Construction of a four-centred arch

A four-centred arch (Commonwealth spelling) or four-centered arch (American spelling) is a low, wide type of arch with a pointed apex. Its structure is achieved by drafting two arcs which rise steeply from each springing point on a small radius, and then turning into two arches with a wide radius and much lower springing point. It is a pointed sub-type of the general flattened depressed arch. This type of arch uses space efficiently and decoratively when used for doorways. It is also employed as a wall decoration in which arcade and window openings form part of the whole decorative surface. Two of the most notable types are known as the Persian arch, which is moderately "depressed" and found in Islamic architecture, and the Tudor arch, which is much flatter and found in English architecture. Another variant, the keel arch, has partially straight rather than curved sides and developed in Fatimid architecture.[lower-alpha 1]

Tudor arch at Layer Marney Tower, 1520s
Persian arches on the Si-o-se-pol bridge, Isfahan, c. 1600
The 17th century Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri has a four-centred archway with vaulted iwan.

Use in Islamic architecture

The four-centered arch is widely used in Islamic architecture, originally employed by the Abbasids and later by the Fatimids and by Persianate cultures. The earliest examples of a four-centered arch were introduced at Samarra, a purpose-built capital built by the Abbasids in the 9th century. Here they are found in the portals of the Qubbat al-Sulaiybiyya, an octagonal pavilion, and the Qasr al-'Ashiq palace.[3][4]: 25, 250–251  Later, the four-centered arch appeared commonly in the architecture of the Ghurid Empire, which ruled over large parts of Iran, Central Asia, and the northern Indian Subcontinent in the 12th to 13th centuries.[3] It was very common in the architecture of the Timurid Empire and its successor states, becoming a standard form of wider Iranian architecture and later Mughal architecture.[3][4]: 200, 283  In this Persianate cultural sphere it was used for forms such as arcades, windows, gateways, and iwans.[3] Pointed three-centered arches were also frequently used in Iran and Central Asia.[5][4]: 283 

A variant of the four-centered arch, typically referred to as the "keel arch", became especially characteristic of Fatimid architecture.[3][6][7] It is distinguished from other four-centered arches by having most of the arch's normal radius appear more straight than curved.[3] It became standard for a while in Egyptian Islamic architecture in the 12th century.[3] Blind keel arch niches appeared frequently as a motif of decorated façades in late Fatimid, Ayyubid, and early Mamluk architecture in Cairo.[3][8][4]: 46, 285 

Use in English architecture

In English architecture the arch is often known as a Tudor arch, as it was a common architectural element during the reigns of the Tudor dynasty (1485–1603), though its use predates 1485 by several decades, and from about 1550 it was out of fashion for grand buildings. It is a blunted version of the pointed arch of Gothic architecture, of which Tudor architecture is the last phase in England.[10] However, a Tudor arch, while similar in appearance, is not truly four-centred, as it has two straight sides instead of large shallow curves.

The four-centred arch was especially used for doorways, where it gives a wide opening without taking too much space above, compared to a more pointed two-centred arch. This first appeared on a major scale in the west porch of Winchester Cathedral, of uncertain date but likely mid-fourteenth century.[11] In Tudor architecture of the grander sort it is so used when the window openings are rectangular, as for example at Hampton Court Palace.

A notable early example is the west window of Gloucester Cathedral. There are three royal chapels and one chapel-like Abbey which show the style at its most elaborate: King's College Chapel, Cambridge; St George's Chapel, Windsor; Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey, and Bath Abbey. However, numerous simpler buildings, especially churches built during the wool boom in East Anglia and the Cotswolds, also demonstrate the style.

When employed to frame a large church window, it lends itself to very wide spaces, decoratively filled with many narrow vertical mullions and horizontal transoms. The overall effect produces a grid-like appearance of regular, delicate, rectangular forms with an emphasis on the perpendicular, characteristic of the style, known as Perpendicular Gothic in England, of the 15th and early 16th centuries. This is very similar to contemporary Spanish style in particular. In buildings such as Hampton Court the Tudor arch is found together with the first appearance of Renaissance architecture in England, much later than in Italy. In the later period it is generally only used for major decorative windows, perhaps in an oriel window, or a bay window supported on a bracket or corbel.[12][13]

Notes

  1. ↑ The term "keel arch" is also used broadly by some authors to denote the pointed ogee arch.[1][2]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tudor arches.
  1. ↑ Ragette, Friedrich (2003). Traditional Domestic Architecture of the Arab Region. Edition Axel Menges. p. 37. ISBN 978-3-932565-30-4.
  2. ↑ Curl, James Stevens (2006). A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-19-860678-9.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195309911.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Petersen, Andrew (1996). Dictionary of Islamic architecture. Routledge. ISBN 9781134613663.
  5. ↑ Nazari, S. (2021). "The practical geometry of Persian ribbed vaults: A study of the rehabilitation of the Kolahduzan Dome in the Tabriz historic bazaar". In Mascarenhas-Mateus, João; Pires, Ana Paula (eds.). History of Construction Cultures Volume 2: Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Construction History (7ICCH 2021), July 12-16, 2021, Lisbon, Portugal. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-000-46879-3.
  6. ↑ Darke, Diana (2020). Stealing from the Saracens: How Islamic Architecture Shaped Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-78738-305-0.
  7. ↑ "The Fatimids". Museum With No Frontiers. Retrieved 2022-03-28.
  8. ↑ Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1989). Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill. ISBN 9789004096264.
  9. ↑ C E Bosworth and M S Asimov (eds.) History of Civilizations of Central Asia, v. 4: The Age of achievement, A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century; Pt. II: the achievements, Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 2000, pp. 574.
  10. ↑ Augustus Pugin, Specimens of Gothic Architecture: Selected from Various Ancient Edifices in England, 1821, Volumes 1-2, google books
  11. ↑ Harvey, John (1978). The Perpendicular Style. London: Batsford. p. 85. ISBN 0 7134 1610 6.
  12. ↑ "Tudor Architecture in England 1500-1575". Retrieved 2007-02-15.
  13. ↑ John Poppeliers, Nancy Schwartz (1983). What Style is It?. New York, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 106. ISBN 0-471-14434-7.
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