Rama Kulasekhara
Kulasekhara Perumal • Koyil Adhikarikal • Cheraman Perumal • Cheramanar (Tamil) • Chakravarthikal ("Ma Ko") • Thiruvadi
Perunna temple inscription (1099 AD)
King of Chera Perumal Kingdom
Reign1089/90–c.1122/23 AD[1]
PredecessorAdithya Goda "Ranadithya"[1] (c. 1036–1089 CE)[2]
SuccessorVira Kerala[3]
IssueVira Kerala[3]
HouseChera Perumal dynasty
ReligionHinduism

Rama Kulasekhara (fl. late 11th century CE[4]) was the last ruler of the Chera Perumal dynasty of medieval Kerala.[5][6] He was a contemporary to Chola kings Kulottunga I (1070–1120) and Vikrama Chola (1118–35 AD).[6] Rama Kulaskehara is best known for briefly recovering Kollam-Trivandrum-Nagercoil region from the powerful Chola empire around 1100/02 AD.[6]

Inscriptions related to Rama Kulasekhara can be found at Panthalayani Kollam near Quilandy, Thiruvaloor (on Periyar), Perunna near Changanassery, Nedumpuram Thali (Wadakkanchery) and at Kollam.[7] Weakened authority of the Chera Perumal is evident in some of the inscriptions of Rama Kulasekhara. In 1099 AD, the leader of the Nair warriors of Nedumpurayur Nadu is seen handling the affairs of the Nedumpuram Thali, a state-sponsored temple.[8] In 1102 AD, Rama Kulasekhara publicly atoned for the wrongs committed by him against the Brahmin community.[8] An inscription dated to 1122 AD, found at Thiruvalanchuzhi, Tanjore (dated in the regnal year of king Vikrama Chola), also remembers Rama Kulasekhara.[7]

Kollam functioned as the second headquarters of the Chera Perumal kingdom towards the final phase of Rama Kulasekhara's rule (c. 1100/02 AD - c. 1122/23). According to scholars, "the strategic advantage of marriage relations with the old ruling clan of Kollam in securing the loyalty of Venad can also be considered in the light of continuous Chola-Pandya attacks in south Kerala".[9] There is a tradition that Vira Kerala, a ruler of Kollam in early 12th century, was a son of the last Chera king.[10]

Career

Corrections by M. G. S. Narayanan (1972) on K. A. Nilakanta Sastri (1955, revised) point out that Chola ruler Kulottunga I oversaw only one expedition to the Chera Perumal kingdom (in c. 1097). Sastri had assumed that Kulottunga led two military thrusts to south Kerala in c. 1077-1081 and in c. 1097.[11]

Rama Kulasekhara came to the Chera Perumal throne in c. 1089/90.[1][12] Rama was the personal name and "Kulasekhara" was the coronation title.[13] The first record of the king - as "Kulasekhara - Koyil Adhikarikal" - is found in the courtyard of the Panthalayani Kollam Bhagavathi temple in northern Kerala.[14] Another inscription of "Kulasekhara Perumal" (1092 AD) can be found at the Thiruvaloor temple in the Periyar valley.[14] Port Vizhinjam in the Ay country was called "Rajendra Chola Pattinam" by Kulottunga I Chola in 1091 AD.[11]

Kulottunga Chola's south Kerala campaign

Southern parts of Kerala (Venad and the Ay country), as far north as Kollam, again came under the Chola rule by 1097 AD.[11] This military thrust was probably conducted by "Chola-Pandya" ruler Jatavarman Srivallabha[15] or Chola general Naralokavira Kalinga Rayan for the Chola king Kulottunga I (1070–1120).[11] Records of this campaign mention, among other things, the "chaver" warriors in Kuda Malai Nadu (meaning Kerala here) ascending the "unique heaven" in battles, "the subduing of the numerous forces of the Keralas", "making the rebel vassal kings obedient", "victory over the bow emblem" and "the Chera king's retreat from the battle field".[11] A new era called "Kollam Azhintha Andu" was inaugurated by the Pandyas in 1097 AD.[15] Weakened authority of the Chera Perumal is evident in some of the inscriptions from this period. In 1099 AD, the leader of the Nair warriors of Nedumpurayur Nadu is seen handling the affairs of the Nedumpuram Thali, an originally state-sponsored temple.[8] Earlier in 1099, Rama Kulasekhara, with the Four Brahmin Ministers (the Nalu Thali) and the Thrikkunnappuzha, is seen residing and issuing orders from the Great Temple (the Nediya Thali) at Kodungallur.[14]

Recovery of Kollam

It seems that the Chera Perumal managed to recover Kollam c. 1100/02 AD.[13][11] A possible major battle at Poonthura, near Vizhinjam, involving Mana Vikrama of Eranadu and his Nairs later known as "Poonthura Nairs", was instrumental in this recovery.[15] Cholas eventually fixed their boundary at Kottar (leaving the Venad and the Ay country to the Cheras).[11] We have a mention of a council attended by king Rama Kulasekhara and Mana Vikrama Punthurakkon (the future Zamorin, "the first among the samanthas") at Kollam in 1102 AD. Rama Kulasekhara publicly atoned for the wrongs committed by him against the Brahmins at this council.[8] The record was probably made in the aftermath of the recovery of Kollam.[15]

Vikrama Chola's south Kerala campaign

Later years of Rama Kulasekhara witnessed Vikrama Chola's south Kerala campaign (c. 1102–c. 1118 AD) against the Chera Perumals.[11] This expedition was probably conducted by the Pandya Jatavarman Parakrama.[11] Records mention the defeat of the Chera in a "single campaign" in Malai Nadu, the levying of tribute from the Chera king, and the capture of Venad and the Ay country by the Chola-Pandyas. The "Kupaka" (meaning Venad here) ruler also seems to have offered his daughter in marriage to Parakrama Pandya (Parakrama also visited the Anantapuram Temple during this period).[11]

A Tanjore inscription of Vikrama Chola mentions "the flight of the Chera king".[11] Rama Kulasekhara is also remembered in a Thiruvalanjuli inscription (1122 AD) of certain Kizhan Adikal.[16] By 1121, an unnamed Kupaka ruler had defeated Pandya king Rajasimha and conquered up to Nanjinadu and Kottar.[11] Vira Kerala, the independent ruler of Venad (possibly the son of Rama Kulasekhara[10]), finds mention in a Cholapuram temple inscription dated to 1126 AD.[12]

Epigraphic records

Note: Material: granite, script: Vattezhuthu with Grantha, and language: old Malayalam (unless otherwise stated)

Year Location Contents
Nature Royal Name Notes[7]
c. 1089 (no regnal year) Panthalayani Kollam Bhagavathi temple inscription - courtyard of Panthalayani Kollam Bhagavathi temple[14] Royal order "Kulasekhara - Koyil Adhikarikal" Koyil Adhikarikal orders that out of the Annual Dues (the Attaikoil) from Panthalayani Kollam, the Village Assembly (the Ur) was granted five nazhi out of every six nazhi and the melpadi of Thathamangalam
1092 AD (3rd regnal year)

Jupiter - Makaram[14]

 Thiruvaloor temple inscription (built into the entrance of the temple) - on Periyar[14] Temple committee resolution "Kulasekhara Perumal"
  • A council of the Village Assembly (the Ur) and the Village Assembly Secretary (the Pothuval) in the presence of certain Kadaingothu Narayanan Ravi Koyil at the Aralur temple.
  • The council unanimously appoint the priests of the temple, fix remuneration and terms of service.
1099 AD (10th regnal year)

Jupiter - Karkadakam (month -Vrishchikam)[14]

 Perunna temple inscription (west side of the central shrine in temple)[14] Royal order "Kulasekhara" King residing and issuing orders from the Great Temple (the Nediya Thali) at Kodungallur.
  • King sitting in council with the Four Brahmin Ministers (the Nalu Thali) and the Thrikkunnappuzha at the Great Temple (the Nediya Thali) at Kodungallur.
  • The king ordered the cancellation of Annual Dues (the Attaikkol) and War Tax (the Aranthai) from Perunneyathal.
  • The institution of Namaskaram and Maparatham with the above amount and handed it over to the Perunneyathal Village Assembly (the Ur) and Village Assembly Secretary (the Pothuval).
  • Royal orders to this effect were sent to the Kudippadis through messengers.
  • The record specifically mentions that the assembly caused a stone marking the cancellation of the War Tax to be erected there.
1099 (10th regnal year)

Jupiter - Karkadakam (month - Minam)[14]

 Nedumpuram Thali (Wadakkanchery) inscriptions (right side of half-wall of the entrance corridor through the vathilmadam of the temple)[14] Temple inscription (10th year) "Ma[ha] Ko Rama" (10th year)
  • Period of Manangattu Kumaran Ravi as the chief of Nedumpurayur Nadu (Wadakkanchery).
  • Pulloor Kumaran Kumarathichan, the leader of the Nair warriors of Nedumpurayur Nadu, supervises the Nedumpuram temple, making some arrangements in the temple.
  • Kumarathichan was perhaps not entitled to supervise the Nedumpuram temple..[8]
1100 AD (11th regnal year)

Jupiter - Chingam[14]

 Temple committee resolution (11th year) King's name or regnal year not mentioned (11th year)
  • A resolution revoking the arrangements made by Kumarathichan.[8]
  • Period of Thalappulathu Kandan Kumaran as the chief of Nedumpurayur Nadu.
  • Kanjirappalli Ravi Kannapiran, the leader of the Nair warriors of Nedumpurayur Nadu, sitting in council in the temple decided to cancel the decision taken by Pulloor Kumaran Kumarithichan, the former leader of the Nair warriors of Nedumpurayur Nadu.
  • Kannapiran gave orders to this effect to the officials of Nithyaviyareswaram temple. Fine is prescribed for the violation of the rules.
  • Dated in 278 Kollam Era
  • 1102 AD (2+11 =13th regnal year)[12]
  • Jupiter - Kanni (month - [Chingam])[14]
 Rameswaram temple inscription (Kollam) (pillar set up in the courtyard of Rameswaram temple) or 'Quilon Inscription of Kollam 278' Royal order "Rama Thiruvadi Koyil Adhikarikal alias Sri Kulasekhara Chakravarthikal"
  • Rama Varma calls himself "Chakravarthikal" - i.e., independent ruler. Residing and issuing orders from Panankavil Palace, "Kurakkeni" Kollam.[17]
  • King sitting in council with the Arya Brahmins, the Four Brahmin Ministers (the Nalu Thali), the Leader of the Thousand Nairs (the Ayiram), the Leader of the Six Hundred Nairs of Venad (the Arunutruvar), and Mana Vikrama Punthurakkon, the chief of Eranadu (the first among the samanthas).[17]
  • King made amends for some offence against the Arya Brahmins by donating paddy for the daily feeding of Brahmins and leasing out a Crown Land for that purpose to Kumara Udaya Varma, the chief of Venad.[17]
  • The king makes provision for Koothu (the Dance) and offering at Thirukkunavaya (Jain?) temple.[17]
  • Witnesses are mentioned
1122 AD - 4th regnal year of king Vikrama Chola (coronation 1118 AD)[16]

Material: granite blocks, script: Tamil, and language: Tamil.

 Thiruvanchuli/Thiruvalanjuli temple inscription (Tanjore) - south wall of the mandapa in front of the central shrine in Kapardiswara temple Temple inscription "Cheramanar Rama Varma"
  • Dated in the regnal years of king Vikrama Chola.
  • Mentions a gift of money for the daily offering of a garland to the deity of the temple for the benefit of the Chera king Rama Varma.[16]
  • Certain Kizhan Adikal - the Chera Perumal princess - is mentioned in another line.[16]

Quilon Inscription of Kollam 278

  • Sources: Travancore Archaeological Series (Volume V)[18] & 'Index to Cera Inscriptions' (1972)[17]

swasti śṛi I

kollantoṉṛi-yirunūṛṛeḻupatteṭṭām-āṇṭai-kkaṉṉiyil viyāḻam pukka [ciṅṅa ñā]yiṛu oṉpatu ceṉṛa nāḷ iraṇṭām-āṇṭaikketir pati[norā]m āṇṭai[y

i]rāmar tiruvaṭi koyilatikārikaḷ-āyiṉa śṛi kulacekara-ccakkiravarttikaḷ kurakkēṇi-kkollattu paṉaiṅkāviṉ koyilakattirunnaruḷa

āriyaroṭu vanna virotattiṉu vrāyaccit-ttattiṉu putten paṛaiyāl patiṉāḻi-kkoḷḷum paṛaiyāl niyatam oro-parai-cceytu nel irāmeccuvarattu...āriya brāhmaṇaruṅkūṭi-yirunnaṭattu...pakkal....yakkaṅkaiyil-ttirukkai naṉaicaruḷa

nāṉku taḷiyum āyi[ram a]ṛunūṛṛuvarum eṛāṉaṭu vāḻkkai māṉavikkiramaṉ-āṉa pūntuṛaikkōṉ mutalāyuḷḷa cāmantarun tirukkaikkiḻ-kkūṭiyirukka-ttirukkai naṉaicc-a[ru]ḷiyāvitu I

accerikkal kārāṇmai ceta veṇāṭṭu kumāraṉ-utaiya vāmmaṉ...i...

ainnāḻikoḷḷum-iṭaṅkaḻiyāl muppattaru kala nelli rāmecurattu maṇṭapattil [kūttaṅ]kūṭi-yirunnatil i[vvāṇṭu] mutal tiru...vaikkum tirukkūttuṅkūṭi-cce[lvatu] I

kiṛṛaṭiccuvarattu meloṭitti...lu cennel muppattaṛu-kalam...lippaṭi-patiṉeṇkalam nellāl celaviṭuvitu I

vaiccanel patiṉaiṅkalattāl toḷḷāyira-nāḻi palākkāṭṭu kaṇṇan tevaṉ celaviṭuvitu I

toḷḷāyira-nāḻi mel ivvur cattipiramañ celaviṭuvitu I

celavu muṭṭikiṉṛe...mayālaññāḻi ari taṇṭapattu celaviṭuvitu I

kārāḷar mūvaruṅkūṭi cerikkal...kārāḷarum tirukkuṇavāttevar tirunaṭaiyil koṇṭu munnāḻikku‐okkum-iṭa[ṅ]kaḻi nānūṛṛu nāḻi nelāṭṭai kārāḷaru cerikkal koṭuppatu I

yivaṇṇ-a[m]maiccamaikku...kuṇavāyiraṉum yikkaṭai-kaṭamaiyāl...tiṉṛumaticcu okku...ṉṛunāḻi-uriyāl...

yirunāḻi akkiram patiṉāḻi ipperumāḷ naṭai cilaviṛku avaṛṛiṛku nāḻuri kiṛṛaṭiccurattu moloṭikku nāḻuri...koṭuktu...

ka...ṉṛa maṅṅalatt-iraviyirāyāṉ kaiyeḻuttu I

...ṉa...lakkaluṅyum...

micā-naṅkai-yāṭiyār āṛikku...ccṉeḻuttu I

araicūr ācāri kaiyeḻuttu I

tirupperūr maṛaikka...kaṇṭāccaaṉ kaiyeḻuttu

śṛi II

Literary evidences

A medieval Malayalam sloka names the last "Cheraman" as "Rama Varma".[19][20]

"Arum nerittu nillar ariya netuvirippoteto vanmelallo
Nireki pantotukkattakhila gunanidhe Ceraman Rama Varma".

Medieval Malayalam sloka, Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Vijnanadeepika, IV

Patron of Vasubhatta

Vasubhatta, a famous Yamaka poet of medieval Kerala, names his patron king as "Rama". A later commentary on a poem by Vasubhatta says that "Kulasekhara" was the regnal title of king Rama.[21] Scholars generally consider this a result of confusion on the part of the commentators (between Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara and Rama Rajasekhara) who were separated in time from Vasubhatta.[21] Some scholars identify king Rama Kulasekhara as the patron of poet Vasubhatta (and with royal dramatist Kulasekhara Varma).[22] This view is generally found unacceptable on several counts.[23]

Accounts of disappearance

Rama Kulasekhara was believed to have disappeared under strange circumstances in 1122 A.D. which prevented the nomination of another leader, in consequence of which the kingdom broke into pieces.[24] Other accounts say, Rama Varma Kulasekhara divided his empire among his own and his sister's children, and among other relatives. He then embraced Islam.[25] On some account, Rama Kulasekhara denounced his throne and went to Arabia in the company of some Muslim traders. He is said to have become a convert to Islam and died at a place called Sapher in Arabia. The fact that the old Madayi Mosque was built in 1124 A.D., only two only two years after the disappearance of the Perumal, makes his conversion and emigration to Arabia quite possible, although there are differences of opinion.[26][27]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 122. ISBN 9781108857871.
  2. ↑ As per M. G. S. Narayanan (1972)
  3. 1 2 Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013) [1972]. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. p. 86. ISBN 9788188765072.
  4. ↑ Narayanan, M. G. S. (2002). "The State in the Era of the Ceraman Perumals of Kerala". In Champakalakshmi, R.; Veluthat, Kesavan; Venugopalan, T. R. (eds.). State and Society in Premodern South India. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. pp. 111–19.
  5. ↑ Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 121. ISBN 9781108857871.
  6. 1 2 3 Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013) [1972]. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. pp. 125–130. ISBN 9788188765072.
  7. 1 2 3 Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013) [1972]. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. pp. 20, 125–130, 467–470. ISBN 9788188765072.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cēra State". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 149. ISBN 9781108494571.
  9. ↑ Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013) [1972]. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. p. 154. ISBN 9788188765072.
  10. 1 2 Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013) [1972]. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. p. 171. ISBN 9788188765072.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013) [1972]. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. pp. 125–130. ISBN 9788188765072.
  12. 1 2 3 Narayanan, M. G. S. (1993). Tewari, S. P. (ed.). "Manavikrama alias Punturakkon of Eranad - A New Name in the Twilight of the Chera Kingdom in Kerala". Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India. The Epigraphical Society of India, Mysore. 19: 19.
  13. 1 2 Narayanan, M. G. S. (1993). Tewari, S. P. (ed.). "Manavikrama alias Punturakkon of Eranad - A New Name in the Twilight of the Chera Kingdom in Kerala". Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India. The Epigraphical Society of India, Mysore. 19: 24.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Narayanan, M. G. S., ed. (2013) [1972]. "Index to Cera Inscriptions". Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. pp. 467–70.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Narayanan, M. G. S. (1993). Tewari, S. P. (ed.). "Manavikrama alias Punturakkon of Eranad - A New Name in the Twilight of the Chera Kingdom in Kerala". Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India. The Epigraphical Society of India, Mysore. 19: 21-22 and 25-26.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Narayanan, M. G. S. (1993). Tewari, S. P. (ed.). "Manavikrama alias Punturakkon of Eranad - A New Name in the Twilight of the Chera Kingdom in Kerala". Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India. The Epigraphical Society of India, Mysore. 19: 20.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Narayanan, M. G. S., ed. (2013) [1972]. "Index to Cera Inscriptions". Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. pp. 469–70.
  18. ↑ Ayyar, A. S. Ramanatha, ed. (1924). "Quilon Inscription of Kollam 278". Travancore Archaeological Series. Vol. V. Trivandrum: Government of Travancore. pp. 44–46.
  19. ↑ Kunjan Pillai, Elamkulam, P. N. (1963) [1953]. Kerala Charithrathile Iruladanja Edukal. Kottayam. pp. 147–8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ↑ Ayyar, Ulloor S. Parameswara. Vijnana Deepika. Vol. IV.
  21. 1 2 Veluthat, Kesavan (1982). "The Status of the Monarch". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 43: 147–157. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44141225.
  22. ↑ Vielle, Christophe (2012). "Real and Ideal Kings in Matrilineal Kerala". Religions of South Asia. 5 (1): 365–387. doi:10.1558/rosa.v5i1/2.365.
  23. ↑ Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "The Semantic Universe of the Kudiyattam Theatre". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 229–30.
  24. ↑ Encyclopaedia Indica: -105. Kerala. Anmol Publications. 2001. p. 80. ISBN 978-81-7041-859-7. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  25. ↑ Nandy, Ashis (2002). Time Warps: Silent and Evasive Pasts in Indian Politics and Religion. Hurst. ISBN 978-1-85065-484-1. Retrieved 6 September 2023. According to this the Cochin dynasty owes its origins to the last king of the Chera empire , Rama Varma Kulasekhara , who divided his empire among his own and his sister's children , and among other relatives . He then embraced Islam
  26. ↑ Congress, South Indian History (1999). Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference ... The Congress. p. 476. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  27. ↑ Sharafudeen, S. (2003). Muslims of Kerala: A Modern Approach. Kerala Historical Society. p. 14. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
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