Rajang
Rejang, 拉让江
The Rajang drainage basin
Nickname(s)Swan river (Chinese community)
Location
CountryMalaysia
StateSarawak
Physical characteristics
SourceIran Mountains
 • locationMalaysia
 • elevation2,074 m (6,804 ft)
Mouth 
 • location
South China Sea, Malaysia
 • elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Length770 km (480 mi)
Basin size50,707 km2 (19,578 sq mi)[1]
Depth 
 • minimum2
 • maximum45
Discharge 
 • locationRajang Delta, South China Sea
 • average3,600 m3/s (130,000 cu ft/s)[2]

(Period of data: 2003-2016)4,715 m3/s (166,500 cu ft/s)[3]

124.826 km3/a (3,955.5 m3/s)
 • minimum1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s)[2]
 • maximum6,000 m3/s (210,000 cu ft/s)[2] 25,000 m3/s (880,000 cu ft/s)
Discharge 
 • locationKapit, Malaysia (Basin size: 34,053 km2 (13,148 sq mi))
 • average(Period of data: 1983-1990)2,510 m3/s (89,000 cu ft/s)[1]
 • minimum305 m3/s (10,800 cu ft/s)[1]
 • maximum10,799 m3/s (381,400 cu ft/s)[1]
Discharge 
 • locationSibu, Malaysia (Basin size: 43,550.5 km2 (16,814.9 sq mi)[3]
 • average(Period of data: 1992-2016)3,355 m3/s (118,500 cu ft/s)[3][4]
Basin features
Tributaries 
 • leftBelaga
 • rightBaleh, Balui, Katibas

The Rajang River (Malay: Batang Rajang) is a river in Sarawak, northwest Borneo, Malaysia. The river originates in the Iran Mountains, flows through Kapit, and then towards the South China Sea. At approximately 565 km long (351 mi), the river is the seventh-longest in Borneo and the longest in Malaysia.[5][6]

Malaysia's largest and tallest (160m) hydro electric project, the Bakun Hydro Electric Dam, is located on the Balui River, a tributary of the Rajang.[7] Other important tributaries include the Katibas River, Ngemah River, Iran River, Pila River, Balleh River, Bangkit River and the Kanowit River.[5]

Etymology

In Sarawakian Malay, a major river is named Batang (meaning "trunk" or "tree" in Malay) as it is the main larger stream which took its "root" from its tributary rivers which is known as Sungai ("river" in Sarawakian Malay) and branches out again at the delta, thus the Rajang River is known as Batang Rajang in Malay.[8][note 1]

Upriver areas, such as the areas surrounding the headwaters, are called "Ulu" (which means "upriver") or "Hulu" in Malay. "Hulu Rajang" is the upriver section of the Rajang river.[9] Places along the river that are too small to be called towns are named "Nanga" in the Iban language, which is the language used in the areas where the tributaries join the main river. Examples of Nangas are: Nanga Ngemah, Nanga Dap, and Nanga Poi.[8][note 2] In Iban, "Nanga" means "longhouse" and is often followed by the name of the river that runs by it. There are certain communities that use "Rumah" (meaning "house" in Malay), often followed by the name of the headman (thus it can change in time). "Long", meaning "confluence", is used by the Orang Ulu (upriver people) to name places located at the confluence between the smaller tributaries and the major river, just as Malay uses the name "Kuala" (meaning "river delta").[9]

Amongst the Chinese in Sibu, the Rajang River is also nicknamed the "Swan River" (鹅江), probably because of the legendary appearance of a flock of swans flying over the area, resulting in the end of a famine.[10] Alternatively, it may originate with the Sibu Chinese immigrants regarding the Melanau people as "Go" people because their staple food was "Sago". "Go" is pronounced in a similar way to the Hokkien word for "Swan".[10] Chinese immigrants may have been reminded of another "Swan River" back in China.[11]

Course

Sibu is located at 105 km from the river mouth
The elongated Bruit Island is located at the mouth of the Rajang River

The Rajang is the longest river system in Malaysia, with its source in the Nieuwenhuis mountains, where it forms the political boundary between Malaysia and Indonesia. There is more than 160 inches (410 cm) of rainfall each year in these mountains, which forms the headwaters of Rajang. The river flows from northeast to southwest. The Punan Bah people reside at the headwaters of the Rajang. One of the Rajang tributaries, the Balui River, north of the Hose Mountains,[12][note 3] flows into the lands of the Kayan people and Kenyah people. At the western end of a great bend in the river is the Belaga District, and further downstream are the Pelagus Rapids where the Iban people dominate.[8][note 4] The rapids are located 180 miles (290 km) from the Rajang river mouth. As the Balleh River[note 5] joins the Balui river from south of the Hose Mountains,[12] the Rajang becomes broader and deeper. It is estimated that about 25% of the people of Sarawak live in the region where the Rajang is at its broadest.[8][note 6] At this intersection point, about 160 miles (260 km) from the river mouth, the river begins to flow from east to west, near the town of Kapit. Kapit is the last stop for express boats coming from Sibu, and is inhabited by the Chinese, Iban, and Kayan people.[8][note 7] Kapit is the biggest town in the upper Rajang river.[12][note 8]

Further downriver are smaller towns such as Song, which is located at the mouth of the Katibas River. At about 120 miles (190 km) from the sea, there are owned by both Chinese and Iban people. The lands are divided into parcels measuring several acres, where smallholders clear the land for agricultural activities.[8][note 9] In the midst of these Mixed Zone Lands, 105 miles (169 km) miles from the sea, is the town of Kanowit; the river here is 0.5 miles (0.80 km) wide.[8][note 10]

The biggest town on the banks of the river is Sibu, some 65 miles (105 km) upriver from the mouth of the Rajang.[12][note 11] It can be reached by ocean-going vessels, and is the political, economic, cultural, and education centre of the central region of Sarawak.[8][note 12] Other towns located further downriver are Sarikei (24 miles (39 km) from Rajang town) and Bintangor (11 miles (18 km) from Sarikei).[12][note 13] These two towns have been mainly settled by the Chinese. Tanjung Manis District (16 miles (26 km) from the river's mouth)[12][note 14] is located near the Rajang delta where the Malay and Melanau people dominate.[8][note 15] Bruit Island is situated inside the Rajang delta, with a lighthouse at Sirik Point.[5] The Rajang delta is bounded by the towns of Igan in the north and Rajang (4 miles (6.4 km) from the river's mouth) in the south.[12][note 16]

History

A group a natives row their longboat against water current in the river near Pelagus in 1912.

The population of the Rajang basin was very low in the 19th century during the Bruneian Empire. The people living along the river's banks traded with Malays from Brunei. At that time, the Melanau, Kanowit and Rajang ethnic groups were living downriver; Bhuket, Punan Bah, Lugat, Sihan and Kejaman ethnic groups lived at the middle section of the river, with Penan and Seping tribes living in the upriver area. After the 19th century, the Kayan and Kenyah migrated to the Balui river from the present day Indonesian Kalimantan. Meanwhile, the Iban people migrated from West Kalimantan to the lower Rajang valley, moving their agricultural base. Inter-ethnic conflicts followed the introduction of new tribes into the Rajang basin, and some ethnic groups fled to the Balingian and Tatau rivers.[13]

In the late 19th century, the government of Charles Brooke began constructing forts along the Rajang in an attempt to achieve political stability in the Rajang basin. The Chinese then started to move inland and settle near the forts and trade various forest products with the natives. In 1884, Fort Vyner was constructed, and Belaga soon became the political and economic centre of the district.[14] Subsequently, government offices, schools, a bank, a police station, a mosque, and churches were built around the fort.[13]

During the Brooke era, the sago processing industry was an important economic activity amongst the Melanaus, and it provided an important revenue for the Sarawak government. The sago products were sent to the port of Sibu for export overseas. The Ibans in the Rajang basin exchanged jungle produce with Chinese and Malay businessmen for salt, beads, metal, porcelain utensils, earthen jars, and coins. Seeing the success of Chinese planting rubber trees and pepper vines, the Ibans also started to grow these cash crops. Later, when the Chinese ventured into the logging industry, urban migration of the Ibans occurred, whilst the Kayans and Kenyahs grew rice, cash crops such as rubber, coffee, and groundnuts. The Penans and Punans maintained a nomadic way of life, bringing jungle produce, woven items, and handicrafts for sale at local markets.[12][note 17]

On 25 March 1973, during the period of the Communist insurgency, the Sarawak government set up the "Rajang Special Security Area", and Rajang Security Command (RASCOM) was formed as a result of co-operation of civil, military, and police command headquarters, to clamp down on communist activities in the Rajang delta.[15][16] Construction of the Bakun Dam construction on the upper Balui River, from 1997, resulted in the Sungai Asap resettlement scheme.[13]

On 6 October 2010, heavy rain have caused a massive landslide that brought logs and debris down into the Balleh river, tributaries above Kapit, and then into the Rajang river. It was estimated that the volume of the logs and debris had exceeded 300,000m in length. The logjam also affected the Igan river. The log debris, stretching 50 km, reached Sibu on 8 October, causing transportation difficulties for the people living alongside the river and killed many fish.[17] On 2 November 2012, Global Witness claimed that the logging operations of Interglobal Empire, a subsidiary of the WTK group of companies, owners of the logging concession T/3476, were responsible for the landslide into the Melatai River which subsequently blocked the Rajang River.[18] Similar logjams occurred in early 2017 at the upper reaches of the Balui.[19]

Floods in the Rajang delta near the coast are usually caused by the rising tide while floods 120 km inland near Sibu is caused by heavy downpour with inadequate drainage caused by sediment accumulation in the river bed; as a result of heavy development of the river upstream.[20]

In September 2020, heavy rain in the upper tributaries of the Rajang caused flash floods in the low-lying areas of Kapit, Song, Kanowit and Sibu.[21][22][23] In August 2021, another logjam blocked the Rejang River, shutting down the water treatment plants in Sibu.[24]

Wildlife

Mammals

Thirty species of mammals were recorded along the Rajang basin by a study of 2004. The mouth of the river is the only place where the dolphins can be sighted. Totally protected mammals include gibbon, langurs, black giant squirrel, slow loris, and tarsier. Civets, otters, bats, treeshrew, and primates are also included under the Sarawak Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998. Wild pigs and deer are the animals most frequently hunted by the locals.[25]

Birds

A total of 122 species of bird was recorded by the 2004 study, with 21 species along the mouth of the river, 96 species in the Hose Mountains, and 88 species at Lanjak Entimau in the interior of Sarawak. The only endemic species of bird found in the Rajang basin was the Dusky munia, found abundantly in paddy fields. Other species of bird commonly found along the Rajang basin are the Pacific swallow, Little spiderhunter, and Asian glossy starling. Twenty species of birds (mainly eagles, egret, kingfishers, woodpeckers) are protected, while seven species of birds (mainly hornbill and pheasant) are totally protected under the Sarawak Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998.[25]

Fish

A total of 164 fish species was recorded at the Rajang basin in 2005.[26] Empurau (Tor tambroides) and Semah (Tor douronensis) fish are considered popular fishes among the locals.[27] the Empurau is still found breeding near the upper tributaries of Rajang such as the Balleh River, and also near the Bakun Dam.[28]

Economy

The major economic activity in the upper reaches of the Rajang River is logging. Among the types of wood that are extracted for exports are Ramin, plywood, Kapur, Meranti, Keruing, and Belian. Rice is the dominant crop along the middle section of the Rajang basin. Trading of Engkabang fruits ("illipe nuts") were commonly traded in the 1960s and 1970s, with the trade centred on Sibu. The fruits are also a food for fish such as empurau that populate the river.[29] Other agricultural activities in the Rajang basin include the cultivation of rubber, pepper and vegetables, and poultry domestication.[8][note 18]

Trade

The Rajang Port Authority in Sibu

The Rajang Port Authority (RPA) is the main regulatory body for coordinating the trade activities of all five river ports along the Rajang River. RPA serves to provide maintenance, adequate and efficient port services for all users of the ports. It is located at the Sibu port operation centre[30] Sibu and Sungai Merah can be assessed via a shorter route through the Paloh river where the distances from the mouth of the river can be shortened to 82 km and 92 km respectively.[30] In 2012, RPA recorded a total revenue of RM 30.1 million[31] although its total cargo throughput went down from 5.0 million to 3.2 million tonnes from the previous year.[32] The five river ports along the Rajang river (arranged by their distances from the river mouth) are:[30]

  • Tanjung Manis (30 km, maximum Gross tonnage (GT): 32,000, mainly for handling logs and timber products)
  • Sarikei (49 km, maximum GT: 3,000, mainly for handling agricultural products and consumer goods around Sarikei area)
  • Bintangor (66 km, maximum GT: 2,500)
  • Sibu (113 km, maximum GT: 10,000, mainly for handling timber and agricultural products)
  • Sungai Merah (Near Sibu, 116 km, maximum GT: 2,500, mainly for handling fuel oil products)

Tourism

View of the Rajang river during sunset on the Lanang bridge in Sibu

River cruises for tourists were run on the Rajang between Sibu and the Pelagus Rapids Resort in Kapit from 2009 until 2012,[33] but were terminated because of logistical and operational difficulties.[34][35] During 2017's "Visit Sibu Year", longhouse visits along the Rajang River were promoted as an ecotourism project. Crocodiles, which live by the river banks, became the mascot for the event.[36]

Transportation

Ferry crossing the Rajang River in Bintangor.
Speedboats and longboats are common at Kapit wharf terminal.

The town of Sibu can be assessed by oceangoing vessels for 80 miles (130 km), while an additional 100 miles (160 km) of the river can be assessed by shallow-draft craft. The remaining parts of the river, leading into the Sarawak interior, can only be assessed by small canoes.[5] Speedboats and longboats are the major form of transport between Kapit and Belaga. Transportation above Belaga to the Balui River requires longboats.[26] The Rajang River is also used for transporting logs.[26] During the monsoon season, some areas of the interior are accessible only by river. Meanwhile, in the towns downriver, market traders are often affected by floods.[8][note 19]

Water quality

Logging operations are rampant on the upstream of the Rajang river. A major study conducted along the Rajang river from May to December 2004 found that the main channel of the Rajang river was turbid except for smaller tributaries. The water transparency was about 4 cm to 5 cm at that time. Based on Taxonomic richness index, the stretch of upstream river between Kanowit and Belaga river is recovering from logging 15 to 20 years ago with the exception of Penaan river because the local community uses toxic chemicals to capture fish. The stretch of river downstream from Lebaan to Selalang river is considered unclean.[37]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Richard C, 2010. Page 3
  2. ↑ Richard C, 2010. Page 3
  3. ↑ Hon Kah, 1996. Page 94
  4. ↑ Richard C, 2010. Page 1
  5. ↑ Hon Kah, 1996. Page 94
  6. ↑ Richard C, 2010. Page 2
  7. ↑ Richard C, 2010. Page 3
  8. ↑ Hon Kah, 1996. Page 94
  9. ↑ Richard C, 2010. Page 3
  10. ↑ Richard C, 2010. Page 5
  11. ↑ Hon Kah, 1996. Page 93
  12. ↑ Richard C, 2010. Page 7
  13. ↑ Hon Kah, 1996. Page 93
  14. ↑ Hon Kah, 1996. Page 93
  15. ↑ Richard C, 2010. Page 8
  16. ↑ Hon Kah, 1996. Page 93
  17. ↑ Hon Kah, 1996. Page 191-195
  18. ↑ Richard C, 2010. Page 13-15
  19. ↑ Richard C, 2010. Page 9
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rajang River.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Rajang Batang (PDF). Hydrology and Water Resources Research Laboratory, Kyoto University. 1991. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 Sien Aun, Edwin Sia (2019). "Microbial Ecology and Nutrient Dynamics of the Rajang River" (PDF). Australia: Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science - Swinburne University of Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. 1 2 3 Huang, T. H.; Chen, C. T. A.; Tseng, H. C.; Lou, J. Y.; Wang, S. L.; Yang, L.; Kandasamy, S.; Gao, X.; Wang, J. T.; Aldrian, E.; Jacinto, G. S. (May 2017). "Riverine carbon fluxes to the South China Sea: RIVERINE CARBON FLUXES TO THE SCS". Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 122 (5): 1239–1259. doi:10.1002/2016JG003701. S2CID 135024272.
  4. ↑ Müller-Dum, D; Warneke, T; Rixen, T (2018). "Impact of peatlands on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the Rajang River and Estuary, Malaysia". Biogeosciences. European Geosciences Union. 16 (1): 17. Bibcode:2019BGeo...16...17M. doi:10.5194/bg-16-17-2019. S2CID 55785453.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Rajang River Encyclopædia Britannica. URL assessed on 2 September 2012
  6. ↑ Tropical River Fisheries Valuation: Background Papers to a Global Synthesis. WorldFish. 2008. pp. 218–. ISBN 978-983-2346-61-6.
  7. ↑ "Bakun National Hydroelectric Project Milestones". Malaysia–China Hydro Joint Venture. 2004. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Richard C, Filder (2010). Kanowit: An overseas Chinese community in Borneo - Chapter 1: Location and setting - The river (First ed.). Sibu, Sarawak: Sarawak Chinese Cultural Association. p. xi. ISBN 978-983-9360-46-2.
  9. 1 2 "Sarawak place names". Rough Guides. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  10. 1 2 "Sibu Mascot". Sibu Municipal Council official website. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  11. ↑ Chris Rowthorn; Muhammad Cohen; China Williams (1 June 2008). Borneo. Lonely Planet. pp. 185–. ISBN 978-1-74059-105-8. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hon Kah, Fong (1996). A History Of The Development of Rajang Basin in Sarawak. Dewan Suarah Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia: The cultural heritage committee. p. 489. ISBN 9839920715. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  13. 1 2 3 Yumi, Kato (8 December 2016). "Resilience and Flexibility: History of Hunter-Gatherers' Relationships with their Neighbors in Borneo". Senri Ethnological Studies. 94: 177–200. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  14. ↑ "Belaga's (ex-)Fort Vyner". Sarawak Heritage Society. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  15. ↑ "ESSCOM: Learning from Sarawak's experience". Sin Chew Jit Poh. 17 March 2013. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  16. ↑ Genta, Florence (13 June 2013). "Recognising Rascom's roles". New Sarawak Tribune. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  17. ↑ Hii, Philip (9 October 2010). "50km logjam on the Rajang river". The Star (Malaysia). Star Publications. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
  18. ↑ "In the Future There Will Be No Forests Left (page 16-17)" (PDF). Global Witness. 2 November 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  19. ↑ Peter, Sibon. "NREB to come up with comprehensive report on logjam — Controller". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  20. ↑ Sayok, Alex; Mah Yau Seng; Heng, Lee Guan; Y, Wong X; Yong, David (2015). "Rapid Field Investigation of Flooding in Rajang Delta, Sarawak. Unimas Holdings report 67pp". doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.2196.8722. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  21. ↑ "Ships, boats need to be extra careful on swollen sungai rajang". 2020-09-07. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  22. ↑ "Second flash flood in a week for Kapit, water levels higher than before". Malay Mail. 14 September 2020. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  23. ↑ "Receeding[sic] water level at Rajang brings respite". 2020-09-08. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  24. ↑ Chua, Andy (23 August 2021). "Sarawak govt urged to probe Rejang logjam after pollution shuts down Sibu's water treatment plants". The Star (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-23.
  25. 1 2 Tuen, A.A (2004). "A Faunal Study of Rajang River Basin" (PDF). Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation (Universiti Malaysia Sarawak). Retrieved 5 June 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  26. 1 2 3 Parenti, L. R.; Lim, K.P. (2005). "Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak, Malaysia" (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 13: 175–208. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  27. ↑ Stephen, E. S. "Breeding The 'King' Of Sarawak Rivers". Bernama. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  28. ↑ Chua, Endy (4 January 2011). "The lure of the empurau". The Star (Malaysia). Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  29. ↑ James Ling (August 14, 2022). "From a remote island to a booming town". Borneo Post Online. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  30. 1 2 3 "About Us - Operation centres". Official website of Rajang Port Authority. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  31. ↑ "More revenue for Rajang Port Authority despite lower throughput". The Borneo Post. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  32. ↑ "Port Performance Statistic". Official website of Rajang Port Authority. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  33. ↑ "900 sign up for Rajang luxurycruise (subscription required)". New Straits Times. 2 March 2009. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  34. ↑ Hii, Philip (21 March 2012). "After its final Rajang tour, RV Orient Pandaw will be deported to Myanmar". The Star (Malaysia). Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  35. ↑ Tan, Raymond (27 December 2011). "Cruising into the sunset". The Borneo Post. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  36. ↑ Banji, Conny (25 February 2016). "Rajang River a tourist attraction, says Andrew Wong". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  37. ↑ Long, S.M. (2010). "Macrofauna of Rajang River, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo". Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation. Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. 7: 11–30. Retrieved 5 June 2014.

2°07′47″N 111°13′09″E / 2.12972°N 111.21917°E / 2.12972; 111.21917

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.