Poli is a surname of Italian origin. Notable people with the surname include:

• Afro Poli (1902–1988), Italian operatic baritone
• Andrea Poli (born 1989), Italian professional football player
• Antonio De Poli (born 1960), Italian politician
• Barbara Fusar-Poli (born 1972), Italian ice dancer
• Dante Poli (born 1976), Chilean professional football player
• Eros Poli (born 1963), Italian professional road bicycle racer
• Fabrizio Poli (born 1989), Italian professional football player
• Fausto Poli (1581–1653), Italian Roman Catholic archbishop; private secretary to Pope Urban VIII
• Giuseppe Saverio Poli (1746–1825), an Italian physicist, biologist and natural historian
• Jacopo Poli (contemporary), Italian manager of the Poli Distillerie grappa distillery
• Mario Aurelio Poli (born 1947), Argentine cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
• Ninsun Poli (contemporary), Assyrian singer and songwriter in Sweden
• Paolo Poli (1929–2016), Italian theatre actor
• Piero Poli (born 1960), Italian Olympic rower
• Riccardo Poli (born 1961), Italian computer scientist and professor
• Robert Edmund Poli (1936–2014), American labor union leader