Saudi Arabia–Qatar relations
Map indicating locations of Qatar and Saudi Arabia

Qatar
Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia–Qatar relations refers to the current and historical relationship between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the State of Qatar. Prior to 2017, the two countries maintained cordial ties. Qatar was mainly subservient to Saudi Arabia in matters relating to foreign policy.[1] Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani's assumption of power saw Qatar reclaim its sovereignty in foreign affairs, often diverging from Saudi Arabia on many geopolitical issues. In 1996, the Qatari government launched Al Jazeera in a bid to consolidate soft power. One of the most watched news stations in the Arab world, Al Jazeera proved to be a wedge in the two's bilateral relations as it routinely criticized Saudi Arabia's ruler.[2] The network also provided a platform for Islamist groups which are considered a threat to Saudi Arabia's monarchy.[3]

Qatar contributed 1,000 troops to the Saudi-led intervention in Yemen. On 5 June 2017, Saudi Arabia along with Bahrain, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates severed all ties with Qatar. The reason given was Qatar's "embrace of various terrorist and sectarian groups aimed at destabilising the region".[4] As part of this campaign, the Saudi-led quartet closed off their airspaces, territorial waters and land borders to Qatar.[5] Saudi Arabia also suspended Qatar's involvement in the Yemen campaign.[6]

On 4 January 2021, Qatar and Saudi Arabia agreed to reopen airspace, land and maritime borders, with the expectation to fully restore diplomatic relations.[7][8] On 16 January, the Saudi announced it would reopen its embassy in Qatar.[9] On 9 January 2021, Saudi Customs resumed operations with Qatar at the Salwa border crossing, and on 14 February 2021, the trade of goods between Qatar and Saudi Arabia resumed through the Abu Samra border crossing.[10]

Diplomatic relations prior to the 20th century

It was not until an 1868 maritime agreement that Qatar was recognized as a sovereign entity by the British, who controlled much of the Persian Gulf. The mid-1800s saw the emergence of a centralized seat of power under the House of Al Thani. However, until the signing of the 1868 agreement, ownership of Qatar switched hands often between the House of Al Thani, the Saudis and the House of Al Khalifa.[11]

Some time before 1810, the transitory ruler of Qatar Rahmah ibn Jabir Al Jalhami allied himself with the Saudis, offering them partial dominion over Qatar, including the right to collect taxes from Qataris and the adoption of Salafism as the dominant form of Islam in Qatar. The Al Khalifa of Bahrain along with the Sultan of Muscat razed Saudi fortifications in Qatar and Bahrain in 1811, effectually shifting the suzerainty of Qatar from the Saudis to the Al Khalifa.[12] At this time the Saudis were embroiled in a drawn-out war with the Ottoman Empire in the west, so they did not dedicate many troops towards Qatar's defense nor did they contest the Al Khalifa immediately afterward. Nonetheless, over the proceeding years, certain Qatari tribes would pledge allegiance to the Saudis, preferring their rule over the Al Khalifa. This prompted the Al Khalifa to install its own government officials on the Qatari Peninsula in the 1830s to scout for any collaboration between the Qataris and Saudis.[13]

Political cooperation

Foreign policy

Until the late 20th century when Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani assumed the throne, Qatar toed the Saudi line in its foreign policy. Both countries were staunch critics of Ayatollah Khomeini's Iran regime and Israel. Saudi Arabia and Qatar were two of the six co-founders of the Gulf Cooperation Council in 1981.[1]

Even after bilateral relations worsened in the 1990s and 2000s, Qatar still followed the Kingdom's lead in several issues, such as participating in the Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain in 2011,[14] participating in the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen in 2015,[15] and recalling its ambassador to Tehran over the 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran.[16] Nonetheless, after the Qatar diplomatic crisis erupted in June 2017, there has been no political cooperation of any sort between the two, with Qatar going as far as to defiantly reinstate its ambassador to Iran in August 2017.[17]

Saudi mediation of Bahrain–Qatar disputes

Saudi Arabia has a decades-long history of mediating disputes between Qatar and its neighbor Bahrain. Relations between the two countries have historically been turbulent due to disagreements over the rightful ownership of several territories. In the 1940s, the Saudis were responsible for mediating a dispute between the two over Zubarah's ownership, being preferred over the British.[18] Saudi Arabia also helped the two reach an agreement over the Hawar Islands. However, the Saudis efforts did not result in any tangible results, and Qatari-Bahraini territorial disputes were referred to the International Court of Justice in 1991.[19]

Saudi mediation of internal conflicts in Qatar

Saudi Arabia had served as a safe haven for dissidents of Qatar from the mid-20th century onward, ranging from high-ranking members of the Al Thani family to businessmen and common people. Qatar itself had often exiled its most powerful critics to Saudi Arabia. This was usually temporary, with the dissidents returning to Qatar after the Saudi government would negotiate resolutions between the two parties.[18]

Political tensions

Ascension of Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani

Since he took power in 1995, Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani believed Qatar could find security only by transforming itself from a de-facto Saudi vassal state to a rival of Saudi Arabia. When Hamad bin Khalifa assumed power, Qatar was in a better position to chart its own path than any time prior because of the massive wealth it had gained from hydrocarbon extraction. Among his early actions that the drew the ire of the Saudis were forming ties with Iran and Israel and establishing Al Jazeera in 1996.[2]

In 1996, a counter coup d'état attempt of Hamad bin Khalifa was foiled. Qatari intelligence indicated that the masterminds behind the attempt were government officials from Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates.[20]

Early-to-late 2000s

After Saudi Arabia refused to host US troops preparing for the Iraq War, in early 2002 the US signed a military agreement with Qatar culminating in the opening of Al Udeid Air Base.[21] This was an important phase in Qatar's pivot from Saudi influence, since the US base guaranteed Qatar's protection against any possible military interventions by Saudi Arabia and its allies.[2]

In July 2002, a broadcast by Al Jazeera featured Saudi religious activist Mohsen Al-Awaji, who criticized Saudi Arabia's involvement in Afghanistan and its approach on the Palestinian question.[22][23] For this reason, Saudi Arabia withdrew its ambassador to Doha from 2002 to 2008 to try to pressure Qatar to curb its individualistic tendencies. This approach broadly failed.[24]

2014 Saudi–Qatari rift

During a March 2014 meeting of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), after which the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain announced the recall of their ambassadors to Qatar. This was largely a result of Qatar's backing of Islamist groups, namely the Muslim Brotherhood.[25][26][27]

Some economists have interpreted the 2014 Saudi–Qatari rift as the tangible political sign of a growing economic rivalry between oil and natural gas producers, which could "have deep and long-lasting consequences" beyond the Middle East-North Africa area.[28]

2017–19 Qatar diplomatic crisis

On 5 June 2017, Saudi Arabia had officially cut ties with Qatar.[29] Saudi Arabia said it took the decision to cut diplomatic ties due to Qatar's "embrace of various terrorist and sectarian groups aimed at destabilising the region", including the Muslim Brotherhood, al-Qaida, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, and groups supported by Iran in the kingdom's Eastern Province city of Qatif.[4] Islam Hassan argues that: "Starting the 2000 and ahead, Qatar has been pursuing an independent foreign policy that at times clash with the Saudi strategic interests in the region. The fact that Qatar has not been toeing the Saudi foreign policy, and dealing with states and non-state actors that the Saudis do not approve of have caused this tension in relations over the past couple of years, mainly after the Arab uprisings. This tension was revived by the hacking saga of Qatar News Agency and the statement that was attributed to Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad, which Qatar falsified later. This happened at a time Mohamed bin Salman is facing competition from Mohamed bin Nayef over the Saudi throne. Mohamed bin Salman tried to have the US blessing during Trump's visit to Saudi to force Qatar to its knees, and go back home with a win that would give him more popularity in Saudi Arabia, easing his journey to power."[30][31]

Other experts have argued that, given the strategic and economic imbalance of the relationship, Doha could eventually pay "an incommensurate price for having thought it could defy forever the laws of geo-economic gravity […] Qatar has had to resort to expensive imports from Iran and Oman to circumvent the Saudi-led blockade: such an impractical expediency won’t be tenable in the long term, as Iran itself is subject to various commercial sanctions and Qatar doesn’t possess the modern naval infrastructure that may have allowed it to truly withstand the shock".[32]

Saudi Arabia threatened its Gulf neighbor with military action over Doha's discussions on purchasing the Russian-made air defense system.[33]

Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani, Foreign Minister of Qatar while reacting said in an interview to a TV channel that this threat is an example of 'impulsive behaviour' and is detrimental to GCC stability.[34]

After boycotting the 2019 Arabian Gulf Cup in Qatar, Saudi Arabia, later in November 2019, announced to participate in the tournament, signaling a thaw to the stand-off between the countries.[35][36]

Economic relations

Until the Qatar diplomatic crisis, Qatar imported upwards of 80% of its food from its Persian Gulf neighbors, chiefly Saudi Arabia. The vast majority of food was transported on land through the Salwa Border Crossing connecting both countries. This border crossing was closed in June 2017 and Qatar's trade with the blockading countries was suspended, thereby cutting off Qatar from its primary source of food imports.[37] Imports of pharmaceuticals were also interrupted in Qatar, of which 50 to 60% was supplied by Saudi Arabia and the other Arab countries in the Persian Gulf.[38]

Qatar bypassed the blockade by setting up trade routes with Turkey, Iran, Kuwait and Oman.[39] In May 2018, Qatar declared that it would ban products imported from Saudi Arabia and the three other blockading nations.[40]

Military relations

During the Bahraini uprising of 2011, Qatar participated in the Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain, offering troops to the Peninsula Shield Force to quell the mainly Shiite protestors.[14]

Qatar provided 1,000 ground troops for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen in 2015.[15] At the onset of the Qatar diplomatic crisis in June 2017, Saudi Arabia suspended Qatar's involvement in the Yemen campaign.[6] Saudi Arabia allowed a Qatari contingent to participate in the Joint Gulf Shield 1 Drill held in April 2018 in the Saudi town of Ras Al-Khair.[41]

Although Qatar was traditionally reliant on Saudi Arabia for its security, the Turkish military base in Qatar[42] set up in 2014 allows Qatar to reduce its dependency on Saudi Arabia.[43]

Media rivalry

Qatari media organisation Al Jazeera was launched in 1996 and within a short time it became one of the most influential news sources for the Arab world. Al Jazeera was regarded as controversial by many Middle Eastern governments, all of whom kept a tight rein on the information consumed by their population. Among other events, the network has granted interviews to Israeli government officials, interviewed with Islamist and terrorist groups, and criticized the rulers of Arab countries. Saudi Arabia regards Al Jazeera as a propaganda tool of the Qatari government used to undermine the region's stability.[3]

Mainly due to Al Jazeera's publishing of a peace treaty made between the Saudi and Israeli governments, in 2002 Saudi Arabia withdrew its ambassador from Qatar in protest. He was not reinstated until 2008. In 2003, Saudi Arabia inaugurated Al Arabiya, which tried to become the counterweight to Al Jazeera. Al Arabiya has been among Al Jazeera's most vocal critics.[3] Amidst the 2014 Qatar–GCC rift, Saudi Arabia halted Al Jazeera's operations in the country over the network's broadcasting of incendiary statements made in interviews and directed at the Persian Gulf monarchies, and its readiness to provide Islamist groups with a podium.[44]

At the beginning of the Qatar diplomatic crisis in June 2017, Al Jazeera broadcasting was banned in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, its office was shut down and websites were blocked. When the Saudi-led quartet presented their list of demands to Qatar over two weeks later, one of the demands stipulated that Qatar's government close down of Al Jazeera and other Qatar-affiliated media organisations.[45]

Saudi Arabia banned Qatari-based beIN Sports on 13 June 2017, shortly after the diplomatic crisis began. beIN Sports is one of the largest sport broadcasters in Asia and holds exclusive licenses with many European leagues for the MENA region. No clear explanation was given for Saudi Arabia's decision to ban the network except that its government made the decision out of "concern for the rights of its citizens and residents".[46] Months later, a pirated network broadcasting beIN Sports' programmes emerged in Saudi Arabia called "beoutQ". Qatar accused the Saudi government of being behind the scheme and claimed that beoutQ was formed as a way of subverting Qatar's soft power and global influence.[47]

Countries of contention

Reopening

Qatari–Saudi relations were restored on 4 January 2021. Land, air and water borders were immediately reopened ahead of the 2021 GCC summit.[48]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Richard Johns (1982). "Advocate of co-operation". Financial Times. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 Fisher, Max (13 June 2017). "How the Saudi-Qatar Rivalry, Now Combusting, Reshaped the Middle East". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 Malak Harb; Aya Batrawi (9 June 2017). "Al-Jazeera a target in Gulf confrontation with Qatar". Associated Press. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  4. 1 2 "Gulf plunged into diplomatic crisis as countries cut ties with Qatar | World news | The Guardian". theguardian. 5 June 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
  5. ↑ "Four countries cut links with Qatar over 'terrorism' support". BBC News. 5 June 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  6. 1 2 "Arab coalition suspends Qatar's participation in Yemen". Al Arabiya. 5 June 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  7. ↑ Salem, Mostafa; Atay Alam, Hande (5 January 2021). "Saudi Arabia and Qatar agree to reopen airspace and maritime borders". CNN. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  8. ↑ "Qatar blockade over as UAE, Saudi, Bahrain and Egypt agree to fully restore ties".
  9. ↑ "Saudi FM Says Embassy to Reopen in Qatar Within Days". The Voice of America. 16 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  10. ↑ "Trade between Saudi Arabia and Qatar to resume today". Arab News. 14 February 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  11. ↑ Karen Stapley (16 October 2014). "The Emergence of Qatar: Pelly's Role in Britain's 1868 Recognition of the State". Qatar Digital Library. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  12. ↑ "'Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915' [843] (998/1782)". Qatar Digital Library. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  13. ↑ "'Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915' [794] (949/1782)". Qatar Digital Library. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  14. 1 2 "It's official: Qatar has sent troops to Bahrain". Doha News. 19 March 2011. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  15. 1 2 "Qatar sends 1,000 ground troops to Yemen conflict: al Jazeera". Reuters. 7 September 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  16. ↑ "Saudi-Iran row: Qatar joins action against Tehran". BBC. 6 January 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  17. ↑ "Qatar says its ambassador to return to Iran: foreign ministry". Reuters. 23 August 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  18. 1 2 Crystal, Jill (1996). Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar. Cambridge University Press. pp. 165–166. ISBN 978-0521466356.
  19. ↑ "Bahrain re-opens border dispute with Qatar". Al Jazeera. 5 November 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  20. ↑ "New details revealed on 1996 coup attempt against Qatar". Al Jazeera. 4 March 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  21. ↑ Julian Borger (27 March 2002). "US paves way for war on Iraq". The Guardian. Washington. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  22. ↑ "Riyadh recalls ambassador from Qatar over Al-Jazeera row".
  23. ↑ "Attacks on the Press 2002: Saudi Arabia". 31 March 2003.
  24. ↑ Roberts, Dr David (5 June 2017). "Qatar row: What's caused the fall-out between Gulf neighbours?". BBC News. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
  25. ↑ "3 Gulf Countries Pull Ambassadors From Qatar Over Its Support of Islamists". New York Times. 5 March 2014.
  26. ↑ "gulfnews.com: "UAE, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain recall their ambassadors from Qatar" 5 Mar 2014". 5 March 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  27. ↑ "Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain withdraw envoys from Qatar". CNN. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  28. ↑ Firzli, M. Nicolas J. (6 April 2014). "A GCC House Divided: Country Risk Implications of the Saudi-Qatari Rift". Al-Hayat. London.
  29. ↑ "Four countries cut links with Qatar over 'terrorism' support". BBC News. 5 June 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  30. ↑ "Qatar Pursues an Independent Foreign Policy that Clashes with the Saudi's Strategic Interests". Eurasia Diary. 8 June 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  31. ↑ "Saudi Diplomatic Offensive on Qatar to Barely Impact Anti-Terror Fight in Region". Academia.edu. 8 June 2017.
  32. ↑ Firzli, M. Nicolas (17 June 2017). "The Qatar Crisis and the Eastern Flank of the Arab World". Al-Sharq Al-Awasat. Retrieved 18 July 2017 – via Al Sharq Al Awsat www.academia.edu.
  33. ↑ "Qatar rejects Saudi Arabia's threats on S-400 delivery: envoy". Al-Masdar News. 7 June 2018. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020.
  34. ↑ "Qatar FM: 'Impulsive behaviour' is a threat to GCC stability | Middle East | Al Jazeera". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2018.
  35. ↑ "Saudi, UAE to Attend Gulf Cup in Qatar as Feud Begins to Fade". BNN Bloomberg. 12 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  36. ↑ "Signs Mount That Qatar Embargo May End as Mediation Gears Up". Bloomberg. 12 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  37. ↑ "UPDATE 1-Qatar food imports hit after Arab nations cut ties – trade sources". Reuters. 5 June 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  38. ↑ "Qatar blockade 'unlawful, unjustified and disproportionate', new report says". The New Arab. 4 June 2018.
  39. ↑ Seval Ocak Adiyaman; Tolga Albay (4 August 2017). "Turkey, Qatar, Iran to discuss land trade routes". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  40. ↑ "Qatar bans goods from UAE, Saudi as embargo anniversary approaches". Reuters. 27 May 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  41. ↑ "Qatari forces participate in Gulf shield drill in Saudi Arabia". Al Jazeera. 19 April 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
  42. ↑ Finn, Tom (28 April 2016). "Seeing shared threats, Turkey sets up military base in Qatar". Reuters. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  43. ↑ Foizee, Bahauddin (1 April 2017). "Shared regional agendas are stimulating the rapid rise of Turkey-Qatar cooperation". Middle East Monitor. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  44. ↑ Patrick Cockburn (12 March 2014). "Saudi Arabia closes local al Jazeera office over Qatar's backing for the Muslim Brotherhood". The Independent. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  45. ↑ "Q&A: Why Some Countries Are Trying to Muzzle Al-Jazeera". Voice of America. Associated Press. 8 August 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  46. ↑ "Saudi Arabia bans the import, sale, renewal of Bein Sports receivers". Reuters. 13 June 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  47. ↑ Tim Fernholz (13 July 2018). "A political crisis in the Middle East means free World Cup streaming for millions". Quartz. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  48. ↑ "Saudi Arabia reopens land, air and water for Qatar". Arab News. 4 January 2021.
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