Chinilpa
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationChinilpa
McCune–ReischauerCh'inilp'a

Chinilpa (Korean: 친일파; lit. pro-Japan faction) is a derogatory Korean language term describing ethnic Koreans who collaborated with Imperial Japan during either the forced protectorship period (1905–1910) or the colonial period (1910–1945). The term builbae (부일배; 附日輩; lit. people who collaborated with Japan) has also been used to describe collaborators.

The term was popularized in the mid-1960s, around two decades after the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II and the liberation of Korea. It referred to any ethnic Korean who actively collaborated with the Japanese colonial government or worked against the Korean independence movement. The term is also used to refer to Koreans during the late Joseon period that advocated for closer relations or unification with Japan, such as the members of the Iljinhoe or Five Eulsa Traitors.[1] Prosecution of chinilpa gained increasing support in South Korea after the gradual democratization during the 1980s and 1990s. The first anti-chinilpa legislation was passed in 2005: the Special Law to Redeem Pro-Japanese Collaborators' Property.

Etymology

The term "chinilpa" (친일파) first appeared in the 1966 book Chinilmunhangnon (친일문학론; lit. Comments on Pro-Japanese Literature), written by the Korean independence activist Im Jong-Guk. Before its publication, it was common to call collaborators builbae (부일배; 附日輩; lit. people who collaborated with Japan). The term was generally targeted at Korean colonial leadership.[2]

The term is distinct from ji-ilpa (지일파; 知日派; lit. knowledgeable-about-Japan faction), which has a politically neutral connotation.

History

Colonial period

While it has taken on a meaning of "[national] traitor", only a minority of the early chinilpa were opportunists, as most of the chinilpa high officials in the beginning believed they were doing what was in the best interests of their country as it struggled to adapt to modernity; the chinilpa were one of a number of factions that existed at that time which were concerned with modernizing Korea along a pattern set by another country (e.g. Russian faction, Chinese faction, American faction, and so on).[3] However, the term itself was not coined until 1966 by scholar Im Chongguk (1929–1989).

Treatment of chinilpa following independence

In the immediate liberation of Korea, American General Douglas MacArthur initially requested that the Japanese colonial authorities and their Korean trainees continue to run Korea until natives could be trained to replace them. Nonetheless, Korean outrage did lead to the former being purged, but many of the latter chinilpa were able to hold onto their positions. Similar to the United States' incomplete denazification of Germany and reverse course in Japan, the United States Military Government of Korea saw these right-wing chinilpa officials as useful in light of the nascent Cold War and deteriorating situation in the Korean Peninsula.[4]

The Special Committee for Prosecution of Anti-National Offenders (banmin teugwi, 반민특위) was set up in 1948 to prosecute the chinilpa. It handled 682 cases; 559 cases were handed over to a special prosecutor's office, which handed down indictments in 221 cases. A special tribunal tried 38 cases, sentenced guilty verdicts and punishments in 12 cases including one death sentence. Eighteen others had their civil rights suspended, six others were declared innocent and the remaining two were found guilty but were exempted from punishment. However, the Supreme Court suspended their execution in March 1950, just before the Korean War.[5]

The dictator at that time, Syngman Rhee, sabotaged and dissolved the banmin teugwi.[6] Under Rhee's regime and in subsequent governments before the Sixth Republic, many of them enjoyed the same wealth and power they had under Japanese rule. Rhee employed many former collaborators in government and military in order to combat North Korea and communist sympathizers in South Korea. The next of South Korea's prominent dictators, Park Chung Hee, was himself a chinilpa who served in the Imperial Japanese military system.[7] During the Cold War, chinilpa was seen as a somewhat taboo subject given that many authorities were at one time collaborators themselves, and thus criticism of chinilpa could be seen as questioning the legitimacy of the regime.[8] Similar pressure to silence was also applied to some chinilpa literary figures.[9]

An early study into chinilpa was done by "maverick scholar" Im Chongguk (1929–1989), whose 1966 work Ch'inil Munhak-ron (친일문학론 Treatise on Pro-Japanese Literature) broke the silence on the subject matter.[8][10] Although it was obscure in its day and didn't have a wide readership, a smattering of articles on the subject appeared in the late 1970s and by the 1980s, Chongguk took his quarter-century's worth of study on the subject and began to publish more systemic works about chinilpa in general, not just literary studies. Chongguk's personal zeal about honestly examining darker pages from national history were not very popular in his day, but by the 1990s, his legacy had strengthened and the topic became more accepted by the South Korean public. However, the old stigma still persisted to some extent in academia, as established mainstream scholars were seemingly "reluctant to dabble in such an irrelevant and 'humiliating' subject" as chinilpa, and much of the interest and writing on the topic came from junior scholars and nonacademics such as independent researchers, literary critics, and journalists.[10]

Prosecution of chinilpa in the 21st century

After more than 50 years have passed since the end of prosecution of chinilpa under the Syngman Rhee administration, the prosecution restarted abruptly as a political agenda of President Roh Moo-hyun.

Definition of chinilpa by the Special Law

The newly enacted Special Law on the Inspection of Collaborations for the Japanese Imperialism[11] defines "pro-Japanese and anti-national actions" (chinilpa) as follows.

article 2
Under this act, the "pro-Japanese and anti-national actions" means any of the following actions committed between the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War that began the deprivation of Korean sovereignty by the Japanese imperialism and August 15, 1945.
1. Any act to attack or order to attack the military forces fighting against the Japanese imperialism to keep sovereign power.
3. Any act to kill, execute, harass or arrest the persons or their families participating in the independent movement or anti-Japanese movement, and an act to instruct or order those violences thereto.
6. Any act to agree, join or conspire the treaties that interfered with the sovereign power including Eulsa Treaty, Korean-Japanese Annexation Treaty and others.
8. Any act of participating in the Assembly of Japanese Empire as a member of the Noble Class or member of Japanese Assembly.
9. Any act of participating as vice chairman, advisor or House of Representatives for the Senate of the Choson Government-General.
10. Any act of positively cooperate with the invasion war (WW2) as an officer above lieutenant of the Japanese imperial forces.
14. Any act to operate the military supply manufacturing to help the warfare of the Japanese imperialism or donate certain amount of or more money and goods determined under the Presidential Decree.

The law is concerned about the independence movement, unlike the ex-Nazi prosecution which concentrates on the war crimes. Most remarkable are items 8 and 9. Being a law-maker during that time qualifies one as a "pro-Japanese and anti-national Collaborator" regardless of what one did as a law-maker.

Developments

On August 29, 2005, a civic organization, the Institute for Research in Collaborationist Activities disclosed a list of 3094 Koreans chinilpa suspects including Park Chung Hee, the former Korean president, Kim Song Su, a former publisher of The Dong-a Ilbo and the founder of Korea University, and Bang Eung Mo, a former president of The Chosun Ilbo.[12]

On December 6, 2006, a South Korean presidential commission, the Investigative Commission on Pro-Japanese Collaborators' Property revealed the first official chinilpa list of 106 persons during 1904 to March 1st Movement in 1919 was including four of the Five Eulsa Traitors.[13]

On August 18, 2006, the commission started the investigation before seizing the property obtained by collaborators during Japanese colonization.[14]

On May 2, 2007, the South Korean government announced its plan to seize assets gained by pro-Japanese collaborators during Japanese colonial rule amounting 3.6 billion won (US$3.9 million, €2.8 million) worth of land from the descendants of nine pro-Japanese collaborators.[15] On August 13, 2007, the commission decided to confiscate about 1 million square meters of land valued at 25.7 billion won that is now owned by the descendants of another ten pro-Japanese collaborators.[16]

On September 17, 2007, the commission revealed the second list of 202 collaborators focused on pro-Japanese figures between 1919 and 1937.[17][18][19] The list includes Song Byeong-jun who sent letters to the Japanese government asking for a merger, Lee Ji-yong, who is one of the Five Eulsa Traitors, Lee Doo-hwang, who participated in the murder of Empress Myeongseong in 1895 and later became a governor of the North Jeolla Province, a novelist Yi In-jik, the author of Hyeoleuinu (Tears of Blood), Yoo Hak-ju, a council member of the Iljinhoe, Bae Jeong-ja, foster daughter of the first Resident-General of Korea who spied on Korean independence activists and recruited comfort women, and Park Je-bin, who formed a tribute group to pay condolences at Ito's funeral in 1926. On the same day, the Seoul administrative court rejected a lawsuit against the commission to erase the names of the son and grandson of Daewon-gun (father of Gojong of the Korean Empire) from the list, who allegedly attended the signing of the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty as representatives of the royal family.

The official list during the most controversial period (1937–1945) that may contain persons who played important roles in South Korean development after the independence and enlisted in the 2005 list of the Institute for Research in Collaborationist Activities had not been revealed as of September 2007.

Since the enactment of the Special Law on the Inspection of Collaboration with Japanese Imperialism (ko:친일진상규명법) in 2004 and the special law to redeem pro-Japanese collaborators' property in 2005, the committee has made a list of 452 pro-Japanese collaborators and examined the land of 109 among them. The total size of the land is estimated at 13.1 million square meters, worth almost 100 billion won.[16]

The confiscated properties will be appropriated, with priority, to reward Koreans who contributed to the independence of Korea from Japan.

See also

References

  1. ↑ As seen in .
  2. ↑ (in Korean) "<친일문학론> 임종국님을 아시나요?", OhmyNews, 2004.01.19.
  3. ↑ Killick, Andrew P. (2001). ""Ch'anggŭk" Opera and the Category of the "Traditionesque"". Korean Studies. 25 (1): 51–71. ISSN 0145-840X. JSTOR 23719471.
  4. ↑ Caprio, Mark E. (2014). "The Eagle has Landed: Groping for a Korean Role in the Pacific War". The Journal of American-East Asian Relations. 21 (1): 5–33. doi:10.1163/18765610-02101001. ISSN 1058-3947. JSTOR 43898362.
  5. ↑ "Pro-Japan collaborators list sparks controversy", The Korea Times, 8/29/2005
  6. ↑ Treat, John Whittier (2012). "Choosing to Collaborate: Yi Kwang-su and the Moral Subject in Colonial Korea". The Journal of Asian Studies. 71 (1): 81–102. doi:10.1017/S0021911811002956. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 41350052. S2CID 159997254.
  7. ↑ Jeong, Minji; Shin, Youseop (2018-04-30). "Post-War Korean Conservatism, Japanese Statism, and the Legacy of President Park Chung-hee in South Korea". The Korean Journal of International Studies. 16 (1): 57–76. doi:10.14731/kjis.2018.04.16.1.57. ISSN 2233-470X. S2CID 158247160.
  8. 1 2 Shin, Michael D. (2012). "Yi Kwang-su: The Collaborator as Modernist against Modernity". The Journal of Asian Studies. 71 (1): 115–120. doi:10.1017/S0021911811002944. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 41350054. S2CID 163006734.
  9. ↑ Kim, Kyu Hyun (2004). "Reflections on the Problems of Colonial Modernity and "Collaboration" in Modern Korean History". Journal of International and Area Studies. 11 (3): 95–111. ISSN 1226-8550. JSTOR 43107105. And yet, until the late 1980s it was exceedingly difficult, if not altogether impossible to find any scholarly study on the chinilpa problem. Relevant records were offending passages whitewashed in the collected works or biographies of important men of letters. When the "collaborators" were indeed mentioned, they tended to be fin-de-siècle personages like Yi Wan-yong but not canonized literary figures such as Yi Kwan Ch'oe Nam-sŏn who nonetheless did lend support to the Japanese imperialists in colonial period.
  10. 1 2 De Ceuster, Koen (2001). "The Nation Exorcised: The Historiography of Collaboration in South Korea". Korean Studies. 25 (2): 207–242. ISSN 0145-840X. JSTOR 23718903.
  11. ↑ "Welcome to PCIC". Archived from the original on 2008-05-21. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
  12. ↑ "KOREA: Ex-leader Park on list of 3,000 Japan collaborators" Archived 2005-11-06 at the Wayback Machine, The Korea Herald/AsiaMedia-UCLA, August 30, 2005
  13. ↑ "정부차원의 첫 보고서 친일청산 논란 재점화" Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, The Korea Times, 2006/12/07.
  14. ↑ "Assets of Japan Collaborators to Be Seized", The Korea Times, 08-13-2006
  15. ↑ "SKorea to seize assets of collaborators in Japanese colonial era for first time", The Associated Press/The International Herald Tribune, May 2, 2007
  16. 1 2 "State to Confiscate Land of Pro-Japanese Collaborators" Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The Korea Times, 2007-08-13
  17. ↑ Bae Ji-sook, "202 Pro-Japanese Collaborators Disclosed", The Korea Times, 09-17-2007.
  18. ↑ (in Korean) 강인식, "법원 `친일파 공개 적절`", JoongAng Ilbo, 2007.09.18.
  19. ↑ (in Japanese) "宋秉畯ら第２期親日反民族行為者２０２人を選定", JoongAng Ilbo, 2007.09.17.
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