as his running mate. Widodo won successful won a second term with 55.50% of the vote.[20] PDI-P remained the largest party in the DPR, winning 19.33% of the vote.[21]

In preparation for the 2024 Indonesian general election, the party split over the choice of a presidential candidate. Younger party members opposed Puan Maharani, the older generation's preference, in favor of Ganjar Pranowo. Despite his popularity, Pranowo declared he wouldn't run.[22][23] On October 9, 2021, Bambang Wuryanto urged unity under the Banteng (Javanese for "bull") command for Maharani supporters, labeling dissenters as Celeng (Javanese for "wild boar").[24] In response, young members launched the Barisan Celeng Berjuang ("Fighting Boars Front") campaign on October 12, 2021, criticizing Wuryanto and the Central Board.[25][26][27] They adopted a flag with an inverted color scheme as a symbol of defiance.[28][29] On October 15, 2021, the PDI-P Central Board sanctioned members from both sides for attempting to bypass the leadership's decision-making process, emphasizing that only Megawati could decide the official presidential nominee and urging an end to the rivalry.[30]

Political identities

Ideology

The 2008 Law on Political Parties states that political parties are allowed to include specific characteristics that reflect their political aspirations, as long as they do not contradict Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.[31] As per Article 5, Section 1 of its constitution and bylaws (AD/ART), PDI-P adheres to Pancasila. Megawati specifically clarified that the Pancasila referred to is the version of June 1, 1945.[32] In September 2023, the party's Secretary-General, Hasto Kristiyanto, claimed that PDI-P is a progressive "leftist" party, not a communist nor socialist party.[33] Outsider views on the party's political orientation vary. Academics and domestic observers classified PDI-P as a nationalist[34] and secular party,[35][36] while their international counterparts described it as a secular-nationalist,[3][4][37][38] liberal-secularist,[39] or populist party.[40][41] In the party's stronghold of Central Java, PDI-P has been described as a catch-all party.[42] Its political leaning has been described as centre-left or centrist.[10][43][44][45]

Political positions

PDI-P supports the separation of religion and the state. They reject regional regulations (perda) based on religion (such as Sharia-based perda), except for the Aceh region.[46] PDI-P endorses gender equality and women's rights.[47] The party also proclaims itself as the party of the "ordinary people".[48]

The PDI-P parliamentary group in the DPR have expressed their opinions on a few issues:

Year Bills Votes Party stances/Other views
2019 Revision of Law on the Corruption Eradication Commision
RUU KPK
2022 Law on Sexual Violence Crimes
RUU TPKS		 PDI-P urges comprehensive implementation of the bill, emphasizing not only legal enforcement but also addressing obstacles faced by victims. They stress a focus on prevention and protection, integrating measures for evidence, knowledge, law enforcement, infrastructure, safe houses, rehabilitation, and community safety.[49]
2022 Law on State Capital
RUU IKN		 PDI-P asserts that the defense system in the future national capital should adhere to standards of strength, capabilities, and security to uphold the nation's integrity and maritime security.[50]
2022 Revision of the Indonesian Criminal Code
RUU KUHP		 PDI-P urges judges and law enforcement to exercise caution when applying Article 2 (paragraphs 1 and 2) and Articles 46 to 51. For adultery cases, PDI-P requests written consent from spouses, parents, or children before filing a criminal report under that article.[51]
2023 Omnibus Law on Job Creation
RUU Cipta Kerja		 PDI-P was among the parties that supported the bill.[52]

Manifesto

According to its website, the party aims to realize the aims contained in the preamble to the 1945 Constitution in the form of a just and prosperous society and to bring about an Indonesia that is socially just as well as politically sovereign and economically self-sufficient, and that is Indonesian in character and culture.[53] At the party's fourth congress in 2015, the PDIP issued a seven-point statement entitled "Realizing Great Indonesia, an Indonesia that is Truly Independent", in which it committed itself to oversee the program of the central government and ensuring it keeps its campaign promises while reinforcing its position as a political force and underlining its support for the poor and battling structural poverty.[54]

Electoral support

The 2008 survey by Lingkaran Survei Indonesia (LSI Denny JA) highlights non-Muslims, secular Muslims, and low-income voters as the primary constituents of the PDI-P. It is notably popular among "not at all religious" Muslim voters, with 33% support in the 2009 legislative elections. In the 2009 presidential polls, 41% of non-religious Muslim voters favored Megawati, surpassing her overall 27% support.[55] Regionally, the party boasts a predominantly strong support base in Central Java, often referred to as the PDI-P's "stronghold" or kandang banteng (lit. bull pen),[56] Pangi Chaniago of Voxpol Research Center described the party's electorates in the region as "ideological voters".[42] Additionally, the party thrives in Bali, West and Central Kalimantan, North Sulawesi, as well as Bangka Belitung—areas marked by substantial religious minorities or syncretistic forms of Islam,[57] while facing challenges in certain areas of Sumatra, particularly in Islam-leaning Aceh and West Sumatra.[58] It has also been popular among Chinese Indonesians voters.[59]

Chairperson

Election results

Legislative election results

Election Ballot number Total seats won Total votes Share of votes Outcome of election Party leader
1999 11
153 / 500
 35,689,073 33.74%[60] Increase153 seats, Governing coalition Megawati Sukarnoputri
2004 18
109 / 550
 21,026,629 18.53%[61] Decrease44 seats, Opposition Megawati Sukarnoputri
2009 28
95 / 560
 14,600,091 14.03%[61] Decrease14 seats, Opposition Megawati Sukarnoputri
2014 4
109 / 560
 23,681,471 18.95%[19] Increase14 seats, Governing coalition Megawati Sukarnoputri
2019 3
128 / 575
 27,053,961 19.33%[62] Increase19 seats, Governing coalition Megawati Sukarnoputri
2024 3 Megawati Sukarnoputri

Presidential election results

Election Ballot number Candidate Running mate 1st round
(Total votes)		 Share of votes Outcome 2nd round
(Total votes)		 Share of votes Outcome
2004 2 Megawati Sukarnoputri Hasyim Muzadi 31,569,104 26.61% Runoff 44,990,704 39.38% Lost
2009 1 Megawati Sukarnoputri Prabowo Subianto 32,548,105 26.79% Lost
2014 2 Joko Widodo[63] Jusuf Kalla 70,997,833 53.15% Elected
2019 01 Joko Widodo Ma'ruf Amin 85,607,362 55.50% Elected
2024 3 Ganjar Pranowo Mahfud MD

Note: Bold text indicates party member

References

  1. ↑ "Info Pemilu - Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan". Komisi Pemilihan Umum RI. 22 December 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  2. ↑ Robin Jacobitz, ed. (2021). Gramsci's Plan: Kant and the Enlightenment 1500 to 1800. tredition. ISBN 9783347356771. ... election was won by Joko Widodo, the candidate of the predominantly secular and socially liberal PDI-P party.
  3. 1 2 3 Emmerson 2015, p. 351: "Megawati and Wahid, respective leaders of the first-place secular-nationalist PDI-P and the third-place liberal-Muslim PKB, had informally agreed to cooperate.
  4. 1 2 3 Bulkin 2013: "During Yudhoyono's decade-long tenure as president, PDI-P has consistently represented itself as the populist, secular-nationalist, "pro-poor" voice of the opposition."
  5. ↑ Yul, ed. (December 2023). Hasto Buka Suara soal Massa Beratribut PDIP Geber Motor di Acara PSI. Yul.
  6. ↑ Riski Aslendra, ed. (December 2023). PDIP Beri Nasihat ke Kaesang Usai Diganggu Saat Blusukan di 'Kandang Banteng'. Riski Aslendra.
  7. ↑ Nurjaman, Asep (2009). "Peta Baru Ideologi Partai Politik Indonesia". www.neliti.com. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  8. ↑ Geraldy, Galang (2019). "Ideologi dan Partai Politik: Menakar Ideologi Politik Marhaenisme di PDIP, Sosialisme Demokrasi di PSI dan Islam Fundamentalisme di PKS". Politicon: Jurnal Ilmu Politik. www.neliti.com. 1 (2): 134–157. doi:10.15575/politicon.v1i2.6268. S2CID 213924604. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  9. ↑ Bachtiar (18 October 2020). "Di Rakornas, Hasto Tegaskan PDIP Satu-Satunya Partai Yang Konsisten Implementasikan Nilai-nilai Nasionalisme dan Soekarnoisme" [On [PDIP] National Coordination Summit, Hasto Affirms PDIP as the Only Party that Consistently Implements Nationalism and Soekarnoism Values] (in Indonesian). Teropong Senayan. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  10. 1 2 Kwok 2017: "Ahok's candidacy is supported by Jokowi's party — the centrist and secular PDIP."
  11. ↑ Indonesia Electoral, Political Parties Laws and Regulations Handbook - Strategic Information, Regulations, Procedures. June 2015. ISBN 9781514517017. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  12. ↑ "Parties & Organisations". Progressive Alliance. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  13. ↑ "About".
  14. ↑ B., Edy (10 August 1996). "Kronologi Peristiwa 27 Juli 1996". Tempo (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
  15. ↑ Firmansyah, Arif (11 February 2005). "Kisah Para Penantang Yang Terpental (The Story of the Ousted Challengers)". Tempo (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 17 October 2009.
  16. ↑ "Pemilu 1999". Indonesian General Election Commission (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
  17. ↑ "KPU Ubah Perolehan Kursi Parpol di DPR (KPU Changes Allocations of Parties' seats in the DPR)". Indonesian General Election Commission (in Indonesian). 14 May 2009. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
  18. ↑ Bastian, Abdul Qowi; Putri, Adelia Anjani (14 March 2014). "Official: Joko Widodo Named 2014 Presidential Candidate by Megawati". The Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  19. 1 2 "KPU sahkan hasil pemilu, PDIP nomor satu" (in Indonesian). BBC. 10 May 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  20. ↑ Prasongko, Dias (20 May 2019). "KPU Menetapkan Jokowi-Ma'ruf Unggul 55.50 Persen". Tempo (in Indonesian). Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  21. ↑ "KPU Tetapkan PDIP Raih Suara Terbanyak Pileg 2019". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 21 May 2019. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  22. ↑ "Ganjar Buka Suara soal Tudingan Ambisi Nyapres 2024". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 24 May 2021. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  23. ↑ "Relawan Jokowi Alihkan Dukungan ke Ganjar Pranowo di 2024". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 15 September 2021. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  24. ↑ Isnanto, Bayu Ardi (9 October 2021). "Kader Deklarasi Ganjar Capres, PDIP Jateng: Itu Bukan Banteng tapi Celeng". detiknews (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  25. ↑ detikcom, Tim (12 October 2021). "Saat Barisan Celeng Jadi Semangat Perlawanan Kader PDIP Dukung Ganjar". detiknews (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 12 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  26. ↑ Sihombing, Rolando Fransiscus (13 October 2021). "Barisan Celeng Berjuang Dinilai Perlawanan Demokrasi Terpimpin PDIP". detiknews (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 12 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  27. ↑ Heksantoro, Rinto (13 October 2021). "Gegeran Celeng di Kandang Banteng". detiknews (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  28. ↑ Heksantoro, Rinto (12 October 2021). "Ada Logo Celeng Berjuang, Kader PDIP Dukung Ganjar Bicara Soal Perlawanan". detiknews (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 12 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  29. ↑ detikcom, Tim (13 October 2021). "Barisan Celeng Dukung Ganjar Bikin Kian Panas Internal PDI Perjuangan". detiknews (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  30. ↑ detikcom, Tim (6 October 2021). "Sama Rata Sanksi ke Pendukung Ganjar-Puan yang Lawan Arahan Mega". detiknews (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  31. ↑ Saifulloh 2016, pp. 178: "Akan tetapi, dalam Undang-Undang No.2 Tahun 2008 Tentang Partai Politik kembali dipertegas bahwa asas dan ciri partai politik merupakan penjabaran dari Pancasila dan UUD 1945." Translation: In Law No. 2 of 2008 on Political Parties, it is emphasized that the principles and characteristics of political parties derive from Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
  32. ↑ Akuntono 2015.
  33. ↑ Sinambela 2023: "Meski PDIP berhaluan kiri, namun Hasto tak setuju mereka berideologi sosialis atau komunis melainkan bercermin progresivitas." Translation: "While PDIP is left-leaning, Hasto disagrees with labeling them as socialist or communist; he views them as progressive."
  34. ↑ Lee & Paath 2019: "So-called nationalist parties such as the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), Prabowo Subianto's political machine the Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra), Golkar Party, National Democratic Party (NasDem) and the Democratic Party are still the dominant forces in Indonesian politics."
  35. ↑ Baswedan 2004, p. 672: "The first is the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle. It is a secular and nationalist party that won a plurality of votes (34%) in the 1999 election."
  36. ↑ Rakhmat 2022: "There are two broad camps: secular and Islamic parties. The first camp includes the current ruling party PDI-P..."
  37. ↑ Mietzner 2013, p. 128: "For example, secular-nationalist parties such as Golkar and PDI-P fill their events with patriotic songs..."
  38. ↑ Power 2014: "It is useful here to review the ideological spectrum typically applied to Indonesian politics, which places parties along a continuum from the "secular-nationalist" PDI-P..."
  39. ↑ Rabasa et al. 2004, p. 373: PDI-P is listed as "Liberal Secularist" in the table.
  40. ↑ Aspinall 2010: "The PDI-P is at core an archetypal populist party, with a typically populist social base that was very much on display in Bali."
  41. ↑ Bland 2020, p. 19: "But, fatefully, Jokowi opted for the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), the party of former president Megawati. Representing itself as populist and pro-poor, it was a good fit for Jokowi's campaign style."
  42. 1 2 Suryowati 2018: "Lebih lanjut Pangi menjelaskan, PDI-P di Jawa Tengah sudah menjadi partai catch-all, yakni pemilih-pemilihnya adalah pemilih ideologis." Translation: "Furthermore, Pangi explains that in Central Java, PDI-P has evolved into a catch-all party, signifying that its supporters are primarily ideological voters."
  43. ↑ Meakem 2024: "One of the large parties that has managed to thrive under these circumstances is the centrist Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP)..."
  44. ↑ Mietzner 2013, p. 46: "Moreover, Indonesia has now three pivotal center parties — parties that are deeply rooted in the political center and against whose combined strength it would be difficult to govern. These are PDIP, Golkar, and Partai Demokrat (Democratic Party, PD)."
  45. ↑ Ng 2022: "The key for PDI-P is to avoid a damaging internal party split, find strong political allies, and continue to play to its strengths as a centrist party with a strong grassroots network."
  46. ↑ Wildansyah 2018: "Sekjen PDI-P Hasto Kristiyanto tidak setuju dengan penyebutan Perda Syariah. Hasto menyebut hanya mengenal perda sesuai dengan asal daerahnya. Namun, menurut Hasto, Perda Syariah hanya ada di Aceh. Perda itu berlaku di Aceh lantaran Aceh memiliki sejarah tersendiri. Translation: PDI-P secretary general Hasto Kristiyanto opposes Sharia-based regional regulations, recognizing them solely in Aceh due to its unique history.
  47. ↑ "Posisi Ideologis PDI-P: Membaca Pidato Megawati" [PDI-P's Ideological Position: Examining Megawati's Address]. Kompas (in Indonesian). 11 January 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  48. ↑ Gibran (10 January 2022). "Megawati Cerita PDIP Awal Mula Jadi Partai "Wong Cilik" dan "Partai Sendal Jepit"" [Megawati recounts PDI-P's inception as the party of "ordinary people" and the "flip-flop party"]. Detik (in Indonesian). Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  49. ↑ "F-PDIP: RUU TPKS jadi Payung Hukum Perlindungan dan Pemulihan Korban Kekerasan Seksual" [F-PDIP: Making the TPKS bill the legal framework for protecting and rehabilitating victims of sexual violence]. Indonesian House of Representatives (in Indonesian). 18 January 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  50. ↑ "Fraksi DPR Telah Berikan Pandangan Terhadap UU IKN" [DPR parliamentary factions' positions on the IKN bill]. Indonesian House of Representatives (in Indonesian). 18 January 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  51. ↑ Putri, Budianti Utami (19 September 2019). Hantoro, Juli (ed.). "RKUHP Rampung Dibahas, PDIP dan Gerindra Beda Soal Kumpul Kebo" [The Criminal Code (RKUHP) ready to be discussed, PDI-P and Gerindra differ on adultery]. Detik (in Indonesian). Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  52. ↑ Astuti, Nur Azizah Rizki (5 October 2020). "Demokrat-PKS Tolak RUU Cipta Kerja, 7 Fraksi Mendukung Jadi UU" [The Democrats-PKS declines Omnibus Law on Job Creation, backed by 7 parliamentary factions to become law]. Detik (in Indonesian). Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  53. ↑ "Visi dan Misi (Vision and Mission)". PDI Perjuangan website. 8 January 2016. Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
  54. ↑ "PERNYATAAN SIKAP DAN REKOMENDASI RAPAT KERJA NASIONAL KE-I PDI PERJUANGAN (Statement of Stance and Recommendations from the First PDI Perjuangan National Working Meeting)". PDI Perjuangan website. 13 January 2016. Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
  55. ↑ Mietzner 2012, p. 518: "It appears, then, that PDIP’s nationalist, pluralist and economically populist image still finds a loyal support base, with non-Muslims, secular Muslims and low-income voters forming a core constituency from which the party can draw."
  56. ↑ Yew-Foong & Supriatma 2022, pp. 201–202: "Since free and fair elections were called for post-1998 Reformasi, Central Java has become a stronghold for the PDI-P."
  57. ↑ Mietzner 2012, p. 518: "Regionally, the party is strongest in Central Java, Bali, West and Central Kalimantan as well as Bangka Belitung..."
  58. ↑ "Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P)". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  59. ↑ Yew-Foong & Supriatma 2022, p. 173: "The PDI-P has been popular among Chinese Indonesians as its founder, Megawati Sukarnoputri, is Sukarno’s daughter and has a pro-Chinese image, or at least is not perceived to be against the Chinese."
  60. ↑ "Pemilu 1999 - KPU" (in Indonesian). Komisi Pemilihan Umum Republik Indonesia. 21 February 2008. Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  61. 1 2 "Bab V - Hasil Pemilu - KPU" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Komisi Pemilihan Umum Republik Indonesia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  62. ↑ Zunita Putri (21 May 2019). "KPU Tetapkan Hasil Pileg 2019: PDIP Juara, Disusul Gerindra-Golkar". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  63. ↑ "Jokowi dan JK daftar ke KPU" (in Indonesian). BBC. 19 May 2014. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.

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