Mountain valleys of industrialised countries (e.g. Inn valley) are often periurbanised.
The periurbanised Swiss Limmat valley.
Hospital in a peri-urban area in Gijón.

Peri-urbanisation relates to the processes of scattered and dispersive urban growth that create hybrid landscapes of fragmented and mixed urban and rural characteristics. Such areas may be referred to as the rural–urban fringe, the outskirts, or the urban hinterland.

Etymology

The expression originates from the French word périurbanisation ("peri-urban" meaning "around urban"), which is used by the INSEE[1] (the French statistics agency) to describe spaces—between the city and the countryside—that are shaped by the fragmented urbanisation of former rural areas in the urban fringe, both in a qualitative (e.g. diffusion of urban lifestyle) and in a quantitative (e.g. new residential zones) sense. It is frequently seen as a result of post-modernity. In science, the term was used initially in France and Switzerland.

Structure and function

Peri-urban areas (also called rurban space, outskirts or the hinterland) are defined by the structure resulting from the process of peri-urbanisation. It can be described as the landscape interface or ecotone between town and countryside,[2][3] or also as the rural—urban transition zone where urban and rural uses and functions mix and often clash.[4] It can thus be viewed as a new landscape type in its own right, one forged from an interaction of urban and rural land use.

Its definition shifts depending on the global location, but typically in Europe where suburban areas are intensively managed to prevent urban sprawl and protect agricultural land, the urban fringe will be characterised by certain land uses which have either purposely moved away from the urban area, or require much larger tracts of land. As examples:

  • Roads, especially motorways and bypasses
  • Waste transfer stations, recycling facilities and landfill sites
  • Park and ride sites
  • Airports
  • Large hospitals
  • Power, water and sewerage facilities
  • Factories
  • Large out-of-town shopping facilities, e.g. large supermarkets
  • High-density residential buildings

Despite these urban uses, the fringe remains largely open with the majority of the land for agricultural, woodland or other rural uses. However, the quality of living of the countryside around urban areas tends to be low with severance between areas of open land and badly maintained woodlands and hedgerows with the scattered urban facilities.

Apart from the structural definition dominating English-speaking literature, the concept is sometimes used to fill the gap between suburbanisation and exurbanisation, and thus relates moreover to the movement of people in space. In this case however, peri-urbanisation is seen as the expansion of functional rural-urban linkages such as by commuting.

In the United States urban areas are defined as contiguous territory having a density of at least 1,000 persons per square mile, though in some areas the density may be as low as 500 per square mile. Urban areas also include outlying territory of less density if it was connected to the core of the contiguous area by road and is within 2.5 road miles of that core, or within 5 road miles of the core but separated by water or other undevelopable territory. Other territory with a population density of fewer than 1,000 people per square mile is included in the urban fringe if it eliminates an enclave or closes an indentation in the boundary of the urbanized area.[5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Définition - Couronne | Insee". www.insee.fr.
  2. ↑ Verstoep, Timon (2022). "ECOTONE URBANISM". Wageningen University Landscape Architecture Group.
  3. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-03-11. Retrieved 2011-07-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ↑ Griffiths, Michael B.; Chapman, Malcolm; Christiansen, Flemming (2010). "Chinese consumers: The Romantic reappraisal". Ethnography. 11 (3): 331–357. doi:10.1177/1466138110370412. S2CID 144152261.
  5. ↑ Department of Commerce - Census Bureau (August 24, 2011). "Urban Area Criteria for the 2010 Census; Notice" (PDF). Federal Register. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved August 3, 2017.

Further reading

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