The following is a list of Pashtun or Afghan empires and dynasties. It includes states, princely states, empires and dynasties in the regions of Central, Western and South Asia which were founded by rulers or dynasties of Pashtun origin. This list also includes rulers and dynasties who are of disputed origin.

In Western Asia

  • Taymanis (1565/6-1894), established by Tayman, a Kakar Pashtun.[1] The Taymanis would conquer Ghor in the late 1600s. During the decline of the Safavids,[2][3] the Taymanis conquered Farah and Isfizar under Dilawar Khan.[4] The Taymanis would go onto siding with the Durrani Empire during their rise and gave troops to the Sadozais. The Taymanis began declining in the nineteenth century until finally being stripped of their privileges in 1894, ending Taymani rule in Ghor.[5]
  • Hotak dynasty (1709–1738), established by Mir Wais Hotak from Kandahar, who declared independence from the Persian Safavids. Hotak was a tribal chief of the Ghilzai Pashtuns.[6][7] The Hotaki dynasty ruled over much of southern Afghanistan and most of Iran (Persia) at its peak. The dynasty lasted until 1738 when it was overthrown by the Afsharids of Persia under Nader Shah.
Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of the Durrani Empire.

In South Asia

Territory controlled by the Khaljis circa 1320
Territory controlled by the Khaljis circa 1320[11]
Map showing the territory under the Lodi dynasty.[34]
  • Lodi dynasty (1451–1526), founded by Bahlul Khan Lodi, who belonged from the Lodi tribe. It was the last dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate.
  • Map of the Sur Empire at its height
    Sur Empire (1538/1540-1556), founded by Sher Shah Suri, a Pashtun military and political figure who belonged to the Sur tribe of Kakars.[35] The Sur dynasty ousted the Mughals in north India and controlled areas encompassing, Pakistan, northern India and up to Bengal, with Delhi as its capital. Sher Shah expanded the empires territory significantly until his accidental death in 1545, where he was succeeded by his son, Islam Shah Suri.[36][37] The Empire began falling into civil war following Islam Shah's death.[38][39] The Surs were supplanted again by the Mughals in 1556 after a sixteen-year rule.[40][41]
  • Karrani dynasty (1564–1576), founded by Taj Khan Karrani.[42] He hailed from the Karlani tribe. He formerly served Sher Shah Suri and had moved to Bengal. The Karrani dynasty ruled over all of Bengal, as well as Orissa and parts of Bihar. It was the last dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate. The Karrani were defeated by the Mughals, losing all their territory to the latter by the seventeenth century.
Map of the Khaljis of Malwa at their height[34]

Disputed Origins

  • Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1527), The Bahmani Sultanate was founded by Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, who was of Afghan, or Turk origin.[43][44][45][46] According to the historian Ferishta, he was of Afghan birth.[47] Another theory of origin for Zafar Khan is that he was of Brahman origin,[48] and that Bahman is a corrupted personalized form of Brahman,[49] with Hasan Gangu being Hindu Brahman who became Muslim.[50][48] however this has been discredited by Husaini, who explains why the idea of a Brahmin origin or Zafar Khan originally being a Hindu convert to Islam is untenable.[51] The Bahmanis took power after an Afghan, Nasir-ud-din Ismail Shah, also known as Ismail Mukh, led a rebellion against the Tughlaq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.[52] The rebellion was successful and Ismail Mukh abdicated in favor of Alauddin, allowing him to establish an independent state in the Deccan, with his headquarters at Hasanabad. The Bahmanis were the first independent Muslim kingdom centred in the Deccan.[53]
  • Shah Mir dynasty (1339-1561) The Shah Mir dynasty was formed in 1339, founded by Shah Mir. Modern scholarship differ on the origin of Shah Mir. However, most modern historians generally accept that Shah Mir was from Swat in Dardistan.[54][55][56][57][58][59] Some accounts trace his descent from the rulers of Swāt.[lower-alpha 1][61][62] Andre Wink puts forward the opinion that Shah Mir was possibly of Afghan, Turk, or even Tibetan origin.[63] The Encyclopaedia of Islam also suggests a possible Afghan origin.[64] However, A.Q. Rafiqi believes that Shah Mir was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat.[56]: 311–312  Some scholars state that Shah Mir arrived from the Panjgabbar valley (Panchagahvara),[65] which was populated by Khasa people, and so ascribe a Khāsa ethnicity to Shah Mir.[66][67] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the various versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara).[66] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family from Swat which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani and were associated to the Kubrawiya, a Sufi group in Kashmir.[54] Older sources and historians such as Jonaraja state that Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Abu ’l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja’s Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada’uni translated into Persian at Akbar’s orders. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate.[56][68][66]

Princely states

Several independent princely states founded by Pashtuns existed during the British Raj era. Most of the Pashtun region east of the Durand Line was annexed by the British in the twentieth century, and formed the North-West Frontier. The Pashtun tribal agencies along the Durand Line, further west from the North-West Frontier, formed a buffer zone between Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier of British India. Following the end of the Raj and the creation of Pakistan and India, the North-West Frontier and tribal agencies became part of Pakistan. The princely states were also given only two choices, the choice to formally accede to the Dominion of Pakistan or Dominion of India, depending on their geographical location. These princely states were eventually abolished and integrated into the federation (see Former administrative units of Pakistan and Political integration of India).

  • Rohilla Chieftaincies (1710–1857). Ali Mohammed Khan founded a strong Rohilla state in western U.P. After his death in 1748, Rohilkhand split up into several independent Rohilla Chieftaincies. Notable Chiefs were Hafiz Rahmat Khan, Najib ad-Dawlah, Faizullah Khan, and Dundy Khan. In 1772 the total Rohilla armed forces were estimated at 80,000 cavalry and infantry.[69] Rohillas were the main allies of the Durranis in Third Panipat War in 1761. Most of the Rohilla leaders were defeated in Anglo-Rohilla wars. Only Rampur, under Faizullah Khan, survived as a princely state.
  • Orakzai dynasty was a dynasty which directly descended from the Orakzai tribe. Various branches ruled these princely states:
  • Babi dynasty (1654–1948), founded in 1654 by Muhammed Sherkhanji Babi. He belonged to Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) tribe of Pashtuns.[72] The Babi Dynasty ruled over parts of Gujarat. Babi's descendants (see Pathans of Gujarat for more information) controlled the following princely states:
  • Dir, small princely state comprising the present-day Upper Dir and Lower Dir districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan. The state was founded in the seventeenth century by an Akhun Khel clan of the Malizai sept of Yusufzai tribe,[78] with Dir serving as the capital. Dir nawab acceded to Pakistan in 1948. In 1969, the state along with the royal house was abolished.
  • Farrukhabad State
  • Malerkotla State (1657–1948), The Malerkotla state was founded in 1454 A.D. by Sheikh Sadruddin-i-Jahan, a pious man of the Sherani tribe of the Darban Kalan and Frontier Region of Drazinda. The State of Malerkotla was established in 1657 by Bayazid Khan. Bayazid Khan was granted the privilege to build a fort, which he named Malerkotla and eventually gave its name to the state. On 3 May 1809 Maler Kotla became a British protectorate and was made part of the Cis-Sutlej states until 1862. Many local people attribute this peaceful strain to the presence of the shrine of 'Baba Haidar Sheikh', the Sufi saint, who founded the town of Malerkotla more than 500 years ago.
  • Pataudi State (1804–1947), established in 1804 by Nawab Faiz Talab Khan of Barech tribe during the rule of the British East India Company and capital as Pataudi[79]
  • Dujana State (1806–1948), established in 1806 by Nawab Abdus Samad Khan of Yusufzai tribe during the rule of the British East India Company and situated in Jhajjar district[80][81]
  • Tonk State (1806–1949), The founder of the state was Muhammad Amir Khan an adventurer and military leader of pashtun descent and belonged to the salarzai subtribe of the Tarkani tribe and a Rohilla. In 1817, upon submitting to the British East India Company, he kept his territory of Tonk and received the title of Nawab. While retaining internal autonomy and remaining outside British India, the state consisted of six isolated districts. Four of these were under the Rajasthan province, namely, Tonk, Chhabra, Pirawa and Nimbahera. The other two, Aligarh formerly Rampura and Sironj were in Madhya pradesh province.
  • Jaora State (1808–1948), founded by Abdul Ghafur Muhammad Khan, a Pashtun cavalry officer and a Rohilla serving Muhammad Amir Khan, the Pashtun founder of the princely state of Tonk. Abdul Ghafur Muhammad Khan also served the Holkar ruler, annexing Rajput territories in northern Malwa. For his services, he was designated the title of a nawab. His state existed in modern Madhya Pradesh, comprising the tehsils of Jaora, Barauda, Tal and Barkhera, along with the dependencies of Piploda and Panth-Piploda.
  • Palanpur State (1370–1948), Palanpur state was founded in 1370 by Malek Khurram Khan and was ruled by the Jhalore dynasty,[82] of the Lohani tribe a forebearer of the family is reputed to have wed the foster-sister of the Mughal emperor Akbar and received Palanpur and surrounding areas as dowry.
  • Savanur State (1672–1948), Savanur State was founded in 1672 when Abdul Karim Khan, a Pathan of the Miyana or Miani tribe, in the service of the sultanat of Bijapur, was granted the jagir of Sarkar Bankapur near Bijapur in 1672. His successors ruled over extensive territories almost independently for over a century. However, Savanur was located between the increasing power of the Marathas and the equally powerful Nizam of Hyderabad, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, ofKingdom of Mysore which gradually eroded away Savanur's territory. By the second half of the eighteenth century, more than half of Savanur had been ceded to the Marathas. By the end of the century, Tipu Sultan had annexed the remainder. The occupation by the Kingdom of Mysore (Mahisur) had begun on 29 Oct 1786 and lasted until 17 December 1791. The name Savanur is said to be the corruption of the Persian/Urdu word Shahnoor, which means 'king of light'.[83]

Princely Taluqdars, Jagirdars, Nawabs

  • Nanpara Taluqdari (1632–1947), the Nanpara principality was founded by a Rasul Khan, he was appointed keeper of the fort at Bahraich in 1632 by Emperor Shah Jahan in Bahraich District. He was also granted five villages as jagir, and these five villages formed the core of what was to become the Nanpara Taluqdari. His descendant, Karam Khan taking advantage of the collapse of Mughal authority in the early 18th century, extended his rule over pretty much the entire district.[84] The Nanpara Taluqdari was one of the taluqdars (feudatory states) in British India. The title of "Raja" was conferred on the Nanpara House in 1763 by the Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula, the King of Oudh and has then recognized by British. With holding of 439 villages it was the largest Muslim taluqdars (landowners) in British India.[85][86]
  • Mamdot Nawabi (1800–1947), Qutubuddin Khan, a Kheshgi and Chief of Kasur 1794/1807, Nawab of Mamdot 1800/1831 in Ferozepur district in Indian Punjab; he conquered Mamdot from the Rai of Raikot in 1800, but lost control of Kasur in 1807. Jalalabad, Firozpur was founded by Nawab of Mamdot as its capital. Nawab Sir Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot was the largest Muslim Nawab of the Punjab Chiefs.[87]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The chronicles include those of Tahir, Haidar Malik, Rafiu'd Din Ahmad and Muhammad A'azam.[60]

References

  1. ↑ selskab, Kongelige Danske videnskabernes (1960). Historisk-filosofiske meddelelser. I kommission hos Munksgaard. p. 8.
  2. ↑ Ultimate Reality and Meaning. Van Gorcum. 1984. p. 38.
  3. ↑ Tapper, Richard; McLachlan, Keith (2004-11-23). Technology, Tradition and Survival: Aspects of Material Culture in the Middle East and Central Asia. Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-135-77701-2.
  4. ↑ McChesney, Robert; Khorrami, Mohammad Mehdi (2012-12-19). The History of Afghanistan (6 vol. set): Fayż Muḥammad Kātib Hazārah's Sirāj al-tawārīkh. BRILL. p. 2038. ISBN 978-90-04-23498-7.
  5. ↑ Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014). The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th–19th Centuries). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. ISBN 978-3-7001-7202-4.
  6. ↑ Malleson, George Bruce (1878). History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878. London: Elibron.com. p. 227. ISBN 1402172788. Archived from the original on 2017-04-16. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
  7. ↑ Ewans, Martin; Sir Martin Ewans (2002). Afghanistan: a short history of its people and politics. New York: Perennial. p. 30. ISBN 0060505087. Archived from the original on 2017-04-16. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
  8. ↑ "Aḥmad Shah Durrānī". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Archived from the original on 2014-04-04. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
  9. ↑ "Afghanistan (Archived)". John Ford Shroder. University of Nebraska. 2010. Archived from the original on October 31, 2009. Retrieved 2010-03-21.
  10. 1 2 "The Durrani dynasty". Louis Dupree, Nancy Hatch Dupree and others. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2010. Archived from the original on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2012-10-01.
  11. ↑ "-- Schwartzberg Atlas -- Digital South Asia Library". dsal.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-06-05. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  12. ↑ Know Your State West Bengal. Arihant Experts. 2019. p. 15. Turk-Afghan Rule: Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji's invasion to Bengal marked the advent of Turk-Afghan rule in Bengal.
  13. ↑ Chandra, Satish (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526). p. 226. Although the Afghans formed a large group in the army of the Delhi Sultanat, only few Afghan nobles had been accorded important positions . That is why Bakhtiyar Khalji who was part - Afghan had to seek his fortune in Bihar and Bengal.
  14. ↑ Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). "Balka Khalji, Ikhtiyaruddin". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  15. ↑ Khan, Yusuf Husain (1971). Indo-Muslim Polity (Turko-Afghan Period). Indian Institute of Advanced Study. Archived from the original on 2023-03-10. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  16. ↑ Fisher, Michael H. (18 October 2018). An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2022. In 1290, the Turk-Afghan Khilji clan ended the first mamluk dynasty and then ruled in Delhi until one of their own Turkish mamluk commanders rebelled and established his own Tugluq dynasty
  17. ↑ Satish Chandra (2007). History of Medieval India:800-1700. Orient Longman. p. 93. ISBN 978-81-250-3226-7. Archived from the original on 2023-03-10. Retrieved 2022-11-23. The Khalji rebellion was welcomed by the non-Turkish sections in the nobility. The Khaljis who were of a mixed Turkish-Afghan origin, did not exclude the Turks from high offices, but the rise of the Khaljis to power ended the Turkish monopoly of high offices
  18. ↑ Mohammad Aziz Ahmad (1939). "The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India. (1206-1290 A.d.)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Indian History Congress. 3: 832–841. JSTOR 44252438.
  19. ↑ Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava (1966). The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D. (Second ed.). Shiva Lal Agarwala. p. 98. OCLC 575452554. His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non Turks by Turks.
  20. ↑ Abraham Eraly (2015). The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin Books. p. 126. ISBN 978-93-5118-658-8. Archived from the original on 2023-03-10. Retrieved 2022-10-10:"The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks."{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  21. ↑ "Khalji Dynasty". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2014-11-13. This dynasty, like the previous Slave dynasty, was of Turkish origin, though the Khaljī tribe had long been settled in Afghanistan. Its three kings were noted for their faithlessness, their ferocity, and their penetration to the South of India.
  22. ↑ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-5988-4337-8. Archived from the original on 2023-03-10. Retrieved 2013-06-13.
  23. ↑ Barua, Pradeep (2005). The state at war in South Asia. U of Nebraska Press. p. 437. ISBN 0-8032-1344-1. Archived from the original on 2023-01-16. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  24. ↑ Haig, T.W. & Islam, Riazul (1991). "Mālwā". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume VI: Mahk–Mid (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3.
  25. ↑ Keay, John (2011-04-12). India: A History. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. ISBN 978-0-8021-9550-0. Archived from the original on 2023-02-20. Retrieved 2023-03-03.
  26. ↑ Wink, André (2004). Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries. BRILL. p. 140. ISBN 90-04-13561-8. The Subsequent Khalji dynasty (1436-1531) had the same origin as the Khalji dynasty of Delhi...
  27. ↑ Hadi, Nabi (1995). Dictionary of Indo-Persian Literature. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-311-3. Originally he belonged to a neighborhood of Bukhara, and after much wandering across the cities of the Islamic world, at last, came to settle in Mandu, capital city of the Independent Sultans of Malwah claiming descent from the Khalji clan, the Turko-Afghan mixture.
  28. ↑ Lee, Jonathan (2019). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. p. 55. ISBN 9781789140101.
  29. ↑ Wink, André (2003-11-15). Al-Hind, Volume 3 Indo-Islamic Society, 14th- 15th Centuries. BRILL. p. 143. ISBN 978-90-474-0274-9.
  30. ↑ Kolff, Dirk H. A. (2002). Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 103. ISBN 9780521523059.
  31. ↑ Hasan, Masudul (1998). History of Islam: Classical period, 1206-1900 C.E. Adam Publishers & Distributers. p. 374.
  32. ↑ V. S. Krishnan · (1982). Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Ujjain. p. 46.
  33. ↑ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp.112-3
  34. 1 2 "-- Schwartzberg Atlas -- Digital South Asia Library". dsal.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
  35. ↑ Lee, Jonathan (2019). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. p. 57. ISBN 9781789140101.
  36. ↑ Ali Khan, Zulfiqar (1925). Sher Shah Suri, Emperor of India. Civil and Military Gazette Press. pp. 99–100.
  37. ↑ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011-07-22). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 830. ISBN 978-1-59884-337-8.
  38. ↑ Smith, Vincent Arthur (1917). Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542–1605. Oxford at the Clarendon Press. p. 33.
  39. ↑ Baumer, Christoph (2018). History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-83860-867-5.
  40. ↑ Begum, Gulbadan (1902). The History of Humāyūn (Humāyūn-nāmah). Royal Asiatic Society. p. 260.
  41. ↑ "Battles for India at Sirhind". Times of India Blog. 2018-03-18. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
  42. ↑ Numismatic Digest. Numismatic Society of Bombay. 2000. p. 64.
  43. ↑ Jenkins, Everett (2015). The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas, Volume 1. McFarland. p. 257. ISBN 9781476608884. Zafar Khan alias Alauddin Hasan Gangu ('Ala al-Din Hasan Bahman Shah), an Afghan or a Turk soldier, revolted against Delhi and established the Muslim Kingdom of Bahmani on August 3 in the South (Madura) and ruled as Sultan Alauddin Bahman Shah.
  44. ↑ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse. Psychology Press. p. 181. ISBN 9780415329200. The Bahmani sultanate of the Deccan Soon after Muhammad Tughluq left Daulatabad, the city was conquered by Zafar Khan, a Turkish or Afghan officer of unknown descent, had earlier participated in a mutiny of troops in Gujarat.
  45. ↑ Wink, André (2020). The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. ISBN 9781108417747.
  46. ↑ Kerr, Gordon (2017). A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse. Oldcastle Books Ltd. p. 160. ISBN 9781843449232. In the early fourteenth century, the Muslim Bahmani kingdom of the Deccan emerged following Alauddin's conquest of the south. Zafar Khan, an Afghan general and governor appointed by Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, was victorious against the troops of the Delhi Sultanate, establishing the Bahmani kingdom with its capital at Ahsanabad (modern-day Gulbarga).
  47. ↑ Scott, Jonathan (2016). Ferishta's History of Dekkan from the first Mahummedan conquests: with a continuation from other native writers, of the events in that part of India, to the reduction of its last monarchs by the emperor Aulumgeer Aurungzebe: also, the reigns of his successors in the empire of Hindoostan to the present day: and the history of Bengal, from the accession of Aliverdee Khan to the year 1780. hansebooks. p. 15. ISBN 9783743414709. Some Authors write that he was descended from Bahman, one of the ancient kings of Persia. And I have seen a pedigree of him, fo derived (?), in the royal library of Ahmednagar: but am inclined to believe, such lineage was only framed upon his accession to royalty, by flatterers and poets, and that his origin is too obscure to be authentically traced. The apellation of Bahmani, he certainly took in compliment to Kango Brahmin, which is often pronounced Bhamen, and by tribe he was an Afghan.
  48. 1 2 Jayanta Gaḍakarī (2000). Hindu Muslim Communalism. p. 140.
  49. ↑ McCann, Michael W. (1994-07-15). Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-55571-3.
  50. ↑ Suvorova (2000). Masnavi: A Study of Urdu. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-579148-8.
  51. ↑ Husaini (Saiyid.), Abdul Qadir (1960). Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom. Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay. pp. 60–63.
  52. ↑ Ahmed Farooqui, Salma (2011). Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson. p. 150. ISBN 9789332500983.
  53. ↑ Ansari, N.H. "Bahmanid Dynasty" Archived 19 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopaedia Iranica
  54. 1 2 Schimmel, Annemarie (1980). Islam in the Indian Subcontinent. BRILL. p. 44. ISBN 90-04-06117-7. Retrieved 2014-11-10.
  55. ↑ Wani, Muhammad Ashraf; Wani, Aman Ashraf (2023-02-22). The Making of Early Kashmir: Intercultural Networks and Identity Formation. Taylor & Francis. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-000-83655-4.
  56. 1 2 3 Baloch, N. A.; Rafiq, A. Q. (1998). "The regions of Sind, Baluchistan, Multan and Kashmir: the historical, social and economic setting". History of Civilizations of Central Asia (PDF). Vol. IV. Unesco. pp. 293–318. ISBN 923103467-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2016.
  57. ↑ Malik, Jamal (2020-04-06). Islam in South Asia: Revised, Enlarged and Updated Second Edition. BRILL. p. 157. ISBN 978-90-04-42271-1.
  58. ↑ Holt, Peter Malcolm; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1970). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-521-29137-8.
  59. ↑ Markovits, Claude (2004-09-24). A History of Modern India, 1480-1950. Anthem Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-84331-152-2.
  60. ↑ Gull, Surayia (2003), Mir Saiyid Ali Hamadani And Kubraviya Sufi Order In Kashmir, Kanikshka Publishers, Distributors, p. 3, ISBN 978-81-7391-581-9
  61. ↑ Bhatt, Saligram (2008). Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace: Proceedings of National Seminar by Kashmir Education Culture & Science Society (K.E.C.S.S.), New Delhi. APH Publishing. p. 108. ISBN 978-81-313-0402-0.
  62. ↑ Hasan, Mohibbul (2005). Kashmir Under the Sultans. Aakar Books. p. 42. ISBN 978-81-87879-49-7.
  63. ↑ Wink, André (2004), Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries, BRILL, p. 140, ISBN 90-04-13561-8, The first Muslim dynasty of Kashmir was founded in 1324 by Shah Mìrzà, who was probably an Afghan warrior from Swat or a Qarauna Turk, possibly even a Tibetan ...
  64. ↑ The Encyclopaedia of Islām: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples. E. J. Brill. 1970. p. 793. Perhaps made the way easier for the next Musalman adventurer, Shah - Mir Swatt (probably an Afghan), who seized the crown and brought in Muhammadun rule under the title of Shams al-Azam in 735 (1334).
  65. ↑ Sharma, R. S. (1992), A Comprehensive History of India, Orient Longmans, p. 628, ISBN 978-81-7007-121-1, Jonaraja records two events of Suhadeva's reign (1301-20), which were of far-reaching importance and virtually changed the course of the history of Kashmir. The first was the arrival of Shah Mir in 1313. He was a Muslim condottiere from the border of Panchagahvara, an area situated to the south of the Divasar pargana in the valley of river Ans, a tributary of the Chenab.
  66. 1 2 3 Zutshi, N. K. (1976), Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir: an age of enlightenment, Nupur Prakashan, p. 7, "This area in which Panchagahvara was situated is mentioned as having been the place of habitation of the Khasa tribe. Shah Mir was, therefore, a Khasa by birth. This conclusion is further strengthened by references to the part of the Khasas increasingly played in the politics of Kashmir with which their connections became intimate after the occupation of Kashmir.
  67. ↑ Wani, Nizam-ud-Din (1987), Muslim rule in Kashmir, 1554 A.D. to 1586 A.D., Jay Kay Book House, p. 29, Shamir was a Khasa by birth and descended from the chiefs of Panchagahvara.
  68. ↑ Sharma, R. S. (1992), A Comprehensive History of India, Orient Longmans, p. 628, ISBN 978-81-7007-121-1, Jonaraja records two events of Suhadeva's reign (1301-20), which were of far-reaching importance and virtually changed the course of the history of Kashmir. The first was the arrival of Shah Mir in 1313. He was a Muslim condottiere from the border of Panchagahvara, an area situated to the south of the Divasar pargana in the valley of river Ans, a tributary of the Chenab.
  69. ↑ Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Volume 12 page 429
  70. ↑ "BHOPAL". Archived from the original on 2015-06-07. Retrieved 2015-04-22.
  71. ↑ "Mirazi" is probably of "Mir Aziz". (Shaharyar M. Khan, 2000)
  72. ↑ "Junagadh". Genealogical Gleanings. Soszynski, Henry. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 2010-01-24. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  73. ↑ "Junagadh". Archived from the original on 2017-05-20. Retrieved 2015-04-02.
  74. ↑ "Radhanpur". Archived from the original on 2015-12-24. Retrieved 2015-04-02.
  75. ↑ "Balasinor". Archived from the original on 2018-01-16. Retrieved 2015-04-02.
  76. ↑ "Manavadar". Archived from the original on 2016-05-16. Retrieved 2015-04-02.
  77. ↑ "BANTVA". Archived from the original on 2015-04-17. Retrieved 2015-04-18.
  78. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-01. Retrieved 2015-04-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  79. ↑ "Pataudi". Archived from the original on 2015-01-28. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
  80. ↑ "DUJANA". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
  81. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-01. Retrieved 2015-04-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  82. ↑ "Palanpur". Archived from the original on 2018-01-15. Retrieved 2015-04-04.
  83. ↑ Azer, Rahman (19 August 2014). "Nawabs and paan leaves". No. Bangalore. Deccan Herald. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  84. ↑ Pathans of Uttar Pradesh#Pathans of Bahraich Gonda and Balrampur District
  85. ↑ Nanpara
  86. ↑ "Nanpara". Archived from the original on 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
  87. ↑ A Book of Readings on the History of the Punjab: 1799–1947. Research Society of Pakistan, University of the Punjab. 1970. Archived from the original on 2022-02-05. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.