The legal recognition of signed languages differs widely. In some jurisdictions (countries, states, provinces or regions), a signed language is recognised as an official language; in others, it has a protected status in certain areas (such as education). Although a government may stipulate in its constitution (or laws) that a "signed language" is recognised, it may fail to specify which signed language; several different signed languages may be commonly used.

The most frequently used framework for the legal recognition of sign languages, adopted and further developed by the World Federation of the Deaf,[1] was developed by Dr Maartje De Meulder.[2]

Extending legal recognition is a major concern of Deaf culture. Symbolic recognition does not guarantee an improvement in the lives of signed-language users, and it has been argued that signed languages should be supported not merely as an accommodation for disabled people, but as a communication medium in language communities.[3]

Status by country

Australia

Auslan was recognised by the Australian government as a "community language other than English" and the preferred language of the Deaf community in 1987 and 1991 policy statements. Although the recognition does not ensure the provision of services in Auslan, its use in Deaf education and by Auslan-English interpreters is becoming more common.

It is now increasingly recognised that signing deaf people constitute a group like any other non-English speaking language group in Australia, with a distinct sub-culture recognised by shared history, social life and sense of identity, united and symbolised by fluency in Auslan, the principal means of communication within the Australian Deaf Community.

— Australia's Language: The Australian Language and Literacy Policy (page 20). (Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1991)

Austria

Austrian Sign Language (Österreichische Gebärdensprache, or ÖGS) was recognised by the Austrian Parliament in 2005. On 1 September 2005, the Constitution of Austria was amended to include a new article: §8 (3) Die Österreichische Gebärdensprache ist als eigenständige Sprache anerkannt. Das Nähere bestimmen die Gesetze. ("Austrian Sign Language is recognised as an independent language. The laws will determine the details.")[4]

Belgium

French Community

Belgium's Parliament of the French Community recognised French Belgian Sign Language (LSFB) by decree in October 2003. The recognition entails:

  1. cultural (symbolic) recognition
  2. the formation of a commission to advise the Government of the French Community in all LSFB-related matters

According to the Décret relatif à la reconnaissance de la langue des signes (Decree on the Recognition of Sign Language),[5] "It concerns a symbolic recognition that goes hand-in-hand with a general measure, permitting every minister to take action in fields relative to his authority."[6]

Flemish Community

Flemish Sign Language (Dutch: Vlaamse Gebarentaal or VGT) was recognised on 24 April 2006 by the Flemish Parliament. The recognition entails:

  1. a cultural (symbolic) recognition
  2. the formation of a commission to advise the Flemish government on all VGT-related matters
  3. funding of VGT research and development

Cultural recognition entails that the Flemish Government recognises the Flemish Sign Language as the language of the Deaf Community in Flanders. This 'recognition' encompasses the following three meanings: (1) the Flemish Government acknowledges the correctness of the fact that the Flemish Sign Language is the language of the Deaf Community in Flanders, (2) the Flemish Government also accepts the existence of this language in the judicial domain and treats it accordingly and (3) the Flemish Government expresses its respect for this language.[7]

Brazil

Although Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS) was legally recognised in 2002, a 2005 law stipulated that it could not replace written Portuguese.[8][9] The language must be taught as a part of the speech-language pathology curriculum, and LIBRAS is an elective undergraduate subject.

Canada

The Accessible Canada Act, passed on 21 June 2019, recognised "American Sign Language (ASL), Quebec Sign Language and Indigenous sign languages (...) as the primary languages for communication by deaf persons in Canada."[10] Inuit Sign Language (IUR), used in Canada's Arctic communities, was developed locally by families and communities for their deaf families and community members. Deaf Inuit who have attended school in southern Canada have also learned ASL. IUR made its debut in the Nunavut legislature in 2008.[11]

Maritime Sign Language (MSL), which derives from British Sign Language, is moribund in Canada's Maritime provinces.[12] It is not officially recognised, and has been replaced by ASL in schools.[12] The Halifax School for the Deaf, which operated from 1856 to June 1961, taught in MSL; after that, the Interprovincial School for the Education of the Deaf (later renamed the Atlantic Provinces Special Education Authority, or APSEA) in Amherst, Nova Scotia, took over until it closed in 1995.[12][13]

Chile

Chilean Sign Language (Spanish: Lengua de Señas Chilena or LSCh), was enacted as Law No. 20,422 in 2010 to ensure equal opportunity for disabled people. The law recognises sign language as the natural means of communication for the deaf community.[14]

Czech Republic

Czech Sign Language gained legal recognition with the passage of the Sign Language Law, 155/1998 Sb ("Zákon o znakové řeči 155/1998 Sb").[15]

Denmark

Danish Sign Language gained legal recognition on 13 May 2014. The Danish Parliament established the Danish Sign Language Council "to devise principles and guidelines for the monitoring of the Danish sign language and offer advice and information on the Danish sign language."[16]

European Union

The European Parliament unanimously approved a resolution about sign languages on 17 June 1988.[17] The resolution suggests that all member states recognise their sign languages as official languages of the Deaf community.

The European Parliament [...] calls on the Commission to make a proposal to the Council concerning official recognition of the sign language used by deaf people in each Member State.[18]

The EP issued another resolution in 1998, with essentially the same content as the 1988 resolution.[19] A third resolution was passed in 2016. It was drafted by Helga Stevens, Europe's first deaf female MEP and president of the European Union of the Deaf from 2005 to 2007. The resolution, on sign language and professional sign-language interpreters, draws on Deaf studies and linguistics.[20]

Finland

Finnish Sign Language was recognised in the constitution in August 1995:

Section 17 - Right to one's language and culture [...] The rights of persons using sign language and of persons in need of interpretation or translation aid owing to disability shall be guaranteed by an Act.[21]

— The Constitution of Finland

Iceland

Icelandic Sign Language was recognised by law in education in 2004:

This National Curriculum Guide contains, for the first time, provisions on special Icelandic instruction for students whose mother tongue is not Icelandic. There are also new provisions on special Icelandic instruction for deaf and hearing-impaired pupils and sign-language instruction for the deaf. The objectives for Icelandic instruction of immigrants and the deaf and of sign-language instruction fall under the subject area of language arts (Icelandic) in compulsory school. [...] Sign language is of basic importance for the development of language, personality and thinking of deaf children. For the deaf, sign language is the most important source of knowledge and their route to participation in Icelandic culture and the culture of the deaf. Sign language is of great importance for all school work and for the pupils' life and work.[22]

— The National Curriculum Guide for Compulsory School (Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, 2004) (official translation)

Indian subcontinent

Although Indo-Pakistani Sign Language (IPSL) is officially unrecognised, it is used in India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.[23]

Ireland

The Recognition of Irish Sign Language for the Deaf Community Bill 2016 passed the Irish Parliament on 14 December 2017, and was signed into law by President Michael D. Higgins on 24 December of that year.[24][25] Before 2017, there was no automatic right for deaf people to have an ISL interpreter except for criminal-court proceedings. ISL recognition provides more legal rights and better access to public services, including education, healthcare, media and banking.[26][27][28]

Italy

Italian Sign Language (Lingua dei Segni Italiana, LIS) was recognised on 19 May 2021. Although opponents of LIS recognition say that it is not a language because it lacks grammar, its grammar has been studied.[29]

Kenya

The 2010 Constitution of Kenya recognises Kenyan Sign Language and, according to Article 7.3b, says that Kenya would promote its development and use. KSL is given official status in Article 120 (1), which says that "the official languages of Parliament are Kiswahili, English and Kenyan Sign Language and the business of Parliament may be conducted in English, Kiswahili and Kenyan Sign Language."[30]

Malta

Maltese Sign Language (Maltese: Lingwa tas-Sinjali Maltija, or LSM) was officially recognised by the Parliament of Malta in March 2016.[31]

Mexico

Mexican Sign Language (lengua de señas mexicana, or LSM) was declared a "national language" in 2003, and it began use in public deaf education.[32] Deaf education in Mexico had focused on oralism (speech and lipreading), and few schools conducted classes in LSM.[33]

Nepal

Although Nepali Sign Language has not been recognised as the official language of Nepal's deaf population, legislation is proposed which will bring Nepali law into line with the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

Netherlands

Dutch Sign Language (Dutch: Nederlandse Gebarentaal, or NGT) was recognised by law in 2020. The Christian Union party introduced a bill to recognise NGT in 2010, but it did not pass.[34] In October 2016, MPs Roelof van Laar (Labour Party) and Carla Dik-Faber (Christian Union) proposed a bill legally recognising NGT as an official language.[35] MP Attje Kuiken (Labour Party) took over the bill in September 2019 (after Van Laar's departure), and MP Jessica van Eijs (Democrats 66) joined Kuiken and Dik-Faber.[36][37] At the end of the month, the Advisory Division of the Council of State said that the text of the bill was still too vague and did not clarify which problems it intended to address and how it would do so; it asked if "the Deaf culture" mentioned in the bill also needed to be legally recognised and, if so, what that term entailed.[38]

New Zealand

New Zealand Sign Language became the country's third official language, joining English and Māori, when a bill was passed in the New Zealand Parliament on 6 April 2006.[39]

Part 2 cl 6: New Zealand Sign Language is declared to be an official language of New Zealand.

— New Zealand Sign Language Bill

North Macedonia

Macedonian Sign Language (Macedonian: Македонски знаковен јазик, romanized: Makedonski znakoven jazik) is officially recognized as a "natural way of communication between people", and is regulated by a law which allows anyone in North Macedonia to study it. The law also ensures the right to an interpreter upon request.[40]

Northern Ireland

British and Irish Sign Language were recognised as official languages by the Northern Ireland Office in 2004.[41]

Norway

Norwegian Sign Language is recognised by law for education.

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinean Sign Language became the country's fourth official language in May 2015.[42]

Philippines

Article 3 of Republic Act No. 11106 declared Filipino Sign Language the country's national sign language, specifying that it be recognized, supported and promoted as the medium of official communication in all transactions involving the deaf and the language of instruction in deaf education.[43][44]

Peru

Peru officially recognized Peruvian Sign Language as the country's national sign language by law published in the official Gazette on 21 May. (Diario Oficial El Peruano

Portugal

Art. 74, 2 (h): In implementing the education policy, the state shall be charged with protecting and developing Portuguese sign language, as an expression of culture and an instrument for access to education and equal opportunities.[45]

— Constitution of Portugal

Russia

Russian Sign Language (Russian: Русский жестовый язык, romanized: Russkii zhestovyi yazyk) has limited legal recognition. Under the federal Law on Protection of People with Disabilities, it is considered a language used for inter-personal communication only; no state support is provided.

Slovakia

Slovak Sign Language was recognised in 1995 by law.[46]

South Africa

Until 2023, South African Sign Language (SASL) was not specifically recognised as an official language by the country's constitution. The phrase "sign language" is used generically.[47] On 13 November 2009, the Constitutional Review Committee met to explore the possibility of upgrading SASL to South Africa's 12th official language.[48] In May 2022 the 18th Constitutional Amendment Bill to make SASL an official language was published for public comment.[49] In May 2023 the bill was voted on by parliament, and on 19 July 2023 it was signed into law.[50]

South Korea

The "South Korean National Assembly passed legislation to recognize Korean Sign Language as one of Korea's official languages" on 31 December 2015.[42][51]

Spain

Valencia

Article 13,4: The Generalitat shall grant the use of the sign language of deaf persons (which shall be used for education) with protection and respect.[52]

— Statute of Autonomy of Valencia

Sri Lanka

According to a 23 September 2010 report, Sri Lankan Sign Language has been officially recognised.[53]

Thailand

Thai Sign Language was recognised as "the national language of deaf people in Thailand" on 17 August 1999 in a resolution signed by the Permanent Secretary for Education on behalf of the Royal Thai Government which affirmed the rights of deaf people to learn the language at home and in schools.[54] According to a 13 October 1999 report by Charles Reilly, "specific actions will be taken by the government, including hiring deaf people as teachers and instructors of sign language in deaf schools, and providing interpreters for deaf people in higher education."[54]

Turkey

Turkish Sign Language is used by the country's deaf community. On 1 July 2005, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey enacted an updated Disability Law (No. 5378) which referred to sign language. According to Law No. 15, sign language is to be used in deaf education; Law No. 30 stipulates that sign language interpretation be provided to deaf people. There has been discussion in Parliament about developing a standardised sign language.[55]

Uganda

On 8 October 1995, Uganda adopted a new constitution promoting the development of a sign language for the deaf.[56] Ugandan Sign Language was not specified. Twenty-five-year-old Alex Ndeezi, executive director of the Uganda National Association of the Deaf from 2000 to 2014, was elected to Parliament in 1996.[57]

XXIV (iii). The State shall [...] promote the development of a sign language for the deaf.

— National Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy, Constitution of Uganda

United States

The federal government does not recognize any language, spoken or signed, as an official language. However, several U.S. universities accept American Sign Language credit to meet their foreign-language requirements.[58] In some states, the study of American Sign Language is eligible for foreign language credit at the high school level. In 2015, California became the first US state to legislate language development milestone guidance pertaining to children whose first language is a signed language.[59]

Uruguay

Although Uruguay has no "official" languages, Uruguayan Sign Language (Spanish: Lengua de señas uruguaya, or LSU), was legally recognised as the language of deaf persons on 10 July 2001.[60]

In the 2008 law 18.437 (Ley General de Educación, 12 December 2008), LSU is considered (with Uruguayan Spanish and Uruguayan Portuguese) a mother tongue of Uruguayan citizens. In policy documents of the Comisión de Políticas Lingüísticas en la Educación Pública (Public Education Language Policy Commission, part of the Administración Nacional de Educación Pública or ANEP), it is proposed that LSU be the principal language of deaf education.

Venezuela

Venezuelan Sign Language was recognised in the country's constitution on 12 November 1999.

Zimbabwe

The Zimbabwean sign languages, grouped as "sign language", are recognised in the 2013 Constitution of Zimbabwe as one of the sixteen "officially recognised languages of Zimbabwe".[61]

References

  1. ↑ "The Legal Recognition of National Sign Languages | WFD". 6 December 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  2. ↑ De Meulder, Maartje (2015). "The Legal Recognition of Sign Languages". Sign Language Studies. 15 (4): 498–506. doi:10.1353/sls.2015.0018. S2CID 146701917.
  3. ↑ Sarah C. E. Batterbury. 2012. Language Policy 11:253–272.
  4. ↑ Krausneker, Verena (2006) Taubstumm bis gebärdensprachig. Die österreichische Gebärdensprachgemeinschaft aus soziolinguistischer Perspektive. Verlag Drava.
  5. ↑ "Relatif à la reconnaissance de la langue des signes" [Related to sign language recognition] (PDF) (in French). Parlement de la communauté française. 19 September 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 7 May 2006.
  6. ↑ "... il s'agit d'une reconnaissance cadre assortie d'une mesure d'exécution générale permettant à chaque ministre concerné de prendre les arrêtés d'application relevant de ses compétences ..."
  7. ↑ "Decreet houdende de erkenning van de Vlaamse Gebarentaal (Decree on the recognition of Flemish Sign Language)" (PDF). Die 'erkenning' omvat hierbij de drie betekennissen van het woord: (1) de Vlaamse overheid bevestigt de juistheid van het feit dat de Vlaamse Gebarentaal de taal is van de Dovengemeenschap in Vlaanderen, (2) de Vlaamse overheid aanvaardt het bestaan van die taal ook op juridisch vlak en behandelt ze als dustanig en (3) de Vlaamse overheid uit haar waardering voor deze taal.
  8. ↑ 24 April 2002 law.
  9. ↑ Brazilian decree nº 5626, 22 December 2005.
  10. ↑ "Accessible Canada Act S.C. 2019, c. 10". Canadian Ministry of Justice. 21 June 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  11. ↑ "Inuit sign language makes debut in Nunavut legislature - CBC News".
  12. 1 2 3 Davie, Emma (31 December 2019). "How the deaf community is preserving Maritime Sign Language". CBC News.
  13. ↑ Marsh, James H. (1999). The Canadian Encyclopedia. Toronto, Ontario: McClelland & Stewart Inc. p. 640. ISBN 9780771020995. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  14. ↑ Ley 20422 BCN LEGISLACIÓN CHILENA, 2010
  15. ↑ "ZÁKON ze dne 11. června 1998 o znakové řeči a o změně dalších zákonů - Sbírka zákonů - Nakladatelství Sagit, a.s" (in Czech). Sagit.cz. 1 December 2000. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  16. ↑ "The Danish Sign Language Council — Dansk Sprognævn". www.dsn.dk.
  17. ↑ "Published by: EUD". Policy.hu. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  18. ↑ "European Parliament Resolution on Sign Languages 1988".
  19. ↑ "Resolution on sign languages for the deaf". Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  20. ↑ Sign language and professional sign language interpreters
  21. ↑ 17 § Oikeus omaan kieleen ja kulttuuriin [...] Viittomakieltä käyttävien sekä vammaisuuden vuoksi tulkitsemisja käännösapua tarvitsevien oikeudet turvataan lailla. (Ministry of Justice, Finland: Suomen perustuslaki.)
  22. ↑ Í aðalnámskrá grunnskóla eru í fyrsta sinn sett ákvæði um sérstaka íslenskukennslu fyrir nemendur með annað móðurmál en íslensku. Einnig eru ný ákvæði um sérstaka íslenskukennslu fyrir heyrnarlausa og heyrnarskerta nemendur og táknmálskennslu fyrir heyrnarlausa. Markmið fyrir íslenskukennslu nýbúa og heyrnarlausra og táknmálskennslu falla undir námssvið íslensku í grunnskóla. [...] Táknmál hefur grundvallarþýðingu fyrir þroska máls, persónuleika og hugsunar heyrnarlausra nemenda. Hjá heyrnarlausum er táknmálið mikilvægasta uppspretta þekkingar og leið til að taka þátt í íslenskri menningu og menningu heyrnarlausra. Táknmálið hefur mikla þýðingu fyrir alla vinnu í skólanum og fyrir líf og starf nemendanna. (Ministry of Education, Science and Culture: Aðalnámskrá grunnskóla: Almennur hluti Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine)
  23. ↑ Evans, Nicholas (2011). Reciprocals and Semantic Typology. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. p. 95. ISBN 9789027206794. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  24. ↑ "Irish Sign Language given official legal recognition". The Irish Times. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  25. ↑ "President signs Irish Sign Language bill into law". RTE.ie. 24 December 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  26. ↑ "Dáil passes 'historic' sign language legislation". RTE.ie. 14 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  27. ↑ "Irish Sign Language set to be given official status - Independent.ie". Independent.ie. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  28. ↑ "Irish sign language set to receive official recognition". Breaking News. 14 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  29. ↑ Michele Brunelli: Grammatica della LIS Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ↑ "Constitution of Kenya, 2010". Kenya Law. Judiciary of Kenya. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  31. ↑ "Parliament gives Maltese sign language official recognition".
  32. ↑ Ley Federal para las Personas con Discapacidad. Original Archived 2015-06-16 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ↑ Karla Faurot, Dianne Dellinger, Andy Eatough, Steve Parkhurst (1992, revised 1998 and 2001) The identity of Mexican sign as a language.Original. Archived. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  34. ↑ "Erken Nederlandse gebarentaal als officiële taal" (in Dutch). Algemeen Dagblad. 3 October 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  35. ↑ Beila Heilbron (3 October 2016). "PvdA en CU: erken gebarentaal als officiële taal" (in Dutch). NRC Handelsblad.
  36. ↑ Attje Kuiken & Carla Dik-Faber (27 September 2019). "Voorstel van wet van de leden Van Laar en Dik-Faber ter erkenning van Nederlandse gebarentaal (Wet erkenning Nederlandse gebarentaal)" (PDF). Brief van de leden Kuiken en Dik-Faber (in Dutch). Senate of the Netherlands. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  37. ↑ Linda de Groot (5 September 2019). "Initiatiefwet: Nederlandse Gebarentaal erkennen als officiële taal". Nieuwsuur (in Dutch). NOS. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  38. ↑ "Samenvatting advies initiatiefwetsvoorstel erkenning Nederlandse gebarentaal" (in Dutch). Advisory Division of the Council of State. 30 September 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  39. ↑ McKee, R. 2007. The eyes have it! Our third official language–New Zealand Sign Language. Journal of New Zealand Studies, NS 4-5.129-148.
  40. ↑ Закон за употреба на знаковниот јазик, Службен весник на Република Македонија, број 105, 21 август 2009, Скопје
  41. ↑ "Paul Murphy announces recognition for sign language". Northern Ireland Office. 30 March 2004. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2008. I am pleased to announce formal recognition for both British and Irish Sign Languages in Northern Ireland.
  42. 1 2 "Two Sign Languages Given Official Language Status". 23 February 2016.
  43. ↑ "The Filipino Sign Language Act". Article 3, Republic act No. 11106 of 30 October 2018 (PDF). Government of the Philippines. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  44. ↑ Genalyn Kabiling (12 November 2018). "Filipino Sign Language declared as nat'l sign language of Filipino deaf". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  45. ↑ Na realização da política de ensino incumbe ao Estado proteger e valorizar a língua gestual portuguesa, enquanto expressão cultural e instrumento de acesso à educação e da igualdade de oportunidades. (Assembleia da República: Constituição da república portuguesa Archived 2007-08-09 at the Wayback Machine
  46. ↑ Zákon o posunkovej reči nepočujúcich osôb 149/1995 Sb (Law of the Sign Language of the Deaf 149/1995).
  47. ↑ Chapter 1 - Founding Provisions (1996). Original. Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine
  48. ↑ "Language issues: Proposed recognition of South African Sign Language as official language, Sepedi/ Sesotho sa Leboa issues: Briefings by Deaf SA, CRL Commission, Pan South African Language Board". Archived from the original on 15 May 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  49. ↑ "Signing set to become official language | eNCA". www.enca.com. 29 May 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  50. ↑ "President Cyril Ramaphosa: Signing ceremony of South African Sign Language Bill" – via gov.za.
  51. ↑ "Korean Sign Language Act". elaw.klri.re.kr. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  52. ↑ La Generalitat garantirà l'ús de la llengua de signes pròpia de les persones sordes, que haurà de ser objecte d'ensenyament, protecció i respecte. (Corts Valencianes: Estatut d'Autonomia de la Communitat Valenciana Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine.)
  53. ↑ "Sign language recognized in Sri Lanka". Colombo Page. Colombo, Sri Lanka. 23 September 2010. Archived from the original on 25 September 2010.
  54. 1 2 "Archive: On The Green". Gallaudet University. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  55. ↑ "Agenda Item: People with Disabilities" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  56. ↑ WFD News, April 1996.
  57. ↑ "Alex Ndeezi". Members of the 10th Parliament. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  58. ↑ Wilcox, Sherman. "Universities That Accept ASL in Fulfillment of Foreign Language Requirements". University of New Mexico.
  59. ↑ "Early Start Resources - SB 210 - Lead K".
  60. ↑ Ley No. 17.378. Reconócese a todos los efectos a la Lengua de Señas Uruguaya como la lengua natural de las personas sordas y de sus comunidades en todo el territorio de la República 10 July 2001, Parliament of Uruguay.
  61. ↑ "The following languages, namely Chewa, Chibarwe, English, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Ndebele, Shangani, Shona, sign language, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda and Xhosa, are the officially recognised languages of Zimbabwe." (Chapter 1, section 6, Constitution of Zimbabwe (final draft) Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine).

Sources

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