Irshad Manji
Manji in 2012
Born1968 (age 55–56)
near Kampala, Uganda
NationalityCanadian
EducationUniversity of British Columbia
Occupation(s)Educator, author and founder of the Moral Courage Project
Years active1990–present
AwardsHonorary Doctorate, University of Puget Sound
Honorary Doctorate, Bishop's University
Young Global Leader, World Economic Forum
Ethical Humanist Award, New York Society for Ethical Culture
Websiteirshadmanji.com

Irshad Manji (born 1968) is a Ugandan-born Canadian educator. She is the author of The Trouble with Islam Today (2004) and Allah, Liberty and Love (2011), both of which have been banned in several Muslim countries.[1][2][3] She also produced a PBS documentary in the America at a Crossroads series, titled Faith Without Fear, which was nominated for an Emmy Award in 2008.[1][4] A former journalist and television presenter, Manji is an advocate of a reformist interpretation of Islam and a critic of literalist interpretations of the Qur'an.

Her latest book, Don't Label Me (2019), proposes methods on how to heal political, racial, and cultural divides. The ideas in the book are related to the Moral Courage Project, which Manji founded at New York University in 2008 and expanded to the University of Southern California (USC) in 2016, when she was a senior fellow at the Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership & Policy.[5] After leaving USC, she founded Moral Courage College with the goal of teaching "young people how to engage honestly about polarizing issues rather than shaming or canceling each other".[6] Manji lectures on these themes as a senior research fellow with the Oxford Initiative for Global Ethics and Human Rights.[7]

Early life and education

Manji was born in 1968 near Kampala, Uganda.[8] Her mother is of Egyptian descent and her father of Indian heritage.[9]

When Idi Amin ordered the expulsion of Asians and other non-Africans from Uganda in the early 1970s,[10][11] Manji and her family came to Canada as refugees when she was four years old.[1][12] They settled in Richmond, British Columbia, near Vancouver.[13][14] Manji attended secular public schools and, every Saturday, a religious school (madrasa). Manji says that, at 14 years old, she was expelled from the madrasa for asking too many questions.[15][16][17]

In 1990, Manji earned a bachelor's degree with honours in the history of ideas from the University of British Columbia, and won the Governor General's Academic Medal for top humanities graduate.[18] In 2002, Manji became writer-in-residence at the University of Toronto's Hart House, from where she began writing The Trouble with Islam Today.[19][20] She was a visiting fellow with the International Security Studies program at Yale University in 2006[21] and was a senior fellow with the Brussels-based European Foundation for Democracy from 2006 to 2012.[22][23]

Career

Manji began her career working in politics in the 1990s. She was a legislative aide in the Canadian parliament for New Democratic Party member of parliament Dawn Black, then press secretary in the Ontario government for Ontario New Democratic Party cabinet minister Marion Boyd,[24] and later speechwriter for federal NDP leader Audrey McLaughlin. At the age of 24, she became the national affairs editorialist for the Ottawa Citizen[15] and the youngest member of an editorial board for any Canadian daily. She was also a columnist for Ottawa's new LGBT newspaper Capital Xtra![25] She participated in a regular "Friendly Fire" segment on TVOntario's Studio 2 from 1992 to 1994, head-to-head against right-wing writer Michael Coren.[26][27]

Manji hosted and produced several public affairs programs on television, including Q-Files for Pulse24 and its successor QT: QueerTelevision for the Toronto-based Citytv in the late 1990s.[28][29] When she left the show, Manji donated the television set's "big Q" to the Pride Library at the University of Western Ontario.[30]

She has also appeared on television networks around the world, including Al Jazeera, the CBC, BBC, MSNBC, C-SPAN, CNN, PBS, the Fox News Channel, CBS, and HBO.[31]

She was also a visiting professor at New York University (NYU) from 2008 to 2015.[32][33] Manji joined NYU's Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service to create the Moral Courage Project, an initiative to teach young people how to speak truth to power within their own communities.[34] Her courses focused on how "to make values-driven decisions for the sake of their integrity – professional and personal".[35] In April 2013, Moral Courage TV (on YouTube), was launched by Manji and Cornel West, a professor and activist.[36] West spoke of Manji's work as a "powerful force for good."[37] In 2015, Manji developed "the West Coast presence of Moral Courage" at the Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership & Policy of the University of Southern California.[38]

Works

The Trouble with Islam Today

Manji's book The Trouble with Islam Today (originally titled The Trouble with Islam) was published by St. Martin's Press in 2004. The book was first released in Canada under the previous title in September 2003.[39] It has since been translated into more than 30 languages.[13] Manji offered Arabic, Persian, and Urdu translations of the book available for free-of-charge download on her website.[40] In The Trouble with Islam Today, Manji investigates new interpretations of the Qur'an which she believes are more fitting for the 21st century.[41] The book has been met with both praise and scorn from both Muslim and non-Muslim sources. Several reviewers have called the book "courageous"[42] or "long overdue"[43] while others have said it disproportionately targets Muslims.[44]

Tarek Fatah, a fellow Canadian Muslim who originally criticized The Trouble With Islam,[45] reversed his stance, saying that Manji was "right about the systematic racism in the Muslim world" and that "there were many redeeming points in her memoir".[46]

The Trouble with Islam Today is banned in many countries in the Middle East.[1] Since July 2009, the book has also been outlawed in Malaysia.[47]

Faith without Fear

In 2007 Manji released a PBS documentary, Faith without Fear. It follows her journey to reconcile faith and freedom, depicting the personal risks she has faced as a Muslim reformer. She explores Islamism in Yemen, Europe and North America, as well as histories of Islamic critical thinking in Spain and elsewhere.[48] Faith Without Fear was nominated for an Emmy[4] and was a finalist for the National Film Board of Canada's Gemini Award.[49][50] It launched the 2008 Muslim Film Festival, organized by the American Islamic Congress[51] and won Gold at the New York Television Festival.[50]

Allah, Liberty and Love

It is time for those who love liberal democracy to join hands with Islam's reformists. Here is a clue to who's who: Moderate Muslims denounce violence committed in the name of Islam but insist that religion has nothing to do with it; reformist Muslims, by contrast, not only deplore Islamist violence but admit that our religion is used to incite it.

— Manji in The Wall Street Journal, May 7, 2011[52][53]

In 2011, Manji published Allah, Liberty and Love. In the book, she examines how Muslims can reinterpret the Qur'an, speak more freely, and think more independently. To support her approach, Manji cites ijtihad, the Islamic tradition of critical thinking in the interpretation of Islamic texts and doctrines.[54][55] Manji asserts that any change of lasting value to Muslims can only come from within and cannot be imposed from external sources.[56]

Manji agrees to and promotes the validity of interfaith marriages of Muslims to non-Muslims, specially of Muslim women to non-Muslim men, based on ideas of Khaleel Mohammed of San Diego State University (SDSU), in San Diego, California.[57]

As with Manji's other writings, Allah, Liberty and Love generated both positive and negative responses. Rayyan Al Shawaf, a Beirut-based writer and book critic, laments Manji's focus on how the Qur'an can be reinterpreted by liberal Muslims and not on how legal limits can be set to curb the Qur'an's influence. He also argues that Manji promotes ijtihad while overlooking that "ijtihad is a sword that cuts both ways."[58] Al-Shawaf also laments Manji's focus "on how liberal Muslims could reinterpret the Koran as opposed to how they might set legal limits on its socio-politico-economic influence."[58] Melik Kaylan in his review for Newsweek describes the book as "a rallying cry to Muslims" and full of "snappy phrases that hover between epigrams and slogans—effective soundbites for her supporters."[55]

Omar Sultan Haque, a researcher and teacher at Harvard University Medical School, argues that although Manji's book is important in raising consciousness, it "fails to grapple with some of the more substantial questions that would make [a liberal and open] future [of Islamic Interpretation] a reality."[59] Haque often describes Manji's ideas in a "patronizing manner". Howard A. Doughty, a professor of political economy at Seneca College, illustrates this with a quote from Haque's review: "Manji's God resembles an extremely affectionate and powerful high school guidance counselor."[59][54]

Doughty, in summarizing his observations of Manji's critics says that some scholars (excluding himself) argue that "Manji may lack the gravitas to drive home her points and turn her ideas into action."[54] He instead offers a defense of her approach and argues that "what her critics seem to miss is that her ease of communication, stripped of abstract philosophical, political and economic analysis, is precisely what allows her to turn her thoughts into other people's actions."[54]

The international launch of Allah, Liberty and Love was met with controversy. In December 2011, Muslim extremists stormed Manji's book launch in Amsterdam;[60] twenty-two Muslim men rushed into the venue and attempted to assault her.[61] During Manji's book tour, police cut short her talk in Jakarta due to pressure from one of Indonesia's fundamentalist groups, the Islamic Defenders Front.[62] A few days later, hundreds of men from the Indonesian Mujahedeen Council assaulted Manji's team and her supporters in Yogyakarta. Several people were injured and at least one had to be treated in a hospital.[63][60] Shortly afterwards, the government of Malaysia banned Allah, Liberty and Love.[47] But in September 2013, a High Court in Kuala Lumpur struck down the ban.[64] The previous year, Nik Raina Nik Abdul Aziz, a Malay woman who was one of the managers of a Borders Bookstore, was arrested for selling a translation of Manji's book before the state had announced its ban.[65][66] After her three-year legal battle with the authorities, Malaysia's Federal Court ruled in her favor and dismissed the government's bid to appeal.[67][68]

Don't Label Me

In a pre-release event for her latest book, Don't Label Me: An Incredible Conversation for Divided Times, Manji was the keynote speaker at the annual Day of Discovery, Dialogue & Action event of the Washington University in St. Louis on 19 February 2019.[69] Don't Label Me was published by St. Martin's Press on 26 February.[70] The book is written in the form of an imaginary conversation with Lily, Manji's first dog, who is now deceased and plays the role of Devil's advocate.[71][72] According to Dana Gee of the Vancouver Sun, "It may seem like a gimmicky construct, but it actually works". Manji uses the conversation to advocate rising above tribalism and engaging in a discourse with those with whom the reader disagrees.[71] In a video published by Time magazine in March 2019, Manji says "I'm here to propose that, while more and more schools are teaching young people how not to be offensive, they also need to be teaching a new generation how not to be offended".[73] Comedian Chris Rock, a fan of Manji,[70] also promoted the book on Twitter calling it "genius".[74][75] In a review of Don't Label Me for Areo Magazine, Samuel Kronen wrote that "Manji provides a wonderful combination of self-deprecation, wit and ferocious honesty and provides insights into some of the greatest social problems we face today."[72]

Views

Manji has received numerous death threats because of her views.[13][76] While living in Toronto, she had the windows of her home fitted with bullet-proof glass for security.[13] Manji has been described as a Quranist.[77]

In an interview with The Jerusalem Post, describing her political leanings, Manji said, "I'm not left-wing, I'm not right-wing. I'm post-wing".[40] She has criticized the argument that US wars inspire Islamic extremism.[78] Manji initially supported the United States' wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and the George W. Bush administration's War on Terror.[79][80][81][82] By 2006, her views toward the war in Iraq had become highly critical of the Bush government.[40] On Iraq, she said she "thought the Oval Office had information that was taken into account when it made decisions."[81] She also said, "I have been openly questioning our work in Afghanistan and the implications of it."[81]

She argues that Palestinians face two occupations: one imposed by Hamas on women and LGBT people and the other by the Israeli forces in all of Palestine.[40][83]

Personal life

In 2016, Manji and her partner, Laura Albano, were married in Hawaii.[84] They lived there with their rescue dogs.[5] The couple are now divorced.[85]

Awards and honours

Bibliography

  • 1997 – Risking Utopia: On the Edge of a New Democracy, (Douglas and McIntyre ISBN 1-55054-434-9)
  • 2003 – The Trouble with Islam Today (St. Martin's Press, ISBN 9780312326999)
  • 2011 – Allah, Liberty and Love: The Courage to Reconcile Faith and Freedom[97] (Atria Books, ISBN 1-4516-4520-1, ISBN 978-1-4516-4520-0)
  • 2019 – Don't Label Me: An Incredible Conversation for Divided Times (St. Martin's Press, ISBN 9781250157980)

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Bedell, Geraldine (2 August 2008). "Interview: 'I cringed when they compared me to Martin Luther'". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  2. ↑ "Malaysia: Reverse Book Ban". Human Rights Watch. 31 May 2012. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  3. ↑ "Muslim gay Canadian launches book in Malaysia despite 'ban'". Al Arabiya News. AFP. 19 May 2012. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  4. 1 2 "Nominees for the 29th Annual News & Documentary Emmy Awards Announced by the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Emmy Online. 15 July 2008. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  5. 1 2 "Irshad Manji". Center on Communication Leadership & Policy. USC Annenberg. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  6. ↑ Manji, Irshad (16 August 2020). "Hating the "Hateful"". Persuasion. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  7. ↑ "Fellows". Oxford Initiative for Global Ethics and Human Rights. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  8. ↑ Hume, Stephen (11 March 2017). "Canada 150: Irshad Manji, challenging Muslim doctrine". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  9. ↑ Friedman, Thomas L. (3 March 2005). "Brave, Young and Muslim". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  10. ↑ Lichter, Ida (2009). Muslim Women Reformers: Inspiring Voices Against Oppression. Prometheus Books. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-61592-502-5.
  11. ↑ Krauss, Clifford (4 October 2003). "An Unlikely Promoter of an Islamic Reformation". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 July 2006.
  12. ↑ Stephens, Bret (4 June 2012). "Lady Gaga Versus Global Jihad". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Todd, Douglas (13 May 2008). "The Trouble with Irshad Manji". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  14. ↑ Barry Gewen (27 April 2008). "Muslim Rebel Sisters: At Odds With Islam and Each Other". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  15. 1 2 Popescu, Lucy (12 October 2011). "Irshad Manji". Literary Review (400). Retrieved 22 July 2017.
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  27. ↑ Habib, Samra (17 March 2003). "A Talking Contradiction". Ryerson Review of Journalism. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  28. ↑ Burwell, Jennifer (24 April 2012). "Canadian Television". In Summers, Claude (ed.). The Queer Encyclopedia of Film and Television. Cleis Press Start. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-57344-882-6.
  29. ↑ Chiu, Joanna (5 November 2012). "Irshad Manji's moral courage". The Vancouver Observer. p. 2. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  30. ↑ Cooper, Danielle (2011). "Big Gay Library": An Ethnography of the Pride Library at the University of Western Ontario (PDF) (Master of Information thesis). University of Toronto.
  31. ↑ "Irshad Manji". YouTube. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  32. ↑ "Irshad Manji | NYU Wagner". Wagner.nyu.edu. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  33. ↑ "IOC should bar Saudi Arabia from Olympics unless women added to team". Kwese.espn.com. 12 July 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  34. ↑ Manji, Irshad. "Explore the Issues". IrshadManji.com. Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  35. ↑ Wagner. "Moral Courage Project". Wagner School of Public Service. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  36. ↑ "Cornel West & Irshad Manji at NYU Reynolds, 4/16". YouTube. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  37. ↑ "Cornel West and Irshad Manji at NYU Reynolds on 4/16/2013". NYU Reynolds Program in Social Entrepreneurship. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  38. ↑ Chapman, Justin (11 September 2015). "Muslim reformer named CCLP senior fellow". Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership & Policy. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  39. ↑ Hays, Matthew (2 March 2004). "Books: Unveiling Islam". The Advocate. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  40. 1 2 3 4 "Manji: Young Muslims want change". The Jerusalem Post. 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  41. ↑ O'Mahony, T.P. (1 February 2017). "Role of women central to necessary reforms within Islam". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  42. ↑ Rehman, Mujibr (11 December 2005). "Calling all believers to a conversation on Islam". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  43. ↑ Sullivan, Andrew (25 January 2004). "Decent Exposure: The Trouble with Islam". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  44. ↑ Goodman, Amy (7 February 2006). "Freedom of Speech or Incitement to Violence? A Debate Over the Publication of Cartoons of Prophet Muhammed and the Global Muslim Protests". Democracy Now!. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  45. ↑ Fatah, Tarek (27 November 2003). "Thanks, but No Thanks: Irshad Manji's Book Is for Muslim Haters, Not Muslims". Archived from the original on 7 February 2005.
  46. ↑ Gora, Tahir Aslam (26 June 2008). "Canada's a centre for Islamic reform". The Hamilton Spectator. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009.
  47. 1 2 "Home Ministry bans Irshad Manji's book". The Star. Malaysia. Bernama. 24 May 2012. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  48. ↑ "Irshad Manji calls on her fellow Muslims to reform". PBS. Trekking through the Arabian peninsula, Manji speaks with Osama bin Laden's former bodyguard, who explains why he's willing to turn his young son into a martyr. She also engages a California convert to Islam who now lives in Yemen and says that by covering her body and face, she's exercising American-style freedom of religion. But is it really freedom if you'll be punished for not covering? Manji meets one Yemeni woman who faces a steep price for rejecting the rules. Through them, Manji discovers what she thinks has corrupted a religion of justice to become an ideology of fear.
  49. ↑ "2007 Gemini Awards". National Film Board of Canada. 10 October 2007. Archived from the original on 21 December 2007.
  50. 1 2 Lichter 2009, p. 96.
  51. ↑ "2008Muslim Film Festival - Think-Different Women". Archived from the original on 16 April 2008.
  52. ↑ Manji, Irshad. "Islam Needs Reformists, Not 'Moderates'". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  53. ↑ Siegel, Bill (2012). The Control Factor: Our Struggle to See the True Threat. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-5817-1.
  54. 1 2 3 4 Doughty, Howard A. "Review Essay: What's the Trouble with Human Rights?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  55. 1 2 Kaylan, Melik (25 September 2011). "Irshad Manji Challenges Muslims to Follow Their Conscience". Newsweek. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  56. ↑ Siddharth, Gautam (2 January 2012). "Changing Times". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  57. ↑ "Imam Khaleel Mohammed's defense of inter-faith marriage" (PDF).
  58. 1 2 Al-Shawaf, Rayyan (25 June 2011). "Author's 'Allah' implores Muslims to Think Freely". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  59. 1 2 Haque, Omar Sultan (15 March 2012). "What Is Islamic Enlightenment?". The New Republic.
  60. 1 2 Hopper, Tristin (10 May 2012). "Irshad Manji book tour in Indonesia runs into trouble with Islamic 'thugs'". National Post. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  61. ↑ Spivak, Rhonda (25 April 2012). "Speaking the truth: A moderate Muslim, Irshad Manji says Islam needs more introspection and self-criticism". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 22 July 2017 – via Israel Behind the News.
  62. ↑ Mandiri, Ardi (5 May 2012). "Indonesian Hardline Group Urges Govt to Deport Liberal Canadian Muslim Activist". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  63. ↑ "Irshad Manji injured in mob attack in Yogya". The Jakarta Post. 10 May 2012. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  64. ↑ Jong, Rita (5 September 2013). "Ban on Irshad Manji's book lifted". The Malaysian Insider. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  65. ↑ Mayberry, Kate (6 August 2012). "'Un-Islamic' book trial opens in Malaysia". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  66. ↑ "Irshad Manji's Book: Borders Book Store Manager To Be Tried". Antarapos.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
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  68. ↑ Lim, Ida (22 August 2014). "Judges slam Islamic authority for premature raid on Borders". Malay Mail. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  69. ↑ McCarthy, Leslie Gibson (15 February 2019). "Honest diversity, moral courage and shedding labels: A Q&A with Irshad Manji". The Source. Washington University in St. Louis. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  70. 1 2 Schilling, Mary Kaye (21 February 2019). "In Don't Label Me, Irshad Manji Has a Radical Prescription for Fellow Progressives: 'Stop Shaming and Start Listening'". Newsweek. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  71. 1 2 Gee, Dana (2 April 2019). "Listening is the best way to get your point across, says Irshad Manji". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  72. 1 2 Kronen, Samuel (1 May 2019). "Irshad Manji's "Don't Label Me": Book Review". Areo. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  73. ↑ Hahn, Jason Duaine (4 April 2019). "Schools 'Need' to Teach Kids 'How Not to Be Offended' in 2019, Educator Pleads". People. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  74. ↑ Kofinas, Demetri (15 July 2020). "Don't Label Me: How to Do Diversity Without Inflaming the Culture Wars | Irshad Manji". Hidden Forces. 00:00:48. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  75. ↑ @chrisrock (26 February 2019). "The new book by @IrshadManji, Don't Label Me, is sheer genius. Today, schools and consultants teach ppl how not to be offensive. But Irshad shows us how not to be offended. That's good for comedy and for life. So read the book & learn to laugh, dammit". Twitter. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  76. ↑ Hari, Johann (5 May 2004). "Irshad Manji: Islam's marked woman". The Independent. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  77. ↑ Kaminski, Joseph J. (2017). "Introduction: Determining the Basis for Political Discourse for the Next Generation". The Contemporary Islamic Governed State. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–28.
  78. ↑ Manji, Irshad (16 August 2006). "Muslim Myopia". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  79. ↑ Aroon, Preeti (19 April 2007). "On TV tonight: Osama bin Laden's worst nightmare". foreignpolicy.com/2007/04/19/on-tv-tonight-osama-bin-ladens-worst-nightmare/. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  80. ↑ Lalami, Laila (1 June 2006). "The Missionary Position". The Nation. Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
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  84. ↑ Firdaws, Nawar (10 May 2016). "Irshad Manji marries partner Laura Albano". Free Malaysia Today. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  85. ↑ Manji, Irshad (14 January 2020). "Divorcing courageously". IrshadManji.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
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  87. ↑ "Be confident!". O, The Oprah Magazine. 5 (5): 234. May 2004. ISSN 1531-3247. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008.
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  90. ↑ "YGL Alumni Community". World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014.
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  92. ↑ "Congratulations Class of 2008!". 19 May 2008. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008.
  93. ↑ "Muslim Leaders of Tomorrow". American Society for Muslim Advancement.
  94. ↑ "Irshad Manji Ethical Humanist Award 2012". New York Society for Ethical Culture. 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  95. ↑ University, Bishops's. "Bishop's University News". Bishop's University. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  96. ↑ "3 Women of Muslim Backgrounds Receive US Human Rights Prize". VOA. 10 December 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  97. ↑ Manji, Irshad (2011). Allah, Liberty and Love. Atria Books. ISBN 978-1-4516-4520-0.
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