Penghu Islands
澎湖縣
Pescadores
County
Penghu County
Clockwise from the top: A night view of Xiying Rainbow Bridge, Zhongyang Old Street, Qimei Double-Heart of Stacked Stones, Baisha Beach, Penghu Tianhou Temple, Budai Harbor
Clockwise from the top: A night view of Xiying Rainbow Bridge, Zhongyang Old Street, Qimei Double-Heart of Stacked Stones, Baisha Beach, Penghu Tianhou Temple, Budai Harbor
Flag of Penghu Islands
Flag
Official seal of Penghu Islands
Logo
Coordinates: 23°34′03″N 119°34′39″E / 23.56750°N 119.57750°E / 23.56750; 119.57750
Country Republic of China (Taiwan)
ProvinceTaiwan Province (streamlined)
SeatMagong City
Largest cityMagong
BoroughsOne city, five rural townships
Government
 • Body
 • County MagistrateChen Kuang-fu (DPP)
Area
 • Total141.052 km2 (54.460 sq mi)
 • Rank22 of 22
Population
 (December 2014)
 • Total101,758
 • Rank21 of 22
 • Density720/km2 (1,900/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (National Standard Time)
ISO 3166 codeTW-PEN
Websitewww.penghu.gov.tw
Symbols
BirdSmall Skylark (Alauda gulgula)
FlowerFirewheel (Gaillardia pulchella)
TreeChinese Banyan (Ficus microcarpa)
Penghu Islands
Traditional Chinese澎湖群島
PostalPescadores Islands
Penghu Island
Traditional Chinese澎湖島
Penghu County
Traditional Chinese澎湖縣
Historical affiliations

Song dynasty (1170–1279)
Great Yuan Empire (1281–1368)
Great Ming Empire (1368–1622, 1624–1644)
Dutch Empire (1622–1624)
Kingdom of Tungning (1661–1683)
Great Qing Empire (1683–1895)
Empire of Japan (1895–1945)
Republic of China (1945–present)

Northern islands of Penghu (the Pescadores)

The Penghu (/ˈpʌŋˈhuː/ PUNG-HOO,[1] Hokkien POJ: Phîⁿ-ô͘  or Phêⁿ-ô͘ ) or Pescadores Islands are an archipelago of 90 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait, located approximately 50 km (31 mi) west from the main island of Taiwan across the Penghu Channel, covering an area of 141 square kilometers (54 sq mi). The archipelago collectively forms Penghu County of Taiwan and is the smallest county of Taiwan. The largest city is Magong, located on the largest island, which is also named Magong.

The Penghu islands first appear in the historical record during the Tang dynasty and were inhabited by Chinese people by the Southern Song dynasty, during which they were attached to Jinjiang County of Fujian.[2] The archipelago was formally incorporated as an administrative unit of China in 1281 under Tong'an County of Jiangzhe Province during the Yuan dynasty.[3] It continued to be controlled by Imperial China with brief European occupations by the Dutch (1622–1624) and French (1885), until it was ceded to the Japanese Empire in 1895. Since the end of World War II, Penghu has been governed by the Republic of China (ROC). Under the terms of the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty and the subsequent Taiwan Relations Act between the ROC and the United States, Penghu is defined and geographically acknowledged as part of Taiwan.[4][5]

Penghu Islands rely solely on sea and air transportation, with air transport taking a significant part for outside access. The islands are served by three local domestic airports: Penghu Airport, Qimei Airport, and Wang-an Airport. The Penghu National Scenic Area comprises most of the islands and islets of the archipelago, it is also renowned for its unique natural feature of columnar basalt landscape. Tourism is one of the main sources of income to the county.

Name

The "Penghu" islands were mentioned in a series of poems during the Tang dynasty (618–907). During the Song dynasty (960–1279), it was mentioned that during the Tang period, "Pinghu" barbarians from beyond Quanzhou laid siege to Fuzhou, now the capital of Fujian Province.[2] In 1171, the poet Lou Yue described a place across the sea from Quanzhou, identified as Penghu, that had thousands of sandbars called "Pinghu" (flat lake) because of the "encircling shape of its inner coastline".[6] Song sources describe migrants from Fujian cultivating land on Pinghu.[7] In 1225, the Song historian Zhao Rukuo called the islands attached to Jinjiang County "Penghu".[8] In 1227, Wang Xiangzhi described Penghu as a group of 36 islands in an "outlying region" which took three days to reach by sailing from Jinjiang.[9] In the Southern Min language, both Pinghu and Penghu are pronounced similarly, and scholars in Taiwan believe them to be the same place.[8] In Southern Min it is pronounced Phêⁿ-ô·.[10]

According to official Penghu County Chronicle, Penghu's original name had been "Pinghu"(平湖), but as "Ping"(平) sounded similar to "Peng"(彭) in Hokkien, "Pinghu"(平湖) was also written as "Penghu"(彭湖), and ultimately upon consensus, it is written as "Penghu"(澎湖).[11][12]

The name "Pescadores" comes from the Portuguese name Ilhas dos Pescadores ("Fishermen Islands"). The European Portuguese pronunciation is [pɨʃkɐˈðoɾɨʃ] but, in English, it is typically closer to /ˌpɛskəˈdɔːrɪz, -iːz/.[10] The islands have also been called Pehoe from the Minnan name Phêⁿ-ô·.[10]

History

Prehistory

Penghu 1, a fossil jaw (mandible) dating to the Middle or Late Pleistocene that belonged to a member of an extinct hominin species, possibly a Denisovan, was discovered in the Penghu Channel c. 2008.[13]

Finds of fine red cord-marked pottery at Guoye, Huxi, indicate that Penghu was visited by Austronesians from southwestern Taiwan around 5,000 years ago, though not settled permanently.[14]

Song dynasty

Han Chinese from southern Fujian began to establish fishing communities on the islands in the 9th and 10th centuries,[14] and representatives were intermittently stationed there by the Southern Song and Yuan governments from c. 1170.[15] Chinese fishermen had settled on the Penghu Islands by 1171, when a group of "Bisheye" bandits with dark skin speaking a foreign language landed on Penghu and plundered the fields planted by Chinese migrants. The Song government sent soldiers after them and from that time on, Song patrols regularly visited Penghu in the spring and summer. A local official, Wang Dayou, had houses built on Penghu and stationed troops there to prevent depredations from the Bisheye.[16][17][15] Coins dating to the Xining (1068-1077) and Zhenghe (1111-1117) reign periods as well as many Song pottery and porcelain shards have been unearthed in Penghu.[9]

In 1225, the Book of Barbarian Nations anecdotally indicated that Penghu was attached to Jinjiang, Quanzhou Prefecture.[3] A group of Quanzhou immigrants lived on Penghu.[18]

Yuan dynasty

In November 1281, the Yuan dynasty under Emperor Shizu officially established the Penghu Patrol and Inspection Agency under the jurisdiction of Tong'an County, incorporating Penghu into China's borders 403 years earlier than Taiwan.[3]

Wang Dayuan gave a detailed first-hand account of the islands in his Daoyi Zhilüe (1349).[19]

There are thirty-six islands, large and small, so close together that the slopes of one are visible from another. Among them are seven harbors which are named. With a favoring wind they can be reached from Ch'üan-chou in two days and nights. There is grass but no trees ; the land is barren and not suited for growing rice. The Ch'üan-chou people make their houses by thatching grass. The weather is always warm. The customs [of the residents] are rustic. Many of the people are long-lived [or, the people are mostly old]. Men and women both wear long cloth gowns girded with local cotton cloth. They boil sea [water] to get salt, and ferment millet to make liquor. They gather fish, shrimp, snails, and clams to supplement their [staple of grain]. They burn ox dung to cook fish fat for use as oil. The land produces sesame and green beans. The goats multiply into flocks of several tens of thousands. A family [which owns some goats] brands their hair and cuts their horns as marks of identification, but does not gather them in during the day or night, so that they all forage for themselves. Their workmen and merchants enjoy the profits of a flourishing trade.
The territory is attached to Chin-chiang county [hsien] of Ch'üan-chou [prefecture]. During the reign-period Chih-yüan 至元[1280-1294] a sub-county magistrate was assigned there to be in charge of the annual tax fixed on salt; during the Chung-t'ung 中統 reign-period [1260-1279] this amounted to ten ingots [ting 錠] and twenty-five ounces. No other tax or corvée is levied.[20]

— Wang Dayuan

Ming dynasty

In the 15th century, the Ming ordered the evacuation of the islands as part of their maritime ban. When these restrictions were removed in the late 16th century, legal fishing communities, most of which hailed from Tong'an County,[21] were re-established on the islands. These fishermen worshiped at the Mazu Temple that gave Magong its name and themselves gave rise to the Portuguese and English name Pescadores.[15] The Ming established a permanent military presence starting in 1597.[22]

At this time, the Dutch East India Company was trying to force China to open a port in Fujian to Dutch trade and expel the Portuguese from Macau.[23][24][25] When the Dutch were defeated by the Portuguese at the Battle of Macau in 1622, they seized Penghu, built a fort there, and threatened raids on Chinese ports and shipping unless the Chinese allowed trading with them on Penghu and that China not trade with Manila.[26] In response, the Chinese governor of Fujian demanded that the Dutch withdraw from Penghu to Taiwan, where the Chinese would permit them to engage in trade.[27][28] The Dutch continued to raid the Fujian coast between October 1622 and January 1624 to force their demands, but were unsuccessful.[29] In 1624, the new governor of Fujian sent a fleet of 40–50 warships with 5,000 troops to Penghu and expelled the Dutch, who moved to Fort Zeelandia on Taiwan.[30][31]

Qing dynasty

Map of Penghu, 1752

For a period in the mid-17th century, Taiwan and the archipelago were ruled by the Kingdom of Tungning under the Zheng family, which was overthrown by the Qing dynasty in 1683 after the Battle of Penghu. Military personnel were stationed on Penghu afterwards. Penghu became a sub-prefecture of Taiwan Prefecture, Fujian Province, during the Qing period.[32]

The Penghu archipelago was captured by the French in March 1885, in the closing weeks of the Sino-French War, and evacuated four months later. The Pescadores Campaign was the last campaign of Admiral Amédée Courbet, whose naval victories during the war had made him a national hero in France. Courbet was among several French soldiers and sailors who succumbed to cholera during the French occupation of Penghu. He died aboard his flagship Bayard in Makung harbour on 11 June 1885.[33]

Empire of Japan

Hōko Prefecture Government building

Towards the end of the First Sino-Japanese War, having defeated the Qing in northern China, Japan sought to ensure that it obtained Penghu and Taiwan in the final settlement. In March 1895, the Japanese defeated the Chinese garrison on the islands and occupied Makung. The Japanese occupation of Penghu, with its fine harbor, gave the Imperial Japanese Navy an advanced base from which their short-range coal-burning ships could control the Taiwan Straits and thus prevent more Chinese troops from being sent to Taiwan. This action persuaded the Chinese negotiators at Shimonoseki that Japan was determined to annex Taiwan, and, after Penghu, Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula had been ceded to Japan in the Sino-Japanese Treaty of Shimonoseki in April, helped to ensure the success of the Japanese invasion of Taiwan in May.[34]

Penghu County was then called the Hōko Prefecture by the Japanese government of Taiwan. During World War II, Makō (Makung) was a major base for the Imperial Japanese Navy and the embarkation point for the invasion of the Philippines.

Republic of China

The Pescadores (1950)

In the Cairo Declaration of 1943, the United States, the United Kingdom and China stated it to be their purpose that "all the territories that Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Formosa and The Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China". On 26 July 1945, the three governments issued the Potsdam Declaration, declaring that "the terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out". However, the United States and the United Kingdom have regarded the aforementioned documents as merely wartime statements of intention with no binding force in law.[35]

Following the surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945, Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers Douglas MacArthur issued General Order No. 1, which directed Japanese forces to surrender to the Allied Powers and facilitate the occupation of Japanese territories by the Allied Powers. The Office of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers ordered Japanese forces in China and Taiwan to surrender to Chiang Kai-shek, who the Allied Powers delegated to accept the surrender. On 25 October 1945, Governor-General Rikichi Andō handed over the administration of Taiwan and the Penghu islands to the head of the Taiwan Investigation Commission, Chen Yi.[36][37]

The Republic of China and Japan signed the Treaty of Taipei on April 28, 1952, and the treaty came into force on August 5, which is considered by some as giving a legal support to the Republic of China's claim to Taiwan as "de jure" territory. The treaty stipulates that all treaties, conventions, and agreements between China and Japan prior to 9 December 1941 were null and void, which according to Hungdah Chiu, abolishes the Treaty of Shimonoseki ceding Taiwan to Japan. In the 1956 Japan v. Lai Chin Jung case, it was stated that Taiwan and the Penghu islands came to belong to the ROC on the date the Treaty of Taipei came into force.[37]

However, in 1954, the United States denied that the sovereignty over Taiwan and the Penghu islands had been settled by the Treaty of Taipei.[38] In the following year, the United States also stated its position that Taiwan and Penghu were handed over to the Allied Powers, and that the Republic of China was merely asked to administer these territories for the Allied Powers pending a final decision as to their ownership. [39] In the 1960 Sheng v. Rogers case, it was stated that, in the view of the U.S. State Department, no agreement has purported to transfer the sovereignty of Taiwan to the ROC, though it accepted the exercise of Chinese authority over Taiwan and recognized the Government of the Republic of China as the legal government of China at the time.[40]

Boat people fleeing Vietnam in the 1970s and 1980s who were rescued by Taiwan's ships in the South China Sea were sent to Penghu.[41]

On 25 May 2002, China Airlines Flight 611, a Boeing 747-200 aircraft flying from Taipei to Hong Kong, disintegrated and exploded over the Islands. The wreckage slammed into the Taiwan Strait, a couple of miles off the coast. All 225 passengers and crew on board were killed.[42]

Climate

Penghu County has a dry-winter humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cwa), bordering on a regular humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa).

Climate data for Penghu (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1897–present）
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 28.6
(83.5)		 29.5
(85.1)		 30.8
(87.4)		 33.0
(91.4)		 34.2
(93.6)		 35.9
(96.6)		 36.7
(98.1)		 35.2
(95.4)		 35.1
(95.2)		 35.3
(95.5)		 31.1
(88.0)		 30.0
(86.0)		 36.7
(98.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 19.4
(66.9)		 20.0
(68.0)		 22.9
(73.2)		 26.3
(79.3)		 29.1
(84.4)		 30.9
(87.6)		 32.2
(90.0)		 31.8
(89.2)		 31.0
(87.8)		 28.2
(82.8)		 25.1
(77.2)		 21.3
(70.3)		 26.5
(79.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 17.1
(62.8)		 17.4
(63.3)		 19.9
(67.8)		 23.2
(73.8)		 25.9
(78.6)		 27.9
(82.2)		 28.9
(84.0)		 28.6
(83.5)		 28.0
(82.4)		 25.5
(77.9)		 22.7
(72.9)		 19.1
(66.4)		 23.7
(74.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 15.5
(59.9)		 15.6
(60.1)		 17.8
(64.0)		 21.1
(70.0)		 24.0
(75.2)		 25.9
(78.6)		 26.7
(80.1)		 26.6
(79.9)		 26.1
(79.0)		 24.0
(75.2)		 21.3
(70.3)		 17.7
(63.9)		 21.9
(71.4)
Record low °C (°F) 7.7
(45.9)		 7.2
(45.0)		 7.4
(45.3)		 10.5
(50.9)		 16.6
(61.9)		 19.3
(66.7)		 21.8
(71.2)		 21.1
(70.0)		 19.2
(66.6)		 15.0
(59.0)		 9.6
(49.3)		 9.0
(48.2)		 7.2
(45.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 20.9
(0.82)		 38.1
(1.50)		 50.7
(2.00)		 77.9
(3.07)		 117.8
(4.64)		 148.0
(5.83)		 163.2
(6.43)		 229.4
(9.03)		 100.3
(3.95)		 30.1
(1.19)		 26.0
(1.02)		 28.1
(1.11)		 1,030.5
(40.59)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 5.2 6.2 7.6 8.7 9.3 10.2 8.1 9.4 5.6 2.4 3.6 4.8 81.1
Average relative humidity (%) 78.7 80.7 80.0 80.9 82.8 85.2 83.6 84.4 79.6 75.2 76.8 76.8 80.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 102.9 98.7 131.1 153.1 183.6 211.2 265.3 231.4 214.9 186.4 129.2 111.4 2,019.2
Source: Central Weather Bureau[43][44][45][46][47]

Geology

Columnar basalt at South Penghu Marine National Park

Penghu is the remnant of a Miocene aged shield volcano, the stratigraphy of the island is dominated by two to four layers of basalt interbedded with sandstone and mudstone deposited in shallow marine conditions.[48]

Demographics

Ethnicities

The majority of the populace (72%+) in Penghu are descendants of settlers from Tong'an in Fujian.[21]

Population

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1985 102,282—    
1990 95,932−6.2%
1995 90,937−5.2%
2000 89,496−1.6%
2005 91,785+2.6%
2010 96,918+5.6%
2015 102,304+5.6%
Source: "Populations by city and country in Taiwan". Ministry of the Interior. May 2018. Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2016.

Language

In Penghu, the native language is Taiwanese Hokkien, with Tong'an dialect being the most prevalent speech.[49]

Government

Lai Feng-wei, the incumbent Magistrate of Penghu County.
Penghu County Hall

Penghu County is administered by Penghu County Government headed by Magistrate Lai Feng-wei of the Kuomintang and headquartered at the Penghu County Hall.

Administrative divisions

Administrative subdivisions of Penghu County

Penghu County is divided into one city and five rural townships. It is further divided into 97 villages.[50] Like Lienchiang County, Penghu County has no urban townships. The county seat is located at Magong City where it houses the Penghu County Hall and Penghu County Council.

TypeNameChineseTaiwaneseHakkaEnglish translation
City Magong City馬公市Má-kengMâ-kûngOriginally Mazu Temple (媽宮)
Rural
townships		 Baisha白沙鄉Pe̍h-soaPha̍k-sâWhite Sand
Cimei (Qimei)七美鄉Chhit-bíTshit-mîSeven Beauties (大嶼)
Huxi湖西鄉Ô͘-saiFù-sîLake West
Wangan (Wang-an, Wang'an)望安鄉Bāng-oaⁿMong-ônHope Safe (網垵)
Xiyu西嶼鄉Sai-sūSî-yíWestern Isle

The main island (comprising Magong City and Huxi Township), Baisha and Xiyu are the three most populous islands and are connected via bridges. The Penghu Great Bridge connecting Baisha and Xiyu is the longest bridge in Taiwan. Two shorter bridges connect Huxi and Baisha via the small island of Zhongtun.

Politics

The county elects a single representative to the Legislative Yuan. In the 2016 Republic of China legislative election, this seat was won by the Democratic Progressive Party with 55.4% of the vote.[51]

Political dispute

Despite the controversy over the political status of Taiwan, both the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China agree that Penghu is a county in (their own respective) "Taiwan Province" (Taiwan Province, Republic of China and Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China). Yet, geographically, the island of Taiwan does not include Penghu, although it is closer to Taiwan than mainland China. Thus, Penghu is listed separately from "Taiwan" in some contexts, e.g. the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu (the official WTO name for the Republic of China) and in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the Cairo Declaration, and the Treaty of San Francisco.[52][53][54]

Economy

Due to its restricted geography, fisheries have been the main industry for Penghu.[55] The Agriculture and Fisheries Bureau of the Penghu County Government governs matters related to agriculture and fisheries in Penghu. In 2016, the bureau placed a ban on the harvesting of sea urchins due to their declining population. However, the ban was lifted in 2017 but catches are limited only to those species larger than 8 cm (3.1 in) in diameter.[56]

Education

National Penghu University of Science and Technology

Education-related matters in Penghu County are administered under the Education Department of the Penghu County Government. The county houses the National Penghu University of Science and Technology.

Energy

Chienshan Power Plant

Penghu is powered by the Chienshan Power Plant, a 140 MW diesel-fired power plant commissioned in 2001, and the Hujing Power Plant on Table Island. On 24 December 2010, the Taiwan-Penghu Undersea Cable Project of Taipower was approved by the Executive Yuan to connect the electrical grid in Taiwan Island to Penghu.[57]

Under a wind power development project approved in 2002 by the Executive Yuan, the ROC government plans to set up a total of 200 wind turbines in Penghu within 10 years. However, only 14 turbines have been set up as of 2015. On 1 October 2015, Taipower announced the construction of another 11 new wind turbines across the island, of which six will be constructed in Huxi Township and five in Baisha Township.[58]

The current total desalination capacity of the county to provide clean water to its residents is 15,500 m3 per day. To reduce its groundwater use, in November 2015 the county secured a contract of building an additional desalination plant with 4,000 m3 capacity per day, construction of which is expected to be completed by May 2018.[59]

Tourism

The Penghu National Scenic Area was established in the early 1990s, comprising most of the islands and islets of the archipelago. Tourism has since become one of the main sources of income of the county.

Historical sites include Central Street, Erdai Art Hall, Tianhou Temple, Four-eyed Well, Penghu Reclamation Hall, Qimei Lighthouse, Xiyu Eastern Fort, Jinguitou Fortress and Xiyu Western Fort. Museums in the county are Chuwan Crab Museum, Ocean Resources Museum, Chang Yu-sheng Memorial Museum and Penghu Living Museum. Other attractions in the county include the Double-Heart of Stacked Stones, Fenggui Cave, Little Taiwan, Whale Cave, Xiaomen Geology Gallery and South Penghu Marine National Park.[60]

Since 1 January 2015, tourists from Mainland China can directly apply for the Exit & Entry Permit upon arrival in Penghu. This privilege also applies to Kinmen and the Matsu Islands as a means to boost tourism in the outlying islands of Taiwan.[61]

The county welcomed 1.8 million tourists in 2018 with an average annual growth of around 10%.[62]

Drug trafficking

As a lightly populated outlying island, Penghu lends itself to being used as a trans-shipment hub for drug smuggling into Taiwan from China and the Philippines. Beginning in 2016, the area became the focus of a major drug trafficking crackdown by the Taiwanese police.[63][64][65]

In 2016, Chou Meng-hsiang (周盟翔), chief prosecutor of the Penghu District Prosecutors Office, "led an investigation team in Taiwan, including officers from the Coast Guard Administration, in a bid to bring (a) drug trafficking ring to justice." A joint investigation with Philippine and Chinese authorities spanning one and a half years resulted in the seizure of "22.6 kilograms of amphetamine, 11.4 kilograms of ephedrine, and about 40 kilograms of calcium chloride" with an estimated value of NT$123 million. Eight suspects were arrested in Cagayan, a small island in northern Philippines, but no Taiwanese nationals were charged in relation to the importation scheme.[66]

In 2017, media reported "the biggest-ever haul of drugs in the county's history" when 506 kg of ephedrine was seized from a Chinese fishing boat off Penghu "as part of an ongoing crackdown on the area drug trade".[63] Ephedrine smuggling has increased in recent years as it has a similar structure to amphetamines and can be easily converted into methamphetamine. According to a Focus Taiwan report, "(It) can then be sold for ten times the price, in this case that would be more than NT$1 billion (US$33.33 million)."[64]

Despite the size of the drug seizure, only the five crew members of the Chinese fishing boat were detained in the operation, with authorities "unable to find the Taiwanese ship which should have turned up to take delivery of the drugs". It was unclear from media reports how the Taiwanese side of the smuggling operation knew to abort the rendezvous. The suppliers of the shipment also evaded capture. It was believed that the drugs were destined to be transported from Penghu for distribution on Taiwan.[67]

Transport

Qimei Airport

Air

Penghu is served by Penghu Airport in Magong City and Qimei Airport in Cimei Township. Both airports opened in 1977. Daily Air operates flights between Penghu to Kaohsiung.

Water

The county has Magong Harbor and Longmen Jianshan Pier. Magong Harbor hosts ferry connections with Kaohsiung, Tainan, Chiayi and Kinmen.

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ "Penghu". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
  2. 1 2 Liu 2012, p. 167-168.
  3. 1 2 3 "歷史沿革". Penghu County Government. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  4. ↑ "Taiwan Relations Act". ait.org.tw. American Institute in Taiwan. 30 March 2022. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022. ...Section. 15. For purposes of this Act- 2. the term "Taiwan" includes, as the context may require, the islands of Taiwan and the Pescadores (Penghu).
  5. ↑ "Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty". ait.org.tw. American Institute in Taiwan. 1954. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022. ARTICLE VI. For the purposes of Articles II and V, the terms "territorial" and "territories" shall mean in respect of the Republic of China, Taiwan and the Pescadores: and in respect of the United States of America, the island territories in the West Pacific under its jurisdiction.
  6. ↑ Asian & Pacific Quarterly of Cultural and Social Affairs:15-16, p. 43
  7. ↑ Liu 2012, p. 168.
  8. 1 2 方豪，1994，《台灣早期史綱》，頁33-34，台北：學生書局. ISBN 957-15-0631-1.
  9. 1 2 Knapp 1980, p. 6.
  10. 1 2 3 Campbell, William (1903). "Explanatory Notes". Formosa under the Dutch: described from contemporary records, with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island. London: Kegan Paul. p. 546. ISBN 978-957-638-083-9.
  11. ↑ 中央研究院臺灣史研究所, 顏尚文 (ed.), "宋代對澎湖的認識", 《續修澎湖縣志‧地理志》, pp. 92–93, archived from the original on 11 February 2022, retrieved 11 February 2022, 大正6年（1917），日人藤田豊八在〈南蠻之來襲〉中，認為「平湖」與「澎湖」為同音異字。毛一波由音韻解釋：「平」可作「旁」音讀之。「彭」音「滂」，本與「旁」通，「旁」即是「滂」。「澎」之字音也是從「旁」字而來，是故「平」與「澎」為同音異字。
  12. ↑ 曹永和, 〈早期臺灣的開發與經營〉，《臺灣早期歷史研究》, pp. 91–92
  13. ↑ Chang, Chun-Hsiang; Kaifu, Yousuke; Takai, Masanaru; Kono, Reiko T.; Grün, Rainer; Matsu’ura, Shuji; Kinsley, Les; Lin, Liang-Kong (2015). "The first archaic Homo from Taiwan". Nature Communications. 6: 6037. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.6037C. doi:10.1038/ncomms7037. PMC 4316746. PMID 25625212. Older low-sea-level events, 225, 240–280, ?300, 335–360 and 425–450 ka cannot be completely excluded as the age for Penghu 1, but such a situation requires explanation for preservation through repeated sedimentary events and the unusual distribution of Crocuta crocuta ultima. Therefore, Penghu 1 is younger than 450 ka, and most likely 10–70 ka or 130–190 ka.
  14. 1 2 "Penghu Reclamation Hall". Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  15. 1 2 3 Wills (2006), p. 86.
  16. ↑ Liu 2012, p. 170-171.
  17. ↑ Hsu (1980), p. 6.
  18. ↑ Thompson 1964, p. 164.
  19. ↑ Thompson (1964), pp. 167–168.
  20. ↑ Knapp 1980, p. 167-168.
  21. 1 2 明萬曆年以後，澎湖第二次有移住民，以福建泉州府屬同安縣金門人遷來最早; 其後接踵而至者，亦以同安縣人為最多。彼等捷足先至者，得以優先選擇良好地區定居之，澎湖本島即多被同安人所先占; 尤其素稱土地沃之湖西鄉，完全成為同安人之區域。 Archived 13 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine 李紹章《澎湖縣誌》，《續修澎湖縣志（卷三）｜人民志》
  22. ↑ Wong (2017), p. 82.
  23. ↑ Cooper (1979), p. 658.
  24. ↑ Freeman (2003), p. 132.
  25. ↑ Thomson (1996), p. 39.
  26. ↑ Shepherd (1993), p. 49.
  27. ↑ Covell (1998), p. 70.
  28. ↑ Wright (1908), p. 817.
  29. ↑ Wills (1998), pp. 368–369.
  30. ↑ Wills (1998), p. 369.
  31. ↑ Wills (2010), p. 70.
  32. ↑ "Reading Digital Atlas - 臺灣府汛塘圖". Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  33. ↑ Loir (1886), pp. 291–317.
  34. ↑ Takekoshi (1907), pp. 80–82.
  35. ↑ Middleton, Drew (2 February 1955). "Cairo Formosa Declaration Out of Date, Says Churchill". New York Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  36. ↑ Tsai 2009, p. 173.
  37. 1 2 Henckaerts, Jean-Marie (1996). The international status of Taiwan in the new world order: legal and political considerations. Kluwer Law International. p. 337. ISBN 90-411-0929-3. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2022. p7. "In any case, there appears to be strong legal ground to support the view that since the entry into force of the 1952 ROC-Japan bilateral peace treaty, Taiwan has become the de jure territory of the ROC. This interpretation of the legal status of Taiwan is confirmed by several Japanese court decisions. For instance, in the case of Japan v. Lai Chin Jung, decided by the Tokyo High Court on December 24, 1956, it was stated that 'Formosa and the Pescadores came to belong to the Republic of China, at any rate on August 5, 1952, when the [Peace] Treaty between Japan and the Republic of China came into force…'"
    p8. "the principles of prescription and occupation that may justify the ROC's claim to Taiwan certainly are not applicable to the PRC because the application of these two principles to the Taiwan situation presupposes the validity of the two peace treaties by which Japan renounce its claim to Taiwan and thus makes the island terra nullius."
  38. ↑ Department of State (13 December 1954). "News Conference Statements: Purpose of treaty with Republic of China". Department of State Bulletin. Vol. XXXI, no. 807. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 896. The legal position is different, as I think I pointed out in my last press conference, by virtue of the fact that technical sovereignty over Formosa and the Pescadores has never been settled. That is because the Japanese peace treaty merely involves a renunciation by Japan of its right and title to these island. But the future title is not determined by the Japanese peace treaty, nor is it determined by the peace treaty which was concluded between the Republic of China and Japan. Therefore, the juridical status of these islands, Formosa and the Pescadores, is different from the juridical status of the offshore islands which have always been Chinese territory.
  39. ↑ James Reston (6 February 1955). "New Formosa Bid". New York Times. New York City. Archived from the original on 8 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015. The position of the Administration is that these territories were handed over to the Allied and associated powers of World War II by Japan, which had held them since 1895, and that General Chiang was merely asked to administer them for the Allied and associated powers pending a final decision as to their ownership......
  40. ↑ "William P. Rogers, Attorney General of the United States, Appellant v. Cheng Fu Sheng and Lin Fu Mei, Appellees, 280 F.2d 663 (D.C. Cir. 1960)". 1960. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022. But in the view of our State Department, no agreement has 'purported to transfer the sovereignty of Formosa to (the Republic of) China. At the present time, we accept the exercise of Chinese authority over Formosa, and recognize the Government of the Republic of China (the Nationalist Government) as the legal Government of China.
  41. ↑ Kamm, Henry (5 August 1981). "Despite Perils Afloat, Vietnamese Continue to Flee". The New York Times. Section A, p. 2. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  42. ↑ Barron, Lisa (28 May 2002). "China Airlines safety record in the spotlight". CNN.com. Cable News Network LP, LLLP. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
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  49. ↑ 在澎湖的最佔優勢的閩南話，是同安腔 Archived 6 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine 張屏生、李仲民(2006)《澎湖縣白沙鄉語言地理研究》p36
  50. ↑ "Precinct". Penghu County Government. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2019. Penghu county consists of 1 city and 5 townships, which are Magong city, Huxi Township, Baisha Township, Xiyu Township, Wang-an Township and Qimei Township. The city and township comprise 97 villages.
  51. ↑ "Constituency Legislator Election, Penghu County Constituency, Ballots Cast of Candidates". The 14th Presidential and Vice Presidential Election and The 9th Legislator Election. 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  52. ↑ Alsford, Niki J. P.; Griffith, Ed (14 July 2020). "China is Becoming Increasingly Assertive". IndraStra Global. ISSN 2381-3652. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
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  59. ↑ Liu, Kay (6 November 2015). "Penghu Chief Seeks Support for Desalination Plant Expansion". Focus Taiwan News Channel. Central News Agency. Archived from the original on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
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Further reading

  • Cook, Harold John (2007). Matters of Exchange: Commerce, Medicine, and Science in the Dutch Golden Age. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-13492-6.
  • Deng, Gang (1999). Maritime Sector, Institutions, and Sea Power of Premodern China. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-30712-6.
  • Idema, Wilt Lukas, ed. (1981). Leyden Studies in Sinology: Papers Presented at the Conference Held in Celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Sinological Institute of Leyden University, December 8-12, 1980. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 15. Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden. Sinologisch instituut (illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-06529-1.
  • Li, Qingxin (2006). Maritime Silk Road. Translated by William W. Wang. China Intercontinental Press. ISBN 978-7-5085-0932-7.
  • Parker, Edward Harper, ed. (1917). China, Her History, Diplomacy, and Commerce: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day (2nd ed.). J. Murray. LCCN 17030891. OL 6603922M.
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