Raúl Castro
Castro in 2016
First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba
In office
19 April 2011 – 19 April 2021
PresidentHimself
Miguel Díaz-Canel
Prime MinisterManuel Marrero (2019–2021)
DeputyJosé Ramón Machado
Preceded byFidel Castro
Succeeded byMiguel Díaz-Canel
16th President of the Council of State and Ministers of Cuba
In office
24 February 2008 – 19 April 2018
Acting: 31 July 2006 – 24 February 2008
Vice PresidentJosé Ramón Machado
Miguel Díaz-Canel
Preceded byFidel Castro
Succeeded byMiguel Díaz-Canel
Second Secretary of the
Communist Party of Cuba
In office
3 October 1965 – 19 April 2011
First secretaryFidel Castro
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byJosé Ramón Machado
First Vice President of Cuba
In office
2 December 1976 – 24 February 2008
PresidentFidel Castro
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byJosé Ramón Machado
Minister of Defence
In office
16 February 1959 – 24 February 2008
Prime MinisterFidel Castro
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byJulio Casas Regueiro
Secretary-General of the
Non-Aligned Movement
In office
16 September 2006 – 16 July 2009
Acting: 16 September 2006 – 24 February 2008
Preceded byFidel Castro
Succeeded byHosni Mubarak
President pro tempore of CELAC
In office
28 January 2013 – 28 January 2014
Preceded bySebastián Piñera
Succeeded byLaura Chinchilla
Personal details
Born
Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz

(1931-06-03) 3 June 1931
Birán, Cuba
Political partyPopular Socialist Party (Before 1953)
26th of July Movement (1953–1965)
Communist Party (1965–present)
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1959; died 2007)​
Children4, including Mariela and Alejandro
Parent(s)Lina Ruz (mother)
Ángel Castro y Argiz (father)
RelativesFidel Castro (brother)
Ramón Castro Ruz (brother)
Juanita Castro (sister)
Signature
Military service
Allegiance Republic of Cuba
Branch/service Revolutionary Armed Forces
Years of service1953–1959
Rank Comandante en Jefe (as President)
General de Ejército[1]
Unit 26th of July Movement
Battles/warsCuban Revolution
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Cuban Missile Crisis
AwardsHero of the Republic of Cuba[2]
Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise[3]
National Order of Mali[4]
Order Prince Daniel of Good Faith First Degree[5]

Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz (/ˈkæstroʊ/ KASS-troh,[6] Latin American Spanish: [raˈul moˈðesto ˈkastɾo ˈrus]; born 3 June 1931) is a Cuban retired politician and general who served as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, the most senior position in the one-party communist state,[7] from 2011 to 2021, and President of Cuba between 2008 and 2018,[lower-alpha 1] succeeding his brother Fidel Castro.

One of the military leaders of the Cuban Revolution, Castro served as the minister of the Armed Forces from 1959 to 2008. His ministerial tenure made him the longest-serving minister of the armed forces. Castro was also a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba, the highest decision-making body, from 1965 until 2021.[8]

Because of his brother's illness, Castro became the acting president of the Council of State in a temporary transfer of power from 31 July 2006. Castro was officially made president by the National Assembly on 24 February 2008, after his brother, who was still ailing, announced on 19 February 2008 that he would not stand again. He was re-elected president on 24 February 2013. Shortly thereafter, Castro announced that his second term would be his final term, and that he would not seek re-election in 2018.[9][10] He stepped down from the presidency on 19 April 2018 after his successor, Miguel Díaz-Canel was elected by the National Assembly following parliamentary elections. Castro remained the first secretary of the Communist Party; he was still considered the de facto leader of the country, retaining oversight over the president.[11] Castro announced at the Eighth Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba, which began on 16 April 2021, that he was retiring.[12] His successor, Miguel Díaz-Canel, was voted in on 19 April.[13]

Castro was also the head of the constitutional reform commission,[14] and continues to have a seat representing Santiago de Cuba's Segundo Frente municipality in the National Assembly.[15]

Early life

Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz was born in Birán, Cuba, the legal son of a Spanish immigrant father, Ángel Castro who was 55 at the time of his birth, and a Cuban-born mother of Canarian parentage, Lina Ruz. Raúl is the youngest of three brothers: Ramón, Fidel, and himself.[16] He also has four sisters: Angela, Juanita, Emma, and Agustina. Ángel Castro's first wife, Maria Argota, also raised five legal half-siblings of Raúl: Pedro Emilio, Maria Lidia, Manuel, Antonia, and Georgina.

As children, the Castro brothers were expelled from the first school they attended. Like Fidel, Raúl later attended the Jesuit School of Colegio Dolores in Santiago and Belen Jesuit Preparatory School in Havana. Raúl as an undergraduate studied social science. Whereas Fidel excelled as a student, Raúl turned in mostly mediocre performances.[17] Raúl became a committed socialist and joined the Socialist Youth, an affiliate of the Soviet-oriented Popular Socialist Party, the island's Communist party.[18] The brothers participated actively in sometimes violent student actions.[19]

In 1953, Raúl served as a member of the 26th of July Movement group that attacked the Moncada Barracks; he received a 13-year prison sentence and spent 22 months in prison as a result of this action.[20][21] During his subsequent exile in Mexico, he participated in the preparations for the expedition of the boat Granma to Cuba.

Commander in the Cuban Revolution

Image from Oriente newspaper from 30 July 1953 after the capture of Raúl Castro.

When the Granma landing failed and the 82 expeditionaries were detected by government troops soon after, Raúl was one of only 12 fighters who managed to reach a safe haven in the Sierra Maestra mountains, forming the core of the nascent rebel army (see the Cuban Revolution). As Fidel's brother and trusted right-hand man and given his proven leadership abilities during and after the Moncada attack, he was given progressively bigger commands. On 27 February 1958 Raúl was made comandante and assigned the mission to cross the old province of Oriente leading a column of guerrillas to open, to the northeast of that territory, the "Frank País Eastern Front".

As a result of Raúl's "Eastern Front" operations, he was not involved in the pivotal Operation Verano (which came close to destroying the main body of fighters but ended up a spectacular victory for Fidel), but Raúl's forces remained active and grew over time.

On 26 June 1958, Raúl Castro's rebels kidnapped ten Americans and two Canadians from the property of Moa Bay Mining Company (an American company) on the north coast of Oriente Province. The next day rebels took hostage 24 U.S. servicemen on leave from the United States naval base at Guantanamo Bay. This incident brought total kidnapped hostages to 36 (34 U.S. and 2 Canadian citizens).

U.S. Ambassador Earl E. T. Smith and his staff determined the kidnappings had the following objectives: Obtain worldwide publicity, regain M-26-7 prestige lost by general strike call failure, force Batista's Air Force to stop bombing rebel holds, and gain public recognition from the U.S. Two tactical objectives the kidnapping achieved for Castro forces can be discerned from contemporaneous reporting in Time: Batista declaring a ceasefire for negotiations, forcing a reduction in Operation Verano air raids; the rebels used the lulls to regroup and fly in arms.

The hostage-taking caused significant U.S. backlash, including unfavorable public reaction, and U.S. consideration to re-establishing military support to Batista and deploying U.S. forces to free the hostages. Ultimately, the hostages were released in very small groups, extracting the maximum press attention.[22] After their release, the hostages said they were treated well with some even claiming to support the rebel cause.[23]

Regarding the captured Batista government soldiers, Raúl Castro notes in his war diaries: "All three were brought food and told that they would be released and only their weapons would be kept. They had money and watches we needed, but according to our principles, we didn't touch them." In the territories under guerrilla control, it created an autonomous structure by establishing hospitals, schools and several material manufacturing plants. In 1958, he was also at the origin of the M-26 intelligence services.[24]

By October 1958, after reinforcement by Fidel, the brothers had about 2,000 fighters and were operating freely throughout Oriente province. In December, while Che Guevara and Camilo Cienfuegos were operating in Santa Clara, Fidel and Raúl's army laid siege to Maffo, capturing it on 30 December. Their victorious army then headed to Santiago de Cuba, capital of Oriente province.

In response to the victory by Che Guevara at the Battle of Santa Clara, the U.S.-backed President Fulgencio Batista fled Cuba in the early morning of 1 January 1959.[25] The two Castro brothers with their army arrived on the outskirts of Santiago de Cuba and said their forces would storm the city at 6 P.M. on 1 January if it did not first surrender. The commander (Colonel Rego Rubido) surrendered Santiago de Cuba without a fight. The war was over, and Fidel was able to take power in Havana when he arrived on 8 January 1959.

Raúl's abilities as a military leader during the revolution are hard to see clearly. Unlike Che Guevara or Cienfuegos, Raúl had no significant victories he could claim credit for on his own. After Batista's fall, Raúl had the task of overseeing trials and execution of between 30 and 70 soldiers loyal to deposed President Batista who had been convicted of war crimes.[26]

Political career

Early political career

East German Minister of National Defense Heinz Hoffmann and Raúl Castro near Havana, Cuba, 1977

Raúl Castro Ruz was a member of the national leadership of the Integrated Revolutionary PO Organizations (established July 1961; dissolved March 1962) and of the United Party of the Socialist Revolution of Cuba (established March 1962; dissolved October 1965). He is also credited with helping shoot down a Lockheed U2 and killing Major Rudolf Anderson.[27]

He served as a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba and Second Secretary of its Politburo from the Party's formation in October 1965; also, as First Vice President of the Cuban Council of State of the National Assembly of People's Power and Council of Ministers when these were established in 1976.

Assumption of presidential duties

Manmohan Singh with Castro on sidelines the 14th Non-Aligned Movement Summit at Havana, Cuba on 15 September 2006

On 31 July 2006, Fidel Castro's personal secretary, Carlos Valenciaga, announced on state-run television that Fidel Castro would provisionally hand over the duties of First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (party chief), President of the Council of State of Cuba (head of state), President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba (prime minister), and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces to Raúl Castro while Fidel underwent and recovered from intestinal surgery to repair gastrointestinal bleeding.[28][29]

Many commentators regarded Raúl Castro as a political hardliner who would maintain the Communist Party of Cuba's influence in the country. However, others believed that he was more pragmatic than his older brother and willing to institute some market-oriented economic policies. It was speculated that he favored a variant of the current Chinese and Vietnamese political and economic model for Cuba in the hopes of preserving some elements of the socialist system.[26]

Raúl is considered by some to be less charismatic than his brother Fidel Castro, who remained largely out of public view during the transfer-of-duty period.[30] His few public appearances included hosting a gathering of leaders of the Non-Aligned nations in September 2006, and leading the national commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the landing of the boat Granma, which also became Fidel's belated 80th-birthday celebrations.[31][32]

In a speech to university students, Raúl stated that a communist system in Cuba would remain, and that "Fidel is irreplaceable, unless we all replace him together."[33]

On 1 May 2007 Raúl presided over the May Day celebrations in Havana. According to Granma the crowd reached over one million participants, with delegations from over 225 organizations and 52 countries.[34]

Raúl has a reputation for his businesslike, unanimated delivery of speeches.[35]

Communist leader

After assuming what was originally announced as a temporary control over the presidency in 2006, on 24 February 2008 Raúl Castro won election as the new President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers during a legislative session held at Cuba's Palace of Conventions in Havana. His administration subsequently announced several economic reforms. In March 2008 the government removed restrictions on the purchase of numerous products not available under Fidel Castro's administration - including DVD-players, computers, rice cookers, and microwaves.[36] In an effort to boost food production, the government allowed private farmers and cooperatives to lease idle state-owned land and moved much of the decision-making process regarding land use from the national level to the municipal level.[37]

All death sentences (about 30) were commuted between 2008 and 2010, although none had been executed since 2003.[38]

Raúl Castro with Hugo Chávez, 2010

In mid-2008, the government overhauled the salary structure of all state-run companies so that harder-working employees could earn higher wages.[39] In addition, the government removed restrictions against the use of cell phones and investigated the removal of travel restrictions on Cubans.[36]

In March 2009, Raúl Castro dismissed some officials.

In April 2011, Raúl announced a plan of 300 economic reforms encouraging private initiative, reducing state spending, encouraging foreign investment and agrarian reforms. He also announced a limitation on presidential terms, including his own.

On 24 February 2013, Cuba's parliament named Raúl Castro to a new five-year term as president and appointed Miguel Díaz-Canel as his first vice president. Castro announced that day that he would step down from power after his second term as president ended in 2018.[40]

In 2018, he was selected as a candidate for the National Assembly of People's Power by the Segundo Frente municipality in Santiago de Cuba, regarded as the cradle of the Cuban Revolution.[41]

Miguel Díaz-Canel took over as President of Cuba (President of the Council of State) on 19 April 2018. However, Raúl Castro remained First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, and hence the de facto leader of Cuba, until he resigned on 19 April 2021.

Normalization of relations with the United States

Raúl Castro said in a 2008 interview: "The American people are among our closest neighbors. We should respect each other. We have never held anything against the American people. Good relations would be mutually advantageous. Perhaps we cannot solve all of our problems, but we can solve a good many of them."[42]

On 10 December 2013, Castro, in a significant move, shook hands with and greeted American President Barack Obama at the Nelson Mandela memorial service in Johannesburg.[43]

On 17 December 2014 Castro and Obama made separate announcements to the effect that efforts to normalize relations between the two nations would begin with the re-establishment of embassies in Havana and Washington. Direct diplomatic relations had previously ceased in 1961 after Cuba became closely allied with the USSR.[44][45]

Argentine-born Pope Francis facilitated the rapprochement between the U.S. and Cuba, allowing the Vatican to be used for secret negotiations. Castro and Obama made simultaneous public announcements about the progress toward normalization.[46]

On 20 July 2015 Cuba and the United States officially resumed full diplomatic relations with the sections of "Cuban interests" in Washington, D.C., and "U.S. interests" in Havana upgraded to embassies.[47]

On 20 March 2016 Obama made a visit to Cuba to meet with Castro - the first visit of a sitting U.S. president to Cuba in 88 years.[48]

Speaking in 2017, Castro criticized U.S. President Donald Trump's proposition of the Mexican wall and restrictive trade policy. Castro called Trump's plans egotistical and - for the border - irrational. "You can't contain poverty, catastrophes, and migrants with walls, but with cooperation, understanding, and peace," Castro said.[49] In November 2016 Trump (as U.S. President-elect) targeted Raúl in a tweet, saying, "If Cuba is unwilling to make a better deal for the Cuban people, the Cuban/American people and the U.S. as a whole, I will terminate deal".[50]

Castro surprised a top American envoy in September 2017 while discussing sonic attacks on American diplomatic staff. He denied involvement but allowed FBI rare access to investigate the incident that allegedly left 21 people with hearing loss and brain damage.[51]

In September 2019 the United States sanctioned Castro and barred him from entering the U.S. due to Cuba's support of the Nicolás Maduro government in Venezuela during the presidential crisis and alleged human-rights abuses caused by the government.[52]

Retirement

On 16 April 2021, the 8th Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba assembled for a four-day meeting,[53] marking the start of Castro's final transfer of leadership and retirement from politics.[54] Miguel Dias-Canel was elected Castro's successor as First Secretary of the Communist Party on 19 April 2021.[55]

Public and personal life

Castro married Vilma Espín, a former Massachusetts Institute of Technology chemical engineering student and the daughter of a wealthy lawyer for the Bacardi rum company, on 26 January 1959.[56] Vilma became president of the Cuban Federation of Women.[57] They have three daughters (Déborah, Mariela, and Nilsa) and one son (Alejandro) Castro Espín.[58] Vilma Espín died on 18 June 2007.[59]

Alejandro is a Colonel in the Ministry of the Interior, as director of the office of Intelligence Coordination between MININT and MINFAR, with full oversight and access to all of the activities of the Intelligence services. Most foreign analysts consider him to be the "czar" of Cuban Intelligence and Raul's link to maintaining control over MININT, balancing it with his own control of MINFAR. He is widely viewed as Raul's most trusted advisor and is likely being prepared for a future leadership role.[60] Their daughter Mariela Castro currently heads the Cuban National Center for Sex Education, while Déborah is married to Colonel Luis Alberto Rodríguez, head of GAESA, the Armed Forces' economic division. He is widely regarded as one of the most powerful figures in the Cuban Economy due to the Military's hold on most of the lucrative business sectors.[61] Deborah's son, Raul Guillermo, nicknamed El Cangrejo (The Crab) due to a malformed finger, is Raul's current chief bodyguard.[62]

In an interview in 2006, following his assumption of presidential duties, Raúl Castro commented on his public profile stating: "I am not used to making frequent appearances in public, except at times when it is required ... I have always been discreet, that is my way, and in passing I will clarify that I am thinking of continuing in that way".[63]

In an interview with actor Sean Penn, Castro was described as "warm, open, energetic, and sharp of wit".[42] However, Juan Reynaldo Sanchez, a defected bodyguard for Fidel who knew Raul well, wrote later that his warm public exterior was a carefully maintained façade; In private, he found him to be "rough, curt, almost unpleasant" with a dubious sense of humor.[64] Nevertheless, though, Sanchez considered Raul the true "architect" of the Castroist system, despite having a polar opposite personality to Fidel. Whereas Fidel was "charismatic, energetic, visionary but extremely impulsive and totally disorganized", Raul was described as a "natural, methodical, and uncompromising organizer".[65]

After a meeting with Pope Francis in Vatican City on 10 May 2015, Castro said that he would conditionally consider returning to the Roman Catholic Church.[66] He said in a televised news conference, "I read all the speeches of the pope, his commentaries, and if the pope continues this way, I will go back to praying and go back to the [Roman Catholic] church. I am not joking."[46] The pope visited Cuba before his September 2015 visit to the United States. Castro said: "I promise to go to all his Masses and with satisfaction," when Pope Francis visited Cuba in 2015.[67] Castro considered Christ a communist stating, "I think that's why they killed Jesus, for being a communist, for doing what Fidel defined as revolution... changing the situation."[68]

Castro retired as Communist Party leader on 19 April 2021.[69]

In the 1969 American film Che!, Castro was played by Paul Bertoya. In the 2002 film Fidel, he was played by Maurice Comte. In the 2008 American biographical film Che, he was played by Rodrigo Santoro. He is mentioned as "Fidel Castro's brother" in the Billy Bragg song, "Waiting for the Great Leap Forwards".

Honours and awards

References

Citations

  1. ↑ "Raul Castro resigns as Communist chief, ending era in Cuba". Associated Press. 20 April 2021.
  2. ↑ Castro, Fidel (2007). Fidel Castro Reader. Ocean Press. pp. 37. ISBN 9781920888886.
  3. ↑ "Kiev Ukraine News Blog". Kiev Ukraine. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  4. ↑ Antonio de la Cova. "Cuba Foreign Relations". Latin American Studies. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  5. ↑ "Orders, Decorations and Medals, Medals of Cuba". Jean Paul Leblanc. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  6. ↑ "Castro". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  7. ↑ "Raul Castro to lead Cuba's Communist Party until 2021". France 24. 19 April 2018. I confirm to this assembly that Raul Castro, as first secretary of the Communist Party, will lead the decisions about the future of the country,' Diaz-Canel said.
  8. ↑ "Raul Castro retires but Cuban Communist Party emphasizes continuity". Reuters. Reuters. 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  9. 1 2 Peter Orsi (24 February 2013). "Cuba's Raul Castro announces retirement in 5 years". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  10. 1 2 "Fidel Castro announces retirement". BBC News. 18 February 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2008.
  11. ↑ "Raul Castro leaving Cuban presidency, not power". Associated Press. 18 April 2018. The 86-year-old former guerrilla remains head of Cuba's Communist Party, a position that leaves him with broad authority — including much oversight of the man who is replacing him as president.
  12. ↑ "Raúl Castro confirms he is resigning as head of Cuba's Communist party". The Guardian. 16 April 2021.
  13. ↑ "Raul Castro confirms he's retiring, ending long era of Castro leadership in Cuba". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Associated Press. 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  14. ↑ "Cuba ditches aim of building communism from draft constitution". The Guardian. 22 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  15. ↑ "Raúl votes in the Santiago municipality of Segundo Frente". En.granma.cu. 12 March 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  16. ↑ "Raúl Castro Ruz". Britanica. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
  17. ↑ José de Córdoba, David Luhnow and Bob Davis (2 August 2006). "Castro's Illness Opens Window on Cuba Transition". The Wall Street Journal. pp. 1, 12.
  18. ↑ Faria, Miguel. "Who Is Raul Castro? (Part II)". Retrieved 22 August 2001.
  19. ↑ "Revolutionary Firing Squads". 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  20. ↑ Rojas, Marta (4 September 2006). "When Raúl Castro assumed responsibility for the assault on the Moncada Garrison". Archived from the original on 21 August 2006.
  21. ↑ Faria, Miguel. "Fidel Castro and the 26th of July Movement". Retrieved 27 July 2004.
  22. ↑ "CUBA: Caught in a War". Time. 14 July 1958.
  23. ↑ Pierre Kalfon, Che, 1997
  24. ↑ "50 verdades sobre Raúl Castro". Operamundi.uol.com.br. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  25. ↑ Audio: Cuba Marks 50 Years Since 'Triumphant Revolution' by Jason Beaubien, NPR All Things Considered, 1 January 2009
  26. 1 2 Tim Padgett and Dolly Mascarenas (2 August 2006). "Why Raul Castro Could End Up a Reformer". Time. Archived from the original on 12 August 2006. Retrieved 5 August 2006.
  27. ↑ "Castro Urged Soviet Nuclear Attack in '62". Los Angeles Times. 23 November 1990.
  28. ↑ Phillip Hart (30 July 2006). "From Castro to Castro". London: The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 6 August 2006. Retrieved 5 August 2006.
  29. ↑ "Fidel Castro Says Health Stable in Statement Read on State Television". Fox News. 1 August 2006. Archived from the original on 13 August 2006. Retrieved 5 August 2006.
  30. ↑ "Castro recovering and giving orders: Chavez". Reuters. 3 September 2006. Archived from the original on 25 October 2006.
  31. ↑ Weekend Edition Saturday (2 December 2006). "Cuba Marks Belated Birthday for Ailing Castro". NPR. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  32. ↑ "Raul Castro greets Chávez on Fidel's 80th birthday". 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  33. ↑ "Raul Castro 'not imitating Fidel'". BBC News. 21 December 2006. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  34. ↑ "Millions of Cubans demand imprisonment for terrorist Posada Carriles". 2008. Archived from the original on 5 March 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  35. ↑ "Raul offers Cuba a quieter Castro voice — CNN.com". 2008. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  36. 1 2 Neill, Morgan (26 April 2008). "Raul Castro pushes change for Cubans". CNN. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
  37. ↑ Marc Frank, "Raúl Castro Overhauls Cuba's Farm Bureaucracy", Reuters News, 1 May 2008.
  38. ↑ "Cuba: dernière peine de mort commuée". Lefigaro.fr. 29 December 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  39. ↑ Frances Robles, "Cubans Who Work More Will Get Higher Salaries", Miami Herald, 12 June 2008.
  40. ↑ "Cuba names Raul Castro to new term as president". Fox News. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  41. ↑ "Raul Castro Nominated For Cuba's Parliament". Miami.cbslocal.com. 23 January 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  42. 1 2 "Conversations With Chávez and Castro". The Nation. 25 November 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  43. ↑ "Nelson Mandela's memorial service: as it happened". The Guardian. 10 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  44. ↑ Keane, Angela Greiling; Dorning, Mike (17 December 2014). "Obama Acts to End More Than Half-Century U.S.-Cuba Estrangement". Bloomberg News.
  45. ↑ Baker, Peter (18 December 2014). "Obama Announces U.S. and Cuba Will Resume Relations". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  46. 1 2 Yardley, Jim (11 May 2015). "Praising Pope, Cuban President says he might return to Church". The New York Times. p. A4.
  47. ↑ "U.S., Cuba restore full diplomatic ties after 5 decades". CBC News. 20 July 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  48. ↑ Korte, Gregory (21 March 2016) "Obama meets Cuban President Raúl Castro", USA Today. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
  49. ↑ "Cuba's Raul Castro blasts Trump's Mexican wall and trade policy". Reuters.com. 6 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  50. ↑ Trump, Donald J. (28 November 2016). "If Cuba is unwilling to make a better deal for the Cuban people, the Cuban/American people and the U.S. as a whole, I will terminate deal". Twitter. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  51. ↑ Gillies | AP, Josh Lederman, Michael Weissenstein and Rob (16 September 2017). "Raul Castro's surprising response to harmed US diplomats". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  52. ↑ Spetalnick, Matt (26 September 2019). "U.S. issues travel ban for Cuba's Castro over human rights accusations, support for Venezuela's Maduro". Reuters – via www.reuters.com.
  53. ↑ "President of Cuba greets 8th Congress of the Communist Party". Prensa Latina. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  54. 1 2 AFP (16 April 2021). "A future without Castro: leadership change in Cuba". France 24. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  55. ↑ "Cuba leadership: Díaz-Canel named Communist Party chief". BBC News. 19 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  56. ↑ "Raul Castro Visited New Housing Project in Santiago de Cuba" Cuban News Agency via Cuban Radio Archived 27 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11 February 2009 from mathaba.net.
  57. ↑ "TIME magazine Milestones". Time Magazine. 9 February 1959. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 14 November 2006.
  58. ↑ "Raúl Castro". Miami Herald. 1 August 2006. Retrieved 5 August 2006.
  59. ↑ DePalma, Anthony (The New York Times). "News Obituaries". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 21 June 2007. p. C-6. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  60. ↑ Juan Reinaldo Sanchez, The Double Life of Fidel Castro: My 17 Years as Personal Bodyguard to El Lider Maximo, Penguin Press (2014) p. 198.
  61. ↑ "Trying to make the sums add up". The Economist. 11 November 2010.
  62. ↑ Juan Reinaldo Sanchez, The Double Life of Fidel Castro: My 17 Years as Personal Bodyguard to El Lider Maximo, Penguin Press (2014) p. 197.
  63. ↑ "The Fidel Castro mystery". Sentinel & Enterprise. 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  64. ↑ Juan Reinaldo Sanchez, The Double Life of Fidel Castro: My 17 Years as Personal Bodyguard to El Lider Maximo, Penguin Press (2014) p. 193.
  65. ↑ Juan Reinaldo Sanchez, The Double Life of Fidel Castro: My 17 Years as Personal Bodyguard to El Lider Maximo, Penguin Press (2014) p. 191.
  66. ↑ MacLaughlin, Eliott C. (14 May 2015). "Raul Castro may join Catholic Church, he says after Pope Francis meeting". CNN.
  67. ↑ Anderson, Jon Lee (22 September 2015). "POPE FRANCIS IN CUBA". The New Yorker.
  68. ↑ "Christ was a communist, says Castro". The Irish Times.
  69. ↑ "Cuba's Raul Castro is stepping down as head of its Communist Party". news.yahoo.com. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  70. ↑ (PDF) https://www.prazskyhradarchiv.cz/file/edee/vyznamenani/cs_rbl.pdf. Retrieved 4 December 2023. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  71. ↑ For the contribution to strengthening inter-religious cooperation in connection with the consecration of the church of Our Lady of Kazan in Havana

Sources

Notes

  1. ↑ Acting between 2006 and 2008
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