An intifada (Arabic: انتفاضة intifāḍah) is a rebellion or uprising, or a resistance movement. It is a key concept in contemporary Arabic usage referring to a uprising against oppression.[1]

Etymology

Intifada is an Arabic word literally meaning, as a noun, "tremor", "shivering", "shuddering".[2][3] It is derived from an Arabic term nafada meaning "to shake", "shake off", "get rid of",[2] as a dog might shrug off water, or as one might shake off sleep,[4] or dirt from one's sandals.[5]

History

The concept of intifada was first used in modern times in 1952 within the Kingdom of Iraq, when socialist and communist parties took to the streets to protest the Hashemite monarchy, with inspiration of the 1952 Egyptian Revolution.

The concept was adopted in Western Sahara, with the gradual withdrawal of Spanish forces in the 1970s as the Zemla Intifada, but was essentially rooted into the Western Sahara conflict with the First Sahrawi Intifada – protests by Sahrawi activists in the Western Saharan Southern Provinces (1999–2004), Second Sahrawi Intifada or Independence Intifada and finally the Gdeim Izik protest camp in 2011.

In the Palestinian context, the word refers to attempts to "shake off" the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in the First and Second Intifadas,[1][6] where it was originally chosen to connote "aggressive nonviolent resistance",[2] a meaning it bore among Palestinian students in struggles in the 1980s and which they adopted as less confrontational than terms in earlier militant rhetoric since it bore no nuance of violence.[5] The First Intifada was characterized by protests and violent riots, especially stone-throwing, while the Second Intifada was characterized by a period of heightened violence. The suicide bombings carried out by Palestinian assailants became one of the more prominent features of the Second Intifada and mainly targeted Israeli civilians, contrasting with the relatively less violent nature of the First Intifada.

Globalize the Intifada

The phrase "Globalize the Intifada" is a slogan that promotes worldwide activism in solidarity with the Palestinian resistance. This slogan is composed of "Intifada" which denotes the Palestinian uprisings against Israeli control. "Globalize" calls for an expansion of these uprisings from a regional scope to a global movement.[7][8]

The chant and its associated chants have caused controversy, particularly concerning their impact and connotations. Critics, particularly from Jewish groups, have condemned the slogan for encouraging widespread violence or terrorism.[9][10][11] Some interpretations view it as a rallying call to harm Jews.[12][13]

List of events named Intifada

Intifada may refer to these events:

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Ute Meinel, Die Intifada im Ölscheichtum Bahrain: Hintergründe des Aufbegehrens von 1994-1998, LIT Verlag Münster, 2003 p.10: 'Der Begriff der Intifada, der die Vorstellung eines legitimen Ausbebegehrens gegen Unterdrückung enthält, ist gegenwärtig ein Schlüsselbegriff in der arabischen Welt, von dem eine grosse emotionale Anziehungskraft ausgeht.'
  2. 1 2 3 Mary K.Roberson, 'Birth, Transformation, and Death of Refugee Identity: Women and Girls of the Intifada,' in Ellen Cole,Esther D Rothblum,Oliva M Espin (eds.) Refugee Women and Their Mental Health: Shattered Societies, Shattered Lives, Routledge, 2013 p.42.
  3. Ellen Canterow, 'Beita,' in Zachary Lockman, Joel Beinin, (eds), Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising Against Israeli Occupation, South End Press, 1989 pp.81-98 p.81
  4. David Pratt, Intifada, Casemate Publishers, 2009 p.20
  5. 1 2 Mary Elizabeth King, A Quiet Revolution: The First Palestinian Intifada and Nonviolent Resistance, Nation Books 2007 p.208
  6. Sharif Kanana, 'Women in the Legends of the Intifada,' in Suha Sabbagh (ed.), Palestinian Women of Gaza and the West Bank, Indiana University Press, 1998 p.114.
  7. Henry, Jacob (22 April 2022). "Pro-Palestinian protesters call to 'globalize the intifada' in NY march". The Jerusalem Post.
  8. Jerusalem Post Staff (22 October 2022). "Mohamed Hadid shares 'Globalize Intifada' message on Instagram". The Jerusalem Post.
  9. "Amid terror wave in Israel, New York BDS group calls to 'globalize intifada' at rally". JNS. 31 March 2022.
  10. "Pro-Palestinian NYC Rally Features "Globalize the Intifada" Chants". Jewish Journal. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  11. Luke Tress (25 October 2023). "Antisemitic incidents have spiked in New York since Hamas attack on Israel, NYPD says". The Forward.
  12. Zev Eleff; Ayal Feinberg (13 October 2023). "Endorsing Hamas violence isn't just anti-Israel, it's antisemitic". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
  13. David Hazony (October–November 2023). "The War Against the Jews". Sapir Journal.
  14. "Egypt cuts food prices". Pittsburgh Post. 2 October 1984. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  15. NGO: Israeli army has killed 49 children since October Archived 2016-02-18 at the Wayback Machine. MEMO, 17 February 2016
  16. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/third-intifada-hamas-israel-escalation-8972498/
  17. "Children of the repression". the Guardian. 5 June 2006. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
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