Pankararú
Pankararé
Native toBrazil
RegionPernambuco, Alagoas
Extinctca. early 20th century
unclassified
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
paz  Pankararú
pax  Pankararé
Glottologpank1250  Pankararu
pank1235  Pankarare

Pankararú (Pancaré, Pankaré, Pancaru, Pankaruru, Pankarará, Pankaravu, Pankaroru, Pankarú, Brancararu) is an extinct language of eastern Brazil. There are 6,000 ethnic Pankararú, but they all speak Portuguese. In 1961, only two elders could remember anything of the language. Today, they live in Brejo dos Padres and other villages of Tacaratu, Pernambuco State. The language was originally spoken between the Moxotó River and the Pajeú River.[1]

In the 19th century the people split into two ethnic groups, the Pankararú and the Pankararé. One quarter of the Parkararé retain their traditional religion. Their language, however, is unattested,[2] and can only be assumed to be a dialect of Pankararu.

Classification

Pankararú has no proven relatives and remains unclassified. There are similarities with Tukano and Tupian. Meader (1976) found that of 80 known lexical items, one third (26) are clearly cognate with Tupian languages. He speculates that the last speakers of Pankararú may therefore have been bilingual in Tupi. The identity of the rest of the vocabulary has not been identified, and Pankararú may be a language isolate.

The Atikum language was spoken nearby, but it is a language isolate and is not related to Pankararú.

Loukotka (1968) also lists these languages as being formerly spoken in Tacaratu, Pernambuco State. It is not known whether or not they were related to Pankararú:[1]

  • Jeriticó or Jiripancó – village of Pindaé near Brejo dos Padres in Tacaratu, Pernambuco. Survivors now speak only Portuguese.
  • Macarú – village of Brejo dos Padres, Tacaratu. A few survivors now speak only Portuguese.

Koiupanká[3] and Karuazu[4] may have been related.

Kalankó (Cacalancó), with descendants now living in Água Branca, Alagoas, may have also been related to Pankararú.[5]

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968)

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[1]

glossPankarurú
manporkiá
sunpanyé
earthzyobazyí
tobaccoazyó

Pompeu (1958)

Language variety from Pompeu (1958), originally collected by Carlos Estêvam:[6]

Portuguese gloss
(original)
English gloss
(translated)
"Brejo dos Padres"
fogofireobaí
águawaterjinikací; jatateruá; jai, já
brejoswampibiji, arôto
lagoapondjoo
terraearthjobají
pedrastonetóitú; ipá
salsalttuká
cachimbosmoking pipekuna kuní
cachimbo cerimonialceremonial pipematrinadô; matrigó
maracámaracakáma, kabá eyá
pinheiropineburúti
meninoboyjorã, óibo
parenterelativegôyáji
irmã e primasister and cousindakatái
onça pretablack jaguartupé
maracajámargayGwariatã
porcopigtarací
mocórock cavy
(Kerodon rupestris)
kewí
tatu-pebasix-banded armadillo
(Euphractus sexcinctus)
kuriépe
boioxkanarí
vacacow
ovelhasheeppusharé; sumui íra
passarinhosmall birdiushií
penafeathertik
ovoeggaji
papagaioparrotumaiatá
periquitoparakeetglyglilin
peixefishkamijo
abelhabeeaxxaó
madeira, pauwood, treedáka
florflowerbarkíra
milhocornta, mõni
tabaco, fumotobacco, smokepõi; ajó
bonitobeautifullimin

Meader (1978)

Below is a 1961 word list of Pankarú (Pankararú) recorded in Brejo dos Padres by Wilbur Pickering from his informant João Moreno. The list is published in Meader (1978).[7]

Portuguese gloss
(original)
English gloss
(translated)
Pankarú (Pankararú)
amareloyellowˈžúbʌ̀
pedra amarelayellow stoneitapurʌŋga
bocamouthūːřú kàˈtiŋ̄
minha bocamy mouthsε̄ ūˈřú
bomgoodkátù
ele é bomHe is good.ayε katu
o olho é bomThe eye is good.sảːkàtú kyả̀
vocês são bonsYou (plural) are good.pε̄ñékātù / pε̃ñékátù
brancowhiteˈtíŋgʌ́
buracoholekwàřà
cabeçaheaduukà
a cabeça é redondaThe head is round.muukὶ(ː)
cabelohairuŋkyò
o cabelo é pretoThe hair is black.uŋkyò àlóːkià
cachorrodogítōˈlókyà
caminhoroad
carnemeatsóːō
casahouseókhà
céuskytšιakι / aʌ̨nsε
cobrasnakefítš̭ˈàká / fítš̭iākà
coraçãoheart(úpíˈá) ūpia kàtú asu
cordaropeˈmúsúřʌ̨̀nʌ̨̀
dedo grandebig fingerkų̀ʌ̨́ kàtέ gàsú
dentetooth(tʌ̨̄ˈíŋkàtī)
diadayˈářà
ele / elahe / sheàyέ
eles, elastheyāìˈtá
este, estathiskwa
euIšεʔ
facaknifekisε
fogofireˈpo
fumo (tabaco)smoke (tobacco)pɔi
pedra furadapierced stoneítákwàřà
ele furou a orelhaHe pierced his ear.oː màlί ásò
homemmanaba
homem velhoold manábá ùmʌ̨̀
joelhokneeàˈlų́
o joelho está mauThe knee is bad.sātkālί ˈʔų́ː
línguatongue(mε̄āŋˈgā)
luamoonˈžasì
lua cheiafull moonkaiřε
lua novanew moonkatiti
mãemothersέʔžàʔ
mandiocacassavamʌ̨̀nˈdī
mãohandpɔ̄pitέkàí
marseapəřəˈnà
maubadpùší
meninagirlmítákų̄įˈʌ̨̀ / íādε̄doŋ̄kīˈà
meninoboyíādε̄dùˈà
milhomaizeávātì
moçagirlkų̀įʌ̨̀ mùkú
moça velhaolder girlkų̀įʌ̨̀ fìlìwà
mulherwomankų̀įʌ̨̄
nãonoų́hų̄
nariznosetákwí
meu narizmy noseséˈtį̀
nossos narizes (meu e seu)our noses (inclusive)iānέʔtį̀
seu nariz (de você)your nosešέˈtį́
seu nariz (dele)his nosesέˈtį́ àyὲ
noitenightpīˈtų̀
nós, nossowe, ourìànέʔ
olho (pavεořukya)eye(pavεořukya) / sả̀ː
onçajaguaržáˈgwà
orelhaearmōːkìhkyà
pai (meu pai)father (my father)sέʔpāià
pedrastoneítà
pedra brancawhite stoneitatiŋga
pedra pretablack stoneítáʔų̀na
pernalegkóškì
pretoblackʔų́nʌ̨̄
redondoroundpúʌ̨̄
solsunkwářásí
velhooldùmʌ̨̄
homem velhoold manábá úmʌ̨̀
moça velhaolder girlkų̀iʌ̨̀ fìlìwà
vós (vocês)youpὲˈñε̄
açúcarsugardódəsākà
cabragoatkářkíá
camaleãochameleonfìˈkíˈá
canelacinnamon(kālε̄ˈʔί̨ʌ) kia
coxolamekóš
dedofingerkų̄nˈkàtέ
farinhaflourkítshià
feijãobeannátsākā
gargantathroatgāε̄òˈŋkyà
grossothicksábóó
lagartolizardšōá
macaxeiracassavaaipį́
morenodark-skinnedpìˈtùnà
queixochintʔíŋkwˈí
simyesʌ̨̅hʌ̨́
 ? ?(pʌ̨̅ŋkārὲː)

References

  1. 1 2 3 Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  2. Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020). "Pankararé". Glottolog 4.3.
  3. "Koiupanká". Povos Indígenas no Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  4. "Karuazu". Povos Indígenas no Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  5. "Kalankó". Povos Indígenas no Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  6. Pompeu Sobrinho, Thomaz. 1958. Línguas Tapuias desconhecidas do Nordeste: Alguns vocabulários inéditos. Boletim de Antropologia (Fortaleza-Ceará) 2. 3-19.
  7. Meader, Robert E. (1978). Indios do Nordeste: Levantamento sobre os remanescentes tribais do nordeste brasileiro (in Portuguese). Brasilia: SIL International.
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