The last moments of a U.S. Air Force recon C-130 Hercules in gun camera of the Soviet MiG-17. 2 September 1958.
Gun camera sequence photo showing a North Vietnamese MiG-17-fighter being hit.
Gun camera sequence photos showing a North Vietnamese MiG-17 being hit and shot down by 20 mm shells from a U.S. Air Force F-105D Thunderchief during the Vietnam War 3 June 1967

Air-to-air combat is the engagement of combat aircraft in warfare in which primarily fixed-wing aircraft attempt to destroy enemy aircraft using guns, rockets and missiles. The Korean War saw the greatest amount of air-to-air combat since World War II. During the war the United States claimed to have shot down around 700 fighters.[A 1][2] After the war the U.S. Air Force reviewed its figures in an investigation code-named Sabre Measure Charlie and downgraded the kill ratio of the North American F-86 Sabre against the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 by half from 14:1 to 7:1.[2] One of the factors inflating US numbers was that most dogfights took place over enemy-controlled area. The only way to confirm kills was through gun camera photography. USAF pilots were credited with a kill if the gun camera showed their guns striking the enemy aircraft even if no one actually saw it go down.[3] However, Soviet Air Force kill claims were also highly exaggerated, based upon inherent flaws in their film grading procedures. For instance, the S-13 gun camera was not aligned with either the gunsight or either cannons' ballistics. It ran only while the firing buttons were depressed. Film graders commonly included unit commanders and political commisars who would confirm a "kill"—sometimes even if one had not been claimed by a pilot—when the camera's crosshairs touched the target for two movie frames. During the first 16 months of combat Soviet V-VS units claimed 218 F-86s destroyed when only 36 (35 to the two elite IADs and one to the 50th IAD) had been lost. This results in a 600 per cent inflation rate in victory credits over actual Sabres destroyed. However, these figures are complicated by the fact that the Americans routinely attributed combat losses to landing accidents and other causes.[4]

The Vietnam War saw a move away from cannon fire to air-to-air missiles.[5] Although US forces maintained air supremacy throughout the war, there were still occasional dogfights and US and North Vietnamese aces. The North Vietnamese side claimed the Vietnam People's Air Force had 17 aces throughout the war, including Nguyễn Văn Cốc, who is also the top ace of Vietnam War with 9 kills: seven acknowledged by the United States Air Force.

During the 1947 conflict over Jammu and Kashmir, the Indian Air Force did not engage the Pakistan Air Force in air-to-air combat; however, it did provide effective transport and close air support to the Indian Army troops.[6]

On 10 April 1959, an Indian English Electric Canberra was shot down while performing a Reconnaissance mission over Rawalpindi. The Canberra was shot down by a Pakistani F-86 Sabre flown by Flight Lieutenant M Younis of the No. 15 Squadron. The two crew members of the Canberra ejected and were later arrested by Pakistani authorities, this incident also marked the first aerial victory of the Pakistan Air Force.[7][8][9]

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was the first time the Indian Air Force actively engaged an enemy air force.[10] By the time the conflict had ended, India had lost between 65 and 75 aircraft while Pakistan lost 20 aircraft.[11][12]

During the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971, the Indian Air Force lost 45 aircraft while the Pakistani Air Force lost 75.[13]

During the Iran–Iraq War of 1980–88, there were nearly 1,000 air-to-air engagements between Iran and Iraq, including the only known instances of helicopters dogfighting and shooting down other helicopters.[14] The Falklands War of 1982 witnessed air combat between Argentine and British military aircraft. The Falkland Islands' runways were short and thus unable to support fighter jets, forcing Argentina to launch fighters from the mainland, which had an adverse effect on their loiter time. The Argentine forces lost 23 aircraft in air-to-air combat, out of a total of 134 fixed wing aircraft and helicopters lost during the conflict. During the 1990–91 Persian Gulf War 33 of Iraqi Armed Forces' 750 fixed wing aircraft were claimed as downed (23 were confirmed), compared to 14 coalition aircraft claimed as downed (4 losses are confirmed, one F/A-18 Hornet and three UAVs[15]).[16][17]

Aircraft lost to air-to-air combat

Conflict Air Force Aircraft lost to air-to-air combat Reference
US incursions into Yugoslav airspace (1946) United States USAAF 2[A 2] [18]
Indonesian National Revolution British Raj Royal Indian Air Force 2 [19]
Arab–Israeli War (1948–1949) Royal Air Force 5 [20]
Israeli Air Force 7 (Western claim); 0-1 (Israeli claim) [21][22][23][24]
Royal Egyptian Air Force 15 [21]
Syrian Air Force 2 [21]
Korean War (1950–1953)[A 3] PLAAF
North Korea North Korean Air Force
Soviet Union Soviet Air Defence Forces		 335 (all causes USSR claim); 399(PLAAF claim) & 270 NKAF (US claim) [25][26][27]
United States US Aircraft 757 (US Air Force only, 139 in air-to-air combat, 305 "unknown", 472 "other losses"), 1,200 (USSR claimed kills), 85 (PRC claimed kills) [28][29]
United Nations UN Coalition Aircraft 197 (Soviet claim), 139 (UN claim)[A 4] [30]
South Korean Air Force 135
US incursions into Soviet airspace (1950–1970) United States US Aircraft 16 [A 5]
Soviet Union Soviet Air Defence Forces 3 [A 6]
Catalina affair Sweden Swedish Air Force 2
Avro Lincoln shoot down incident Royal Air Force 1 [31]
Air battle over Merklín United States USAFE 1[A 7] [19]
Bombing of Plaza de Mayo (1955) Argentina Argentine Naval Aviation 1 [32]
Suez Crisis (1956) Egypt Air Force 7–9 [33]
Israeli Air Force 1 [34]
Royal Air Force 1[A 8] [35]
Secret electronic surveillance missions United States US Navy 2 [36]
Permesta Rebellion CIA/AUREV 1 [37]
Second Taiwan Strait Crisis[A 9] PLAAF 32 (ROC claim); 5 (PRC claim) [38]
ROCAF 14 (PRC claim); 3 (ROC claim) [38]
Canberra incident (1959)[A 10]  Pakistan Air Force 0 [39][40]
 Indian Air Force 1 [39]
Vietnam War (1959–1975)[A 11] Vietnam People's Air Force 131 (North Vietnam claim); 195 (US claim) [41][42]
United States US Aircraft 128 (US Claim), 266 (North Vietnam claim) [43][44][45][46]
Republic of Vietnam Air Force 72 [42]
Taiwanese incursion into Burma airspace Republic of China Air Force 1 [18]
First Iraqi–Kurdish War Iraq Iraqi Air Force 2^ 12
Dutch–Indonesian Conflict Indonesian Air Force 1 [19]
Project Dark Gene (1960–79) Soviet Air Force 1 [47][48]
Iran Imperial Iranian Air Force 6 [47][49][50][51]
Bay of Pigs Invasion Brigade 2506 10 (Confirmed) [52]
Six-Day War (1967) Israeli Air Force 12 (Israeli claim); 20 (ACIG claim) [22][23][53][24]
Egypt Air Force
Syrian Air Force
Royal Jordanian Air Force		 64–72[A 12] [54][55]
Indo-Pakistani Air War of 1965 Indian Air Force 60-75 [56]
Pakistan Pakistan Air Force 20 [12][56]
War of Attrition (1967-1970) Egypt Air Force 60 (Egyptian claim);113 (Israeli claim) [54]
Israeli Air Force 4 (Israeli claim) [24]
Football War[A 13] El Salvador Air Force of El Salvador 3 [57]
Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 Indian Air Force 45 [58][59]
Pakistan Pakistan Air Force 75 [59]
Turkish invasion of Cyprus Turkey Turkish Air Force 1 (Greek claim) [60]
Yom Kippur War (1973) Israeli Air Force 5 (Israeli claim) [24]
Egypt Air Force
Syrian Air Force		 277 (Israeli claim) [24]
Libyan–Egyptian War (1977) Libya Libyan Air Force 4–5 [61]
Egypt Air Force 1 [61]
Iranian and Soviet airspace incursions (1970s) Iran Imperial Iranian Army Aviation + IIAF 2[A 14] + 3 [51][62][63]
Soviet Air Force 1 [64]
Soviet–Afghan War Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Afghan National Army Air Corps 8 [65]
Pakistan Pakistan Air Force 1 [65]
Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Army Aviation 2[A 15] [66]
Mojahedin 4 [67]
Nicaraguan Revolution Nicaragua Nicaraguan Air Force 2 [68]
Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) Iraqi Aircraft 234 (confirmed) [69][70]
Iran Iranian Aircraft 73 (confirmed) [71]
Soviet Air Force 3 (Iranian claim); 0 (Soviet claim) [72][73]
Syrian Air Force 3 [74]
Algeria Algerian Government Aircraft 1 [74]
Turkey Turkish Air Force 1 [75]
South African Border War South African Air Force 1 [76]
Angola National Air Force of Angola 2 [76]
US Freedom of Navigation operations near Libya (1980–1989) Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Libyan Air Force 4 [77]
Salvadoran Civil War FMLN supply aircraft 1 [78]
Falklands War Argentina Argentine Naval Aviation/Argentine Air Force 23 [79]
United Kingdom Army Air Corps 1 [80]
1982 Lebanon War Syrian Air Force 82–86 (Israeli claim) [81][82][83]
Israeli Air Force 1 (Israeli claim); 42 (Syrian claim); 3 (ACIG claim) [84][85][86][24]
Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009) Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam 1 [87]
Tanker War (1984–1988) Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force 1 (Iranian claim) 2 (Saudi claim) [88][89]
Persian Gulf War (1990–1991) United States United States Navy 4 (US claim);[90][15] 12 (Iraqi claim) [16][17]
Royal Air Force 1 (Iraqi claim) [91]
Italy Italian Air Force 1 (Iraqi claim) [91]
Saudi Arabia Royal Saudi Air Force 1 (Iraqi claim) [92]
Iraq Iraqi Air Force 23 (Iraqi claim); 44 (Coalition claim) [16][17]
Iraqi no-fly zones enforcement United States US Aircraft 3[A 16] [93]
Iraq Iraqi Air Force 5
Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Italy Italian Army 1[A 17] [94]
1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts Venezuela Bolivarianos 3 [95]
Operation Deny Flight Republika Srpska Air Force 5 [96]
Cenepa War (1995) Ecuador Ecuadorian Air Force 1 (confirmed), 2 (Ecuadorian claim) [97]
Aegean dispute (1996) Turkey Turkish Air Force 1 [98][99]
Eritrean–Ethiopian War (1998–2000) Eritrea Eritrean Air Force 2–6 [100]
Ethiopia Ethiopian Air Force Up to 7 [101][102]
Operation Allied Force Serbia and Montenegro Yugoslav Air Force 5 + 1 heavily damaged, later destroyed on the ground [103]
NATO NATO Air Force 1 + 1 Tomahawk [104][105]
Atlantique incident Pakistan Navy 1 [106]
2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff Indian Air Force 1 [A 18] [107][108]
Iran–Israel proxy conflict   Hezbollah UAVs 2 [109][110]
2008 Georgian spy plane shootdowns Georgia (country) Georgian Air Force 1 [111][112]
Iraq War (2003–2011) Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force 1[A 19] [113]
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) United States Air Force 1[A 20] [114]
Syrian Civil War Syrian Air Force 7 [115][116][117][118][119][120][121]
Russian Air Force 2 [122][123]
"Pro-Syria regime" forces 3[A 21] [124][125][126][127]
Iran–Israel proxy conflict  Iran 1 [128]
War in Donbass Ukrainian Air Force 1 (Ukrainian claim) [129]
Second Libyan Civil War Turkey Turkish Air Force 1 [130]
Second Yemeni Civil War Houthi movement Houthis 4 (Arab Coalition claim) [131][132]
2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt Turkey Peace at Home Council 2 [133]
Balochistan Conflict Iran Iran 1 [134][135][136]
2019 India–Pakistan standoff Indian Air Force 1 (1 Mig-21 confirmed) (1 Su-30 claimed by Pakistan) [137]
Pakistan Pakistani Air Force 1 (F-16 claimed by India) [138][139][140]
2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War Armenia Armenian Air Force 1 (Armenian claim) [141]
2021 Israel-Palestine conflict Hamas 1 [142]
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Ukrainian Air Force 11 (as of 4 August 2023) [143]
Ukrainian Naval Aviation 1 [144][145]
United States Air Force 1 (MQ-9 Reaper UAV) [146]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ During the Korean War experienced Soviet pilots flew against USAF forces.[1]
  2. ↑ Two US C-47s shoot down by Yugoslavian Yak-3 over Northern Yugoslavia.
  3. ↑ First combat instance of a jet shooting down a jet happened during this war.
  4. ↑ Soviet claim of planes shot down
  5. ↑ See the US Soviet air-to-air combat article
  6. ↑ See the Air-to-air combat losses between the USSR and US article
  7. ↑ US F-84E shot down by Czech Mig-15 over Merlín.
  8. ↑ RAF Canberra reconnaissance aircraft shot down by Syrian fighter jet near Homs.
  9. ↑ First combat use of guided air-to-air missiles occurred during this war.
  10. ↑ First aerial victory of the Pakistan Air Force
  11. ↑ First combat instance of a manned aircraft shooting down a UAV happened during this war.
  12. ↑ Numbers include unconfirmed losses
  13. ↑ The last war in which piston-engined fighter planes fought each other.
  14. ↑ In 1978, a Soviet Mig-23 Flogger intercepted 4 Iranian CH-47 Chinook helicopters over Karakum Canal inside Soviet airspace, shooting one of them down and damaging another. The damaged helicopter managed to land inside the Soviet Union and its crew was captured by Soviet forces. Later, the crew was released and the helicopter was allowed to be repaired and return to Iran.
  15. ↑ In 1988, two Soviet Mig-23 Floggers shot down a pair of Iranian AH-1J SuperCobra attack helicopters over western Afghanistan.
  16. ↑ The 1994 Black Hawk shootdown incident, sometimes referred to as the Black Hawk Incident, was a friendly fire incident over northern Iraq that occurred on April 14, 1994 during Operation Provide Comfort. The pilots of two United States Air Force (USAF) F-15 fighter aircraft, operating under the control of a USAF airborne warning and control system (AWACS) aircraft, misidentified two United States Army UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters as Iraqi Mil Mi-24 "Hind" helicopters. The F-15 pilots fired on and destroyed both helicopters, killing all 26 military service members and civilians from the United States, United Kingdom, France, Turkey, and the Kurdish community. The third loss was a UAV Predator shot down by a MiG-25 in December 2002.
  17. ↑ An Italian Army Bell 206 helicopter was shot down by a Serb Mig over Novi Marof, near Varaždin, Croatia, on 7 January 1992. One French and four Italian military observers were killed. The incident prompted the resignation of the Yugoslav Minister of Defence. The helicopter was part of a European Community mission in Croatia.
  18. ↑ On the night of 8th June 2002, a pair of IAI Searcher II UAV of Indian Air Force were detected inside Pakistan by "mobile observation units". Pakistan Air Force scrambled 2 Mirage III's and 4 F-7P fighter jets which failed to detect and intercept the drones. Finally a pair of F-16 B's of Pakistan Air Force succeeded to intercept and shoot down one of the drones using their Aim-9Ls.
  19. ↑ According to U.S and Iraqi sources, in February 2009 a USAF F-16 intercepted and shot down an Iranian UAV that had violated Iraqi airspace.
  20. ↑ According to U.S sources, in September 2009 a USAF fighter intercepted and shot down an out of control armed MQ-9 Reaper UAV, near Afghan border.
  21. ↑ On June 8, 2017, an American F-15E shot down a Shahed-129 UCAV, which the US military said was attacking American-backed forces. The US military said the drone, which appeared to be made by Iran, was being operated by "pro-Syria regime" forces.[124] A second pro-regime Shahed-129 was shot down by an American F-15E on June 19.[125] A third UAS was shot down by an American F-15E on August 21, 2021, in eastern Syria. The type of UAS was not disclosed.[126][127]

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Brune 1996, p. 215
  2. 1 2 Dorr & Thompson 2003, p. 186
  3. ↑ Zhang 2004, p. 153
  4. ↑ "Welcome to the Air Combat Information Group". Archived from the original on 2013-06-04.
  5. ↑ Boyne 2002, p. 2
  6. ↑ Barua 2005, p. 192
  7. ↑ PAF Over the Years (Revised ed.). Pakistan: Directorate of Media Affairs, Pakistan Air Force. June 2007. p. 34.
  8. ↑ "Propellers to the jet age". PAF Museum Karachi. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  9. ↑ "Untold story of an IAF Canberra & its crew, 60 years before Wing Commander Abhinandan's MiG". ThePrint.in. 26 April 2019.
  10. ↑ Pradhan & Chavan 2007, p. xiv
  11. ↑ "The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum". Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
  12. 1 2 Thomas M. Leonard (2006). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Taylor & Francis. p. 806. ISBN 978-0-415-97663-3. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  13. ↑ Leonard, Thomas M. (18 October 2013). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Routledge. ISBN 9781135205089. Retrieved 6 May 2018 – via Google Books.
  14. ↑ "Persian Cats | Military Aviation". Air & Space Magazine. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
  15. 1 2 Desert Storm Air War: The Aerial Campaign against Saddam's Iraq in the 1991 Gulf War. Jim Corrigan, Rowman & Littlefield, 2017. P.59
  16. 1 2 3 Davis 2002, p. 300
  17. 1 2 3 "The First Night" by Cooper, Sadik (IAPR, Vol.26)
  18. 1 2 "Intrusions, Overflights, Shootdowns and Defections During the Cold War and Thereafter". myplace.frontier.com. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  19. 1 2 3 "Welcome to the Air Combat Information Group".
  20. ↑ Aloni 2001, pp. 18, 22
  21. 1 2 3 Aloni 2001, pp. 6–22
  22. 1 2 "Egyptian Air-to-Air Victories since 1948". acig.info. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  23. 1 2 "Syrian Air-to-Air Victories since 1948". acig.info. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Israeli Air Force Air-to-Air Combat Record".
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  26. ↑ The United States Air Forces in the Korean War
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  38. 1 2 "Welcome to the Air Combat Information Group".
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  41. ↑ Boyne 2002, p. 679
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  44. ↑ ACIG Team (16 September 2003). "Vietnamese Air-to-Air Victories, Part 2". Indochina Database. Air Combat Information Group.
  45. ↑ Migs over North Vietnam: The Vietnam People's Air Force in Combat, 1965–75, Stackpole Military History
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  49. ↑ Chronological Listing of Iranian Air Force McDonnell-Douglas F-4 Phantom II Archived 2015-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
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  54. 1 2 Cordesman 2006, p. 168
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  56. 1 2 Don Hollway (2 July 2017). "Air War Over Kashmir". Historynet.com. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018.
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  58. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-13. Retrieved 2011-12-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  59. 1 2 Leonard, Thomas M. (2013-10-18). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Routledge. ISBN 9781135205089.
  60. ↑ "Welcome to the Air Combat Information Group".
  61. 1 2 Gordon, Yefim. MiG-21 (Russian Fighters). Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing Ltd., 2008.
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  65. 1 2 "Pakistan – Pakistan Fiza'ya – Pakistan Air Force – PAF". f-16.net. 2010. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
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  143. ↑ "An unexpected air-to-air battle is raging over Ukraine. Here's what we know about the losses on both sides". Insider. 5 September 2022. L-39 jet trainer...MiG-29 of 40th TAB piloted by Lt. Col. Yerko Vaycheslav Vladimirvoich...MiG-29 of 40th TAB piloted by Vladimir Kokhansky...Su-27 lost on February 28 on a defensive mission over Koprivnitsky battling Russian fighters...MiG-29 of Maj. Oleksandr Brynzhal, KIA after shot down over Kyiv Oblast in duel...MiG-29 on March 13 downed over Chernihiv...MiG-29 on March 23 piloted by Maj. Dmitry Chumachenko
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Bibliography

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