Jeu de paume in the 17th century.

Jeu de paume (UK: /ˌʒɜː də ˈpoʊm/,[1] French: [ʒø d(ə) pom]; originally spelled jeu de paulme; lit. '"palm game"'), nowadays known as real tennis, (US) court tennis or (in France) courte paume, is a ball-and-court game that originated in France. It was an indoor precursor of tennis played without racquets, and so "game of the hand", though these were eventually introduced. It is a former Olympic sport, and has the oldest ongoing annual world championship in sport, first established over 250 years ago. The term also refers to the court on which the game is played[2] and its building, which in the 17th century was sometimes converted into a theatre.[3]

History

Late 18th-century illustration of jeu de paume paddle-bats or battoirs, and (in various stages of construction) strung racquets.

In the earliest versions of the game, the players hit the ball with their hands, as in palla, volleyball, Fives, or certain varieties of pelota. Jeu de paume, or jeu de paulme as it was formerly spelled,[4] literally means "palm game". In time, gloves replaced bare hands. Even when paddle-like bats, and finally racquets, became standard equipment for the game by the late 17th century, the name did not change. It became known as "tennis" in English (see History of tennis), and later "real tennis" after the derived game of lawn tennis became the more widely known sport.

The term is used in France today to denote the game of tennis on a court in which the ancient or modern game might be played. The indoor version is sometimes called jeu de courte paume or just courte paume ("short palm") to distinguish it from the outdoor version, longue paume ("long palm"), played on a field of variable length.

Jeu de paume at the 1908 Summer Olympics was a medal event; American Jay Gould II won the gold medal.[5]

Since 1740, jeu de paume has been the subject of an amateur world championship, held each year in September. It is the oldest active trophy in international sport.[6]

Derived sports

Earliest known picture of Jeu de Paume from a Book of Hours (c. 1300)

Hand

Various other forms of handball may be related to one degree or another; this is generally difficult to ascertain with certainty, and some, like the Mesoamerican ballgame clearly have an independent origin.

Racquet

Various other racquet games (squash, badminton, etc.) may be related to one degree or another.

Basket

  • Jai alai, a variation of Basque pelota using a hand-held basket known as a cesta or xistera.

Cultural references

A modernised court in the Palace of Fontainebleau, Fontainebleau (1991).

Étienne Pasquier, a writer and a historian, published an essay regarding jeu de paume in his Recherches; late 16th century. Pasquier was addicted to the sport.[7]

The Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume, a museum of contemporary art, is housed in a former court on the north side of the Tuileries park in the centre of Paris.

The painter Jacques-Louis David's famous sketch, le Serment du jeu de paume ('the Tennis Court Oath') now hangs in the court of the Palace of Versailles. It depicts a seminal moment of the French Revolution, when, on 20 June 1789, deputies of the Estates-General met at the court and vowed that they would not disband before the proclamation of a formal Constitution for France.

Le Jeu de Paume is a moral ode published in 1791 by André Chénier.

In the 1981 film The French Lieutenant's Woman, socialite Charles Smithson (Jeremy Irons) is seen playing jeu de paume in London.

In the Agatha Christie's Poirot TV series episode Death in the Clouds, Poirot mentiones that tennis, considered an English game, originated in 11th-century France as jeu de paume.

The 2014 Whitney Biennial exhibition featured the premiere of the stop-motion film Jeu de Paume by Joshua Mosley.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "jeu de paume". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2022-08-27.
  2. ↑ The Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary, 2007, p. 469. ISBN 9780198614227.
  3. ↑ W. L. Wiley, The Early Public Theatre in France, 1960, pp. 158–170.
  4. ↑ Diderot, Denis; d'Alembert, Jean le Rond (c. 1785). Encyclopedie ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences des Arts et des Métiers (in French). Paris: self-published monograph. Plate 1: "Paulmerie, Jeu de Paulme et Construction de la Raquette".
  5. ↑ "Jeu De Paume Men's Singles Medalists". Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
  6. ↑ "World Championship 2018". USCTA. 12 April 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  7. ↑ Huppert, George; The Idea of Perfect History, footnote 14 on page 160.
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