Controversy surrounds the concept of rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD), proposed as a subtype of gender dysphoria said to be caused by peer influence and social contagion.[1] ROGD has not been recognized by any major professional association as a valid mental health diagnosis, and use of the term has been discouraged by professional and academic institutions due to a lack of reputable scientific evidence, major methodological issues in existing research, and likelihood to cause harm by stigmatizing gender-affirming care.[2][3][4][5]

Lisa Littman, at the time an adjunct assistant professor at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, coined the term rapid-onset gender dysphoria for a 2016 online survey of parents on three anti-trans websites who believed that their teenage children had suddenly manifested symptoms of gender dysphoria and had begun identifying as transgender simultaneously with other children in their peer group.[1][6][7] Criticism of the study's methodology and conclusions was voiced by some clinicians, researchers, and transgender activists, and two weeks after publication, PLOS One responded by announcing a post-publication review of the paper.[8][9] Controversy surrounding the paper grew as articles and opinion pieces, both critical and supportive, were published in mainstream media discussing concerns about the study's methodology and the validity of its hypotheses,[9][10][11] as well as issues of academic freedom.[8] Conservative media outlets heavily publicized the article.[12][13][14] In March 2019, the journal concluded its review and republished Littman's revised and corrected version.[15]

ROGD has been criticized as "anti-trans propaganda and bad science",[16]: 39  "methodologically flawed",[17] or a "moral panic".[18][7] Medical and other journals have published results of individual research studies that did not support claims that ROGD is identifiable as a distinct phenomenon, or that the onset of transgender identity among young people is influenced by social contacts online or in their real lives. Other authors questioned whether self-reported transgender identity was, in fact, increasing. In 2021, a coalition including the American Psychological Association and dozens of professional and academic organizations issued a statement calling for ROGD and "similar concepts" not to be used in diagnostic or clinical settings, due to their lack of reputable scientific evidence. The statement also criticized the proliferation of misinformation supporting the concept of ROGD targeted at parents and clinicians and the concept's use to justify laws limiting the rights of transgender youth in the United States.[5]

History

"Rapid-onset gender dysphoria" (or ROGD) is a term used to describe "a hypothesized new clinical subgroup of transgender youth, which would be characterized by coming out as transgender out of the blue in adolescence or early adulthood."[19]

The term first appeared in a July 2016 notice that was posted to a gender-critical blog asking parents to respond to a research survey if their child showed “a sudden or rapid development of gender dysphoria”.[6] In total, three websites posted notices.[9] An article published in Science described the first two websites (4thWaveNow and Transgender Trend) as "gathering places for parents concerned by their children's exploration of a transgender identity", with the third, Youth TransCritical Professionals (YTCP), being closed to non-members.[9] Bioethicist Florence Ashley described the first as "dedicated to opposing gender-affirmative care for trans youth", and the latter two as dedicated to opposing what they call "trans ideology".[1]

An email leak in 2023 revealed Lisa Marchiano, a Pennsylvania-based psychotherapist, was the author of YTCP; Marchiano also contributes to 4thWaveNow and Transgender Trend.[20] In August 2016, the Alliance Defending Freedom sent an email to members warning of the "danger" of ROGD, linking to a column in the National Review.[20][21] In October 2016, Lisa Marchiano published a blog post discussing ROGD.[20][22] In 2017, Marchiano argued in a paper in Psychological Perspectives that "social contagion" was a component of ROGD.[20][23]

Lisa Littman, then an adjunct assistant professor at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, became interested in the possible role of social contagion in gender dysphoria among adolescents and young adults after noticing a few teenagers in the same friend group that began identifying as transgender.[24]

Original publication

The study, originally titled "Rapid-onset gender dysphoria in adolescents and young adults: A study of parental reports" was initially published in PLOS One in August 2018.[25][9] Littman's poster abstract for the study was published in February 2017, using the phrase "Rapid Onset of Gender Dysphoria" in the title.[26] Littman presented preliminary results at a 2017 conference.

The study was based on 256 responses to an online survey of parents recruited from three anti-trans websites: 4thWaveNow, Transgender Trend, and Youth TransCritical Professionals (YTCP),[24] though Littman said she encouraged wide distribution of the survey beyond these three sites.[9] The study states that participants were encouraged to distribute the study only to "individuals or communities that they thought might include eligible participants", which the study defined as parents who believed "their child had a sudden or rapid onset of gender dysphoria".[27] Littman's manuscript thanked Marchiano for her "feedback on earlier versions of the manuscript" but did not disclose that she was the publisher of the YTCP.[20]

Littman's study reported on information the parents reported about their children's peer group dynamics, social media use, and prior mental health issues.[28] Littman speculated that rapid onset of gender dysphoria could be a "social coping mechanism" for other disorders, such as depression and anxiety caused by trauma.[27]

The publication immediately sparked a debate.[9] Brown University (where Littman was employed at the time) published and then removed a press release about the study from their website.[9] The publisher of the study, PLOS One, announced two weeks after publication that it would open a post-publication review of the study's methodologies and analyses.[8][9][17][29]

Common criticism

The paper was immediately met with criticism from health researchers and transgender activists. The main criticisms of the study were: only parents were interviewed, the websites used to recruit those parents were biased, it suggested that gender dysphoria or a transgender identity could be "socially contagious", it relied on a pathologizing framework, and made premature diagnostic suggestions.[9][19][30] Another common concern was that the study had been politicized to give ammunition to those who opposed gender affirming care.[30][11]

Post-publication review and correction

In March 2019, PLOS One completed its post-publication review, and Littman's corrected version of the paper was published on March 19, 2019.[31] In the journal's blog, PLOS One editor Joerg Heber apologized "to the trans and gender variant community" for the previous review and publication, saying "the study, including its goals, methodology, and conclusions, were not adequately framed in the published version, and that these needed to be corrected."[32] Heber noted that the hypothesized condition of ROGD had "not yet been clinically validated".[32]

In a notice of correction prefacing her updated version of the study, Littman stated:

[T]he post-publication review identified issues that needed to be addressed to ensure the article meets PLOS ONE's publication criteria. Given the nature of the issues in this case, the PLOS ONE Editors decided to republish the article, replacing the original version of record with a revised version in which the author has updated the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Discussion, and Conclusion sections, to address the concerns raised in the editorial reassessment. The Materials and methods section was updated to include new information and more detailed descriptions about recruitment sites and to remove two figures due to copyright restrictions. Other than the addition of a few missing values in Table 13, the Results section is unchanged in the updated version of the article.[15]

Littman also noted that "Rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) is not a formal mental health diagnosis at this time."[15] She wrote:

This study of parent observations and interpretations serves to develop the hypotheses that rapid-onset gender dysphoria is a phenomenon and that social influences, parent-child conflict, and maladaptive coping mechanisms may be contributing factors for some individuals. ... This report did not collect data from the adolescents and young adults (AYAs) or clinicians and therefore does not validate the phenomenon.[15]

PLOS One's editor wrote that "the corrected article now provides a better context of the work, as a report of parental observations, but not a clinically validated phenomenon or a diagnostic guideline".[32] On behalf of the journal, Heber wrote: "Correcting the scientific record in this manner and in such circumstances is a sign of responsible publishing", where further scrutiny was called for to "clarify whether the conclusions presented are indeed backed up by the analysis and data of that original study".[32] Heber later stated, "At its core, the survey of the parents stands as it is... We let the original results stand."[31]

In a formal comment published by PLOS One at the conclusion of its review, academic editor and professor of social psychology Angelo Brandelli Costa wrote, "the level of evidence produced by the Dr. Littman's study cannot generate a new diagnostic criterion relative to the time of presentation of the demands of medical and social gender affirmation."[33] Costa suggested, "Several procedures still need to be adopted to generate a potential new subcategory of gender dysphoria that has not yet been clinically validated. One of these procedures is the assessment of mental health professionals trained according to the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) and the American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines, interviewing not just the family, but the youth (longitudinally)."[33]

Littman responded in 2022 to what she described as mistaken assumptions about the study's goals, describing it as a "very good-faith attempt" to "find out what's going on" and adding, "As a person I am liberal; I'm pro-LGBT. I saw a phenomenon with my own eyes and I investigated, found that it was different than what was in the scientific literature." Littman has also stated that her paper "does not apply to all cases of gender dysphoria" and "doesn't imply that nobody benefits from transition". Littman stood by the core claims she made in her study, including its conclusion that more research needs to be conducted.[24]

Reactions

Institutional

On the same day that PLOS One announced its review, Brown University took down a press release it had earlier posted about the paper.[8][34] Responding to critics, Brown University president Christina Paxson and Provost Richard M. Locke said they had not infringed on academic freedom and stated that Brown's commitment to only "publicize research that unassailably meets the highest standards of excellence" required Brown to retract the press release after PLOS One opened an investigation on the paper in question.[35] They said that "given the concerns raised about research design and methods, the most responsible course of action was to stop publicizing the work published in this particular instance. We would have done this regardless of the topic of the article."[36]

Academic

Several critiques of the study have been published in peer-reviewed journals. In a 2020 paper published in The Sociological Review, bioethicist Florence Ashley described the study as an attempt to circumvent existing research supporting gender-affirming care.[1] Sociologists Natacha Kennedy and Victoria Pitts-Taylor, in two separate 2020 publications in the Journal of LGBT Youth and Sexualities, described ROGD as a moral panic and argued that trans youth are often aware of their identity long before coming out to their parents.[18][7]

Shortly after PLOS One published the corrected study, a critique of the original study's methodology appeared in Archives of Sexual Behavior.[17] The author, Arjee Restar, argued that Littman's study was fatally methodologically flawed, beginning with the choice to sample exclusively from users of three websites "known for telling parents not to believe their child is transgender", with the result that three-quarters of those surveyed had rejected their child's gender identity; 91 percent of respondents were white, 82 percent were women, and 66 percent were between the ages of 46 and 60. She wrote that the study was mostly composed of "white mothers who have strong oppositional beliefs about their children's trans identification" and that there was very little evidence that Littman's survey responses were representative of trans youth and young adults as a whole. She additionally argued "the majority of methodological and design issues stem from the use of a pathologizing framework and language of pathology to conceive, describe, and theorize the phenomenon [of ROGD] as tantamount to both an infectious disease…and a disorder".[17][37]

In a letter to the editor, Littman responded that her methodologies were consistent with those that had been used, without controversy, in widely cited studies supporting gender identity affirmation health care.[38]

In 2022, the eighth edition of WPATH's Standards of Care (SOC-8)—a publication providing clinical guidance for healthcare professionals working with transgender and gender diverse individuals—criticized the study due to its methodological flaws. The study's focus on parents of transgender youth recruited from communities with skepticism towards gender affirming care presents difficulty in establishing social influence as a possible factor in development of gender dysphoria. According to the SOC-8, the study's results also have not been replicated by other researchers.[39]

The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies describes ROGD as "an anti-trans theory" that "violates principles of research methods by using a pathologizing framework and language",[16]: 39  using terminology that compares gender dysphoria and transgender identification to a contagious disease, in opposition to organizations such as WPATH, the American Psychiatric Association, and the World Health Organization who state that being trans is not a mental disorder.[16]: 39  The encyclopedia further states that bias appears to be present at every stage of the study, including its basic premise, the absence of random sampling, self-selection bias in the recruitment process, and the data collection procedure, which was described as "fundamentally flawed in a number of critical ways".[16]: 40  Additionally, the encyclopedia entry notes that, although the parents may have believed the development of their child's gender identity to have been abrupt, the data were not collected from the youths themselves, and so Littman's study cannot ascertain whether these individuals had simply chosen not to reveal their gender identity at an earlier time.[16]: 40 

According to MIT Technology Review, "while theories and rumors about something like ROGD had quietly percolated online before the paper was published, Littman's descriptive study gave legitimacy to the concept. ... The ROGD paper was not funded by anti-trans zealots. But it arrived at exactly the time people with bad intentions were looking for science to buoy their opinions."[24]

Advocacy groups

Several advocacy groups have spoken about anti-LGBT+ groups' use of the study.

The Southern Poverty Law Center stated "The rise of anti-trans sentiment among anti-LGBTQ groups has fueled a cottage industry of anti-trans research that in turn is promoted by anti-LGBTQ groups, including ACPeds, which has become a go-to for expertise in anti-trans pseudoscience", listing the original study as an example, further stating "anti-LGBTQ media circulated the study widely, and ACPeds' Cretella touted the study at the 2018 Values Voter gathering (sponsored by anti-LGBTQ hate group Family Research Council)."[40]

The Human Rights Campaign stated "anti-LGBTQ+ activists often use concerns about internet safety in order to spread harmful rumors about the LGBTQ+ community. You may see opponents of trans people specifically use junk science by Lisa Littman at Brown University to falsely claim that access to social media and the internet has created a 'contagion' that causes many youth to mistakenly identify as transgender."[41]

Scholars writing in The Conversation and journalists in Slate columns have condemned what they saw as politicization of science by social conservatives.[11][42] Madeleine Kearns, a contributing writer at National Review, called for further study into the proposed phenomenon.[43] Writer and transgender advocate Liz Duck-Chong described the hypothesized condition as "a poisonous lie used to discredit trans people" in an op-ed published in The Guardian,[10] while Abigail Shrier, who later published the controversial book Irreversible Damage about the concept, called it an explanation for the experiences of parents in an op-ed published in The Wall Street Journal.[28][44][45][46]

In a Psychology Today opinion piece, Rutgers University psychology professor Lee Jussim described the PLOS-requested rewrite of the paper as an "Orwellian correction" involving additions and minor changes where no errors had existed.[47] Jeffrey Flier, a former dean of Harvard Medical School, called Brown University's failure to defend Littman "an indictment of the integrity of their academic and administrative leadership", and described Brown's explanation of the retraction as "anti-intellectual" and "completely antithetical to academic freedom".[9]

Conservative media outlets such as Fox News, The Daily Caller, The Federalist, Breitbart, and Quillette heavily publicized the article and criticized Brown recalling its initial press release concerning the paper. Conservative outlets cite the paper to claim that transgender identity is a "trend, phase, or disease".[12][13][14]

Professional commentary

Following publication of the original report in PLOS One, the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) released an official statement on the proposed clinical phenomenon "rapid-onset gender dysphoria", stating that the term is not recognized by any professional association, nor listed in the DSM or ICD lists of disorders and diseases.[2] They said in summary that "it is nothing more than an acronym created to describe a proposed clinical phenomenon that may or may not warrant further peer-reviewed scientific investigation."[2] They affirmed the need for academic freedom and scientific exploration without censorship, and that much is still unknown about the factors contributing to the development of gender identity in adolescence, and said it was "premature and inappropriate" to use "official-sounding labels" that might influence professionals or the public to reach conclusions about how or when adolescents decide to come out as transgender.[2][48] WPATH concluded by warning against the use of any term intended to cause fear about an adolescent's possible transgender status with the goal of avoiding or deterring them from accessing the appropriate treatment, in line with the standards of care appropriate for the situation.[2][49]

In 2017, Ray Blanchard and J. Michael Bailey wrote for the website 4thWaveNow to promote the concept of "rapid-onset gender dysphoria".[50][51] 4thWaveNow has described itself as a "community of parents and others concerned about the medicalization of gender atypical youth."[52] Julia Serano has described 4thWaveNow as a "gender critical" website.[53]

The Gender Dysphoria Affirmative Working Group (GDA) of 44 professionals in transgender health wrote an open letter to Psychology Today citing previously published criticism of the study, stating it had multiple biases and flaws in methodology, as it drew its subjects from "websites openly hostile to transgender youth" and based its conclusions on the beliefs of parents who presupposed the existence of ROGD. Noting Littman had not interviewed the teens, the GDA stated onset may only have been "rapid" from parents' point of view because teens often delay coming out.[54][55][1]

In 2021, the Coalition for the Advancement and Application of Psychological Science released a statement calling for the elimination of the concept of ROGD from clinical and diagnostic use, as "there are no sound empirical studies of ROGD and it has not been subjected to rigorous peer-review processes that are standard for clinical science." The statement also states that the term "ROGD" is likely to stigmatize and cause harm to transgender people, and that misinformation surrounding ROGD is used to justify laws suppressing the rights of transgender youth. The statement was cosigned by the American Psychological Association, the American Psychiatric Association, the Society of Behavioral Medicine, and dozens of other professional and academic organizations.[5]

Further research

Some clinicians state that an increasing prevalence of trans youth first presenting in early adolescence, as described in Littman's research, is consistent with their patient population, though they are uncertain as to causes or implications for clinical treatment.[56][57][58] In a 2020 commentary in Pediatrics, citing Littman's paper among others, Annelou de Vries wrote that gender identity development was diverse and called for more research into this demographic cohort.[59]

A November 2021 study by Bauer et al. published in the Journal of Pediatrics examined data on a cohort of 173 trans adolescents from Canada to assess whether there was evidence for a rapid-onset pathway for gender dysphoria. The authors noted that while it was common to see adolescents presenting with gender dysphoria around puberty, in many cases patients had been aware of gender dysphoria from a younger age. The authors sought to establish whether there was any link between later awareness of gender ("rapid onset") and other factors including mental health problems, lack of parental support, and high level of support from online and/or transgender friends.[4] No evidence was found for any link between "rapid onset" and mental health problems, lack of parental support, or high level of support from online or transgender friends. Where relationships were found, they were in the opposite direction to that suggested by Littman's work. For instance, trans adolescents who had been dissatisfied with their gender for longer were more likely to suffer anxiety and more likely to misuse marijuana. The authors considered that they found no evidence of "rapid onset gender dysphoria" being a distinct clinical phenomenon.[4]

Littman critiqued Bauer et al., saying that Bauer had used an incorrect definition of 'ROGD', by relating it to having a short history of gender incongruence, whereas it actually refers to not having gender incongruence before puberty.[60][61]

Ferrara et al. noted the controversy that rose around the possibility of a rapid-onset of gender dysphoria condition and the position of major medical associations not to recognize ROGD and to discourage its use, due to a lack of consistent scientific evidence for the concept.[62] They also cited the Bauer finding of no support for ROGD being a distinct phenomenon,[4] and concluded that the issue is still open, citing Sinai[63] and the Littman response to Bauer.[60]

Arnoldussen et al. suggested that there may be different gender identity developmental pathways and described ROGD as one subtype that has been proposed, but their data did not allow a conclusion as to whether or not the ROGD subtype exists, though they noted "our results show that there was gender nonconformity in childhood in older presenters, although less extreme than in the younger presenting group, which speaks against this suggested subtype". They noted the Bauer finding[4] as well as the Littman response to it,[60] and concluded that better insight into this question would require more studies using both self and parent report measures.[61]

An August 2022 study published in Pediatrics investigated claims of trans identities as "social contagion" for youth assigned female at birth (AFAB) by analyzing the ratio of assigned male at birth (AMAB) youth to AFAB trans youth in the US in 2017 and 2019. The study found that AMAB trans youth were more common than AFAB youth in both years, that the number of total trans youth declined between 2017 and 2019, and that there was a relative increase in AFAB youth over time—but this was due more to a decrease in AMAB youth than an increase in AFAB youth. It also found trans youth were more likely to be bullied than cisgender lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youth and a substantial percentage of trans youth identified as LGB as well. This lack of increase in AFAB youth was interpreted as inconsistent with the social contagion hypothesis. The higher rates of bullying for trans youth compared to cisgender LGB youth and substantial percentage of transgender youth who also identified as LGB were also interpreted as evidence against the hypothesis that youth are transitioning to avoid stigma related to being a sexual minority.[64]

In 2023, Springer retracted a paper by Diaz and Bailey on the rapid onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) hypothesis "due to concerns about lack of informed consent", which had been published in the Archives of Sexual Behavior.[65] This followed an open letter signed by a number of researchers and LGBTQ organizations criticizing the journals publication of the paper, stating that Bailey's paper did not have institutional review board (IRB) approval, and requested the journal's editor Kenneth Zucker be replaced.[66] Critics also argued that the paper disregarded countervailing evidence and was based upon an unrepresentative sample of participants.[65]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Ashley, Florence (July 2020). "A critical commentary on 'rapid-onset gender dysphoria'". The Sociological Review. 68 (4): 779–799. doi:10.1177/0038026120934693. ISSN 0038-0261. S2CID 221097476.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 WPATH Global Board of Directors (September 4, 2018). "WPATH Position on "Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria (ROGD)"" (PDF). World Professional Association for Transgender Health. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
  3. ↑ Ferreyra-Carroll, Lilith (21 October 2021). "A state of collapse: Trans healthcare in Ireland is a national emergency". Gay Community News (Dublin). Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Bauer, Greta R.; Lawson, Margaret L.; Metzger, Daniel L. (November 15, 2021). "Do Clinical Data From Transgender Adolescents Support the Phenomenon of "Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria"?". The Journal of Pediatrics. 243: 224–227.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.11.020. ISSN 0022-3476. PMID 34793826. S2CID 244283360.
  5. 1 2 3 "ROGD Statement". Coalition for the Advancement & Application of Psychological Science. 26 July 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  6. 1 2 Andersson, Jasmine (June 12, 2020). "Rapid onset gender dysphoria: what we know about the term amid JK Rowling trans row". i news. Archived from the original on July 5, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 Pitts-Taylor, Victoria (November 17, 2020). "The untimeliness of trans youth: The temporal construction of a gender 'disorder'". Sexualities. 25 (5–6): 479–501. doi:10.1177/1363460720973895. S2CID 228846045.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "Reader outcry prompts Brown to retract press release on trans teens". Retraction Watch. August 29, 2018. Archived from the original on March 4, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Wadman, Meredith (September 7, 2018). "'Rapid onset' of transgender identity ignites storm". Science. 361 (6406): 958–959. Bibcode:2018Sci...361..958W. doi:10.1126/science.361.6406.958. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30190384. S2CID 52169673. See also Wadman, Meredith (August 30, 2018). "News: New paper ignites storm over whether teens experience 'rapid onset' of transgender identity". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aav2613. ISSN 1095-9203. Archived from the original on August 31, 2018.
  10. 1 2 "Rapid-onset gender dysphoria' is a poisonous lie used to discredit trans people". The Guardian. London. October 22, 2018. Archived from the original on November 1, 2018.
  11. 1 2 3 "Why 'rapid-onset gender dysphoria' is bad science". The Conversation. Archived from the original on April 10, 2018.
  12. 1 2 Ford, Zack (Aug 31, 2018). "People noticed that anti-trans junk science is, in fact, junk. Conservatives aren't taking it well". Think Progress. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  13. 1 2 Burns, Katelyn (December 27, 2019). "The internet made trans people visible. It also left them more vulnerable". Vox. Archived from the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  14. 1 2 Keating, Shannon (April 22, 2019). "Gender Dysphoria Isn't A "Social Contagion," According To A New Study". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Littman, Lisa (March 19, 2019). "Correction: Parent reports of adolescents and young adults perceived to show signs of a rapid onset of gender dysphoria". PLOS ONE. 14 (3): e0214157. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1414157L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214157. PMC 6424391. PMID 30889220.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Rider, G. Nic; Tebbe, Elliot A. (2021). "Anti-Trans Theories". In Goldberg, A. E.; Beemyn, G. (eds.). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies, Volume 1. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. pp. 39–43. doi:10.4135/9781544393858.n12. ISBN 978-1-5443-9382-7. S2CID 241937306.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Restar, Arjee Javellana (April 22, 2019). "Methodological Critique of Littman's (2018) Parental-Respondents Accounts of 'Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria'". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 49 (1): 61–66. doi:10.1007/s10508-019-1453-2. PMC 7012957. PMID 31011991.
  18. 1 2 Kennedy, Natacha (September 10, 2020). "Deferral: the sociology of young trans people's epiphanies and coming out" (PDF). Journal of LGBT Youth. 19: 53–75. doi:10.1080/19361653.2020.1816244. S2CID 225241518.
  19. 1 2 Ashley, Florence (December 3, 2018). "There Is No Evidence That Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria Exists". PsychCentral. Archived from the original on July 19, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 "Foundations of the Contemporary Anti-LGBTQ+ Pseudoscience Network". Southern Poverty Law Center. December 12, 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-28.
  21. ↑ Arnold, James (24 August 2016). "The Weekly Digest: 8-24-16". web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  22. ↑ Marchiano, Lisa (27 October 2016). "Guidance for Parents of Teens with Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria". The Jung Soul. Archived from the original on 6 November 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  23. ↑ Marchiano, Lisa (2017-07-03). "Outbreak: On Transgender Teens and Psychic Epidemics". Psychological Perspectives. 60 (3): 345–366. doi:10.1080/00332925.2017.1350804. ISSN 0033-2925.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Kesslen, Ben (August 18, 2022). "How the idea of a "transgender contagion" went viral—and caused untold harm". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on August 31, 2022. Retrieved September 4, 2022.
  25. ↑ Littman, Lisa (August 16, 2018). "Rapid-onset gender dysphoria in adolescents and young adults: A study of parental reports". PLOS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214157.s001.
  26. ↑ Littman, L. L. (February 2017). "Rapid Onset of Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents and Young Adults: a Descriptive Study". Journal of Adolescent Health. 60 (2): S95–S96. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.10.369. Supplement 1.
  27. 1 2 Littman, Lisa (August 16, 2018). "Parent reports of adolescents and young adults perceived to show signs of a rapid onset of gender dysphoria". PLOS ONE (March 19, 2019 corrected ed.). 13 (8): e0202330. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202330. PMC 6095578. PMID 30114286.
  28. 1 2 Melchior, Jillian Kay (September 9, 2018). "Peer Pressure and 'Transgender' Teens". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018.
  29. ↑ "Updated: Brown statements on gender dysphoria study". August 22, 2018. Archived from the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2019.
  30. 1 2 Call, David C.; Challa, Mamatha; Telingator, Cynthia J. (2021-04-13). "Providing Affirmative Care to Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth: Disparities, Interventions, and Outcomes". Current Psychiatry Reports. 23 (6): 33. doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01245-9. ISSN 1535-1645. PMID 33851310.
  31. 1 2 Bartlett, Tom (March 19, 2019). "Journal Issues Revised Version of Controversial Paper That Questioned Why Some Teens Identify as Transgender". The Chronicle of Higher Education. ISSN 0009-5982. Archived from the original on December 21, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
  32. 1 2 3 4 Heber, Joerg (March 19, 2019). "Correcting the scientific record on gender incongruence – and an apology". PLOS Blogs. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020.
  33. 1 2 Costa, Angelo Brandelli (March 19, 2019). "Formal comment on: Parent reports of adolescents and young adults perceived to show signs of a rapid onset of gender dysphoria". PLOS ONE. 14 (3): e0212578. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1412578B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212578. PMC 6424477. PMID 30889187.
  34. ↑ Rudgard, Olivia (August 28, 2018). "Brown University in row with transgender activists over claims gender dysphoria spreading among children". The Telegraph. London. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018.
  35. ↑ Paxson, Christina (September 9, 2018). "Paxson '19, Locke '18: University committed to academic freedom, faculty support". The Brown Daily Herald. Brown University. Archived from the original on September 29, 2018.
  36. ↑ "Updated: Brown statements on gender dysphoria study". Expanded Brown University Statement – Tuesday, Sept. 5, 2018. News from Brown (Press release) (March 19, 2019 ed.). Providence, R.I.: Brown University. September 5, 2018. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019.
  37. ↑ Lockmiller, Catherine (October 2, 2023). "Decoding the Misinformation-Legislation Pipeline: an analysis of Florida Medicaid and the current state of transgender healthcare". Journal of the Medical Library Association : JMLA. 111 (4): 750–761. doi:10.5195/jmla.2023.1724. ISSN 1536-5050. PMC 10621716. PMID 37928129.
  38. ↑ Littman, Lisa (January 2020). "The Use of Methodologies in Littman (2018) Is Consistent with the Use of Methodologies in Other Studies Contributing to the Field of Gender Dysphoria Research: Response to Restar (2019)". Archives of Sexual Behavior (Letter to the Editor). 49 (1): 67–77. doi:10.1007/s10508-020-01631-z. PMID 31953699. S2CID 210708422. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
  39. ↑ Coleman, E.; Radix, A. E.; Bouman, W. P.; Brown, G. R.; de Vries, A. L. C.; et al. (August 19, 2022). "Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8". International Journal of Transgender Health. 23 (sup1): S1–S259. doi:10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644. ISSN 2689-5269. PMC 9481143. PMID 36121402. One researcher attempted to study and describe a specific form of later-presenting gender diversity experience (Littman, 2018). However, the findings of the study must be considered within the context of significant methodological challenges, including 1) the study surveyed parents and not youth perspectives; and 2) recruitment included parents from community settings in which treatments for gender dysphoria are viewed with scepticism and are criticized. However, these findings have not been replicated. For a select subgroup of young people, susceptibility to social influence impacting gender may be an important differential to consider (Kornienko et al., 2016). However, caution must be taken to avoid assuming these phenomena occur prematurely in an individual adolescent while relying on information from datasets that may have been ascertained with potential sampling bias (Bauer et al., 2022; WPATH, 2018).
  40. ↑ "American College of Pediatricians". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on September 4, 2018. Retrieved October 9, 2022.
  41. ↑ "How Online Communities and Resources Help LGBTQ+ Youth Live Authentically". Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  42. ↑ "Criticism Is Not Censorship". Slate. August 30, 2018. Archived from the original on November 1, 2018.
  43. ↑ Kearns, Madeleine (January 19, 2019). "Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria Should Be Investigated, Not Smeared". National Review. Archived from the original on January 19, 2019.
  44. ↑ Valens, Ana (November 13, 2020). "Bari Weiss Defends Transphobic Book Pulled From Target". The Daily Dot. Archived from the original on December 3, 2020.
  45. ↑ Turner, Janice (December 30, 2020). "Irreversible Damage by Abigail Shrier review — resisting the 'transgender craze'". The Times. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  46. ↑ Shrier, Abigail. "When Your Daughter Defies Biology". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019.
  47. ↑ Jussim, Lee (March 20, 2019). "Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria: A saga of outrage and science reform". Psychology Today. Archived from the original on March 20, 2019.
  48. ↑ Literski, Nicholas S. (July 3, 2021). "Defacing Dionysus: The Fabrication of an Anti-Transgender Myth". Psychological Perspectives. 64 (3): 360–368. doi:10.1080/00332925.2021.1996137. ISSN 0033-2925. S2CID 247295519.
  49. ↑ Farley, Lisa; Kennedy, R. M. (July 2, 2020). "Transgender Embodiment as an Appeal to Thought: A Psychoanalytic Critique of "Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria"". Studies in Gender and Sexuality. 21 (3): 155–172. doi:10.1080/15240657.2020.1798184. ISSN 1524-0657. S2CID 225077992.
  50. ↑ Bailey, J. Michael; Blanchard, Ray (7 December 2017). "Gender Dysphoria is Not One Thing". 4thWaveNow. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  51. ↑ Ashley, Florence (10 August 2020). "A critical commentary on 'rapid-onset gender dysphoria'". The Sociological Review. 68 (4): 779–799. doi:10.1177/0038026120934693. S2CID 221097476.
  52. ↑ Sohn, Amy (31 May 2019). "Chest Binding Helps Smooth the Way for Transgender Teens, but There May Be Risk". The New York Times.
  53. ↑ Serano, Julia (2020). "Autogynephilia: A scientific review, feminist analysis, and alternative 'embodiment fantasies' model". The Sociological Review. 68 (4): 763–778. doi:10.1177/0038026120934690. ISSN 0038-0261. S2CID 221097198 – via ResearchGate.
  54. ↑ Adams, Noah; Almås, Elsa; Anderson, Erica E.; The Gender Dysphoria Affirmative Working Group; et al. (December 1, 2018). "Psychology Today Response — Gender Dysphoria Affirmative Working Group". GDA. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
  55. ↑ Dubreuil, Émilie (May 13, 2019). "Je pensais que j'étais transgenre" [I thought I was transgender]. ICI Radio-Canada (in French). Retrieved December 24, 2021.
  56. ↑ Hutchinson, Anna; Midgen, Melissa; Spiliadis, Anastassis (January 1, 2020). "In Support of Research Into Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria". Archives of Sexual Behavior (Letter to the Editor). 49 (1): 79–80. doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01517-9. ISSN 1573-2800. PMID 31317286. S2CID 197541624.
  57. ↑ Giovanardi, Guido; Fortunato, Alexandro; Mirabella, Marta; Speranza, Anna Maria; Lingiardi, Vittorio (December 19, 2020). "Gender Diverse Children and Adolescents in Italy: A Qualitative Study on Specialized Centers' Model of Care and Network". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (24): 9536. doi:10.3390/ijerph17249536. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 7766564. PMID 33352745. With regards to the referrals, in line with international trends [9–12], Italian's population of trans* youths seem to be growing, particularly with respect to AFABs. Some respondents depicted referrals with traits of the so-called 'rapid onset' [15] of gender incongruence, especially when describing AFABs, with pressing requests to start soon hormone therapies and an (apparent) lack of history of gender incongruence. However, this is a very complex phenomenon that needs further exploration.
  58. ↑ Zucker, Kenneth J. (October 2019). "Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria: Reflections on Some Contemporary Clinical and Research Issues". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 48 (7): 1983–1992. doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01518-8. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 31321594. S2CID 197663705.
  59. ↑ de Vries, Annelou L. C. (October 2020). "Challenges in Timing Puberty Suppression for Gender-Nonconforming Adolescents". Pediatrics. 146 (4): e2020010611. doi:10.1542/peds.2020-010611. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 32958612.
  60. 1 2 3 Littman, Lisa (2022). "Saying that Bauer et al studied rapid onset gender dysphoria is inaccurate and misleading". The Journal of Pediatrics. 245: 250. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.03.003.
  61. 1 2 Arnoldussen, Marijn; de Rooy, Frédérique B. B.; de Vries, Annelou L. C.; van der Miesen, Anna I. R.; Popma, Arne; Steensma, Thomas D. (2023). "Demographics and gender-related measures in younger and older adolescents presenting to a gender service". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 32 (12): 2537–2546. doi:10.1007/s00787-022-02082-8. ISSN 1018-8827. PMC 10682114. PMID 36370316.
  62. ↑ Ferrara, Pietro; Ruiz, Roberta; Corsello, Giovanni; Giardino, Ida; Carrasco-Sanz, Angel; Vural, Mehmet; Namazova-Baranova, Leyla; Indrio, Flavia; Pop, Tudor Lucian; Pettoello-Mantovani, Massimo (2022). "Adequate Training and Multidisciplinary Support May Assist Pediatricians in Properly Handling and Managing Gender Incongruence and Dysphoria". The Journal of Pediatrics. 249: 121–123.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.07.009.
  63. ↑ Sinai, Joanne (2022). "Rapid onset gender dysphoria as a distinct clinical phenomenon". The Journal of Pediatrics. 245: 250. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.03.005.
  64. ↑ Turban, Jack L.; Dolotina, Brett L.; King, Dana (August 3, 2022). "Sex Assigned at Birth Ratio Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Adolescents in the United States". Pediatrics. 150 (3). doi:10.1542/peds.2022-056567. PMID 35918512. S2CID 251282056.
  65. 1 2 Kincaid, Ellie (2023-05-30). "Parent Survey of Children With Gender Dysphoria Retracted". Medscape. Retrieved 2023-08-11.
  66. ↑ Fiore, Kristina (2023-05-24). "Sexual Behavior Journal Under Fire Over Gender Dysphoria Paper". MedPage Today. Retrieved 2023-08-11.

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.