Letters of the English phonotypic Alphabet
Additional letters for other languages in 1845.
The American version of the alphabet of 1855, as reprinted in a medical dictionary in 1871
An early version of the alphabet, 1843

The English Phonotypic Alphabet is a phonetic alphabet developed by Sir Isaac Pitman and Alexander John Ellis originally as an English language spelling reform.[1] Although never gaining wide acceptance, elements of it were incorporated into the modern International Phonetic Alphabet.[2]

It was originally published in June 1845.[3] Subsequently, adaptations were published which extended the alphabet to the German, Arabic, Spanish, Tuscan, French, Welsh, Italian, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese and Sanskrit languages.[4]

Letters

The letters are as follows (with some approximations to accommodate Unicode)

Late 1843 (English)

At this stage, long vowels had a cross-bar, and short vowels did not

Long vowels

Ɨ /iː/, E /eɪ/, A /ɑː/, Ɵ /ɔː/, Ʉ /oʊ/?, ᗻ (for some fonts ᗼ) /uː/

Short vowels

I /ɪ/, ⵎ /ɛ/, Ʌ /æ/, O /ɒ/, U /ʌ/, ᗯ /ʊ/

(the letter for /ʊ/ was like ⟨Ɯ⟩ but with the middle stem not so tall as the others, and did not have a serif at the bottom right)

Diphthongs

Ɯ /juː/ (like Iᗯ), ⅄ /aɪ/ (like ɅI) , Ȣ /aʊ/ (like Oᗯ)?

Reduced ('obscure') vowels

Ǝ /ə/, ⵎ /ᵊ/

Consonants

P B, T D, Є J /tʃ dʒ/, K G

F V, Θ Δ /θ ð/, S Z, Σ Σ /ʃ ʒ/,

L R, M N, И /ŋ/, Y W H.

1845

Vowels
Monophthongs
Front Back
Close Ɛɛ• •ᗯɯ
Near-close Ii• •Ꞷꞷ
Open-mid Ee• Uu•Oo
Near-open Aɑ• Āᶐ•Ɵɵ


Diphthongs beginning with an unrounded vowel
Back
Close •Աᶙ


Dipthongs ending with an unrounded vowel
Front Back
Close-mid ᗩa•
Near-open •ⵚơ
Open ┼ᶖ•
Dipthongs ending with a rounded vowel
Front Back
Close-mid •𐐗ɷ
Open రȣ•
Consonants
Pulmonic section
Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal •Mm •Nn •И̡ŋ
Plosive Pp•Bb Tt•Dd Cc•Gg
Sibilant affricate Єꞔ•Jj
Sibilant fricative Ss•Zz Σʃ•𐅠ʒ
Non-sibilant fricative Ff•Vv ⅂ҽ•Ƌꞛ Hh•
Approximant •Rr •Yy
Lateral approximant •Ll
Co-articulated section
Labial-velar •Ww

References

  1. ↑ Daniels, Peter T. (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. p. 831. ISBN 0-19-507993-0.
  2. ↑ Coulmas, Florian (12 March 1999). "English Phonotypic Alphabet". The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems. Wiley. ISBN 0-631-21481-X.
  3. ↑ "Completion of the Phonotypic Alphabet". The Phonotypic Journal. Bath: Phonographic Institution. 4 (42): 105–106. June 1845.
  4. ↑ "Extension of the Phonotypic Alphabet". The Phonotypic Journal. Bath: Phonographic Institution. 4 (43): 121–123. June 1845.

See also

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