In the late 1940s, in the United States, priests of the Roman Catholic Church performed a series of exorcisms on an anonymous boy, documented under the pseudonym "Roland Doe" or "Robbie Mannheim". The 14-year-old boy was alleged to be a victim of demonic possession, and the events were recorded by the attending priest, Raymond J. Bishop. Subsequent supernatural claims surrounding the events were used as elements in William Peter Blatty's 1971 novel The Exorcist.[1] In December 2021, The Skeptical Inquirer reported the purported true identity of Roland Doe/Robbie Mannheim as Ronald Edwin Hunkeler (June 1, 1935 – May 10, 2020).[2][3]

Origin of claims

In mid-1949, several newspaper articles printed anonymous reports of an alleged possession and exorcism. The source for these reports is thought to be the family's former pastor, Luther Miles Schulze.[1] According to one account, a total of "forty-eight people witnessed this exorcism, nine of them Jesuits."[4]

According to author Thomas B. Allen, Jesuit priest Father Walter H. Halloran was one of the last surviving eyewitnesses of the events and participated in the exorcism. Allen wrote that a diary kept by attending priest Father Raymond J. Bishop detailed the exorcism performed on the pseudonymously identified "Roland Doe" aka "Robbie". Speaking in 2013, Allen "emphasized that definitive proof that the boy known only as 'Robbie' was possessed by malevolent spirits is unattainable." According to Allen, Halloran also "expressed his skepticism about potential paranormal events before his death."[5] When asked in an interview to make a statement verifying that the boy had actually been demonically possessed, Halloran responded saying, "No, I can't go on record. I never made an absolute statement about the things because I didn't feel I was qualified."[1]

Early life

Roland was born into a German Lutheran family in 1935. During the 1940s the family lived in Cottage City, Maryland.[1] According to Allen, Roland was an only child and depended upon adults in his household for playmates, primarily his Aunt Harriet. His aunt, who was a spiritualist, introduced Roland to the ouija board when he expressed interest in it.[6]

Exorcisms

According to Thomas B. Allen, after Aunt Harriet's death the family experienced strange noises, furniture moving of its own accord and ordinary objects such as vases flying or levitating when the boy was nearby. The family turned to their Lutheran pastor, Luther Miles Schulze, for help. Long interested in parapsychology, Schulze arranged for the boy to spend a night in his home in order to observe him.[6] When parapsychologist Joseph Banks Rhine learned that Schulze claimed he witnessed household objects and furniture seemingly moving by themselves, Rhine "wondered if Schulze 'unconsciously exaggerated' some of the facts."[1] Schulze advised the boy's parents to "see a Catholic priest".[6]

According to the traditional story, the boy then underwent a number of exorcisms. Edward Hughes, a Roman Catholic priest, conducted an exorcism on Roland at Georgetown University Hospital, a Jesuit institution.[1]

During the exorcism, the boy allegedly slipped one of his hands out of the restraints, broke a bedspring from under the mattress, and used it as an impromptu weapon, slashing the priest's arm and resulting in the exorcism ritual being halted. The family traveled to St. Louis, where Roland's cousin contacted one of his professors at St. Louis University, Bishop, who in turn spoke to William S. Bowdern, an associate of College Church. Together, both priests visited Roland in his relatives' home, where they allegedly observed a shaking bed, flying objects, and the boy speaking in a guttural voice and exhibiting an aversion to anything sacred. Bowdern was granted permission from the archbishop to perform another exorcism.

The exorcism took place at The Alexian Brothers Hospital in South St Louis, Missouri, which was changed to South City Hospital.[7]

Before the next exorcism ritual began, another priest, Walter Halloran, was called to the psychiatric wing of the hospital, where he was asked to assist Bowdern.[8] William Van Roo, a third Jesuit priest, was also there to assist.[8] Halloran stated that during this scene words such as "evil" and "hell", along with other various marks, appeared on the teenager's body.[8] Allegedly, during the Litany of the Saints portion of the exorcism ritual, the boy's mattress began to shake.[6] Moreover, Roland broke Halloran's nose during the process.[8] Halloran told a reporter that after the rite was over, the anonymous subject of the exorcism went on to lead "a rather ordinary life."[8]

Investigations and explanations

In his 1993 book Possessed: The True Story of an Exorcism, author Thomas B. Allen offered "the consensus of today's experts" that "Robbie was just a deeply disturbed boy, nothing supernatural about him".[9]

Author Mark Opsasnick[1] questioned many of the supernatural claims associated with this story, proposing that "Roland Doe" was simply a spoiled, disturbed bully who threw deliberate tantrums to get attention or to get out of school. Opsasnick reports that Halloran, who was present at the exorcism, never heard the boy's voice change, and he thought the boy merely mimicked Latin words he heard clergymen say, rather than gaining a sudden ability to speak Latin. Opsasnick reported that when marks were found on the boy's body, Halloran failed to check the boy's fingernails to see if he had made the marks himself. Opsasnick also questioned the story of Hughes' attempts to exorcise the boy and his subsequent injury, saying he could find no evidence that such an episode had actually occurred.

During his investigation Opsasnick discovered:

  • The exorcism did not take place at 3210 Bunker Hill Road in Mount Rainier, Maryland
  • The boy never lived in Mount Rainier
  • The boy's home was in Cottage City, Maryland
  • Much of the commonly accepted information about this story is based on hearsay, is not documented, and was never fact-checked
  • There is no evidence Father E. Albert Hughes visited the boy's home, had him admitted to Georgetown Hospital, requested that the boy be restrained at the hospital, attempted an exorcism of the boy at Georgetown Hospital, or was injured by the boy during an exorcism (or at any other time)
  • There is ample evidence refuting claims that Father Hughes suffered an emotional breakdown and disappeared from the Cottage City community

According to Opsasnick, individuals connected to the incident were influenced by their own specializations:

To psychiatrists, Rob Doe suffered from mental illness. To priests this was a case of demonic possession. To writers and film/video producers this was a great story to exploit for profit. Those involved saw what they were trained to see. Each purported to look at the facts but just the opposite was true — in actuality they manipulated the facts and emphasized information that fit their own agendas

Opsasnik wrote that after he located and spoke with neighbors and childhood friends of the boy (most of whom he only referenced by initials) he concluded that "the boy had been a very clever trickster, who had pulled pranks to frighten his mother and to fool children in the neighborhood".

Skeptic Joe Nickell[10] wrote that there was "simply no credible evidence to suggest the boy was possessed by demons or evil spirits" and maintains that the symptoms of possession can be "childishly simple" to fake. Nickell dismissed suggestions that supernatural forces made scratches or markings or caused words to appear on the teenager's body in unreachable places, saying, "A determined youth, probably even without a wall mirror, could easily have managed such a feat - if it actually occurred. Although the scratched messages proliferated, they never again appeared on a difficult-to-reach portion of the boy's anatomy." On one occasion the boy was reportedly seen scratching the words "hell" and "christ" on his chest by using his own fingernails.[10] According to Nickell:

Nothing that was reliably reported in the case was beyond the abilities of a teenager to produce. The tantrums, "trances", moved furniture, hurled objects, automatic writing, superficial scratches, and other phenomena were just the kinds of things someone of R's age could accomplish, just as others have done before and since. Indeed, the elements of "poltergeist phenomena", "spirit communication", and "demonic possession"—taken both separately and, especially, together, as one progressed to the other—suggest nothing so much as role-playing involving trickery.

Nickell also dismissed stories of the boy's prodigious strength, saying he showed "nothing more than what could be summoned by an agitated teenager" and criticized popular accounts of the exorcism for what he termed a "stereotypical storybook portrayal" of the Devil.[10]

Religious perspectives

Two Christian academics, Terry D. Cooper, a professor of psychology, and Cindy K. Epperson, a professor of sociology, wrote that advocates of possession believe that "although they are not frequent, exorcisms are necessary for casting out the demonic" and "cases of genuine possession cannot be explained by psychiatry". Cooper and Epperson devoted a chapter of their book Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology to the case and dismissed natural explanations in favor of a supernatural perspective regarding the nature of evil.[11]

Literature and film

This exorcism case inspired the 1971 novel The Exorcist by William Peter Blatty, which in turn was adapted into the 1973 horror film of the same title.[12] The case also inspired the 2000 movie Possessed, which is said to be closer to the story in Allen's book.[12] A documentary was made of the case, titled In the Grip of Evil.[13] Another documentary film was made in 2010 titled The Haunted Boy: The Secret Diary of the Exorcist, where a group of investigators travels to the location in question and uncovers the diary that is said to be kept by William S. Bowdern.[14]

Criminal Minds : Season 4, Episode 17 "Demonology" - during a odd investigation into a few crimes, Agent Rossi mentions Robbie and the exorcisms to Agent Prentiss.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Opasnick, Mark. "The Cold Hard Facts Behind the Story that Inspired "The Exorcist"". Strange Magazine #20. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  2. ↑ JD Sword (November 2021). "Demoniac: Who Is Roland Doe, the Boy Who Inspired The Exorcist?". Skeptical Inquirer. Vol. 45, no. 6.
  3. ↑ Maya Yang (2021-12-20). "Boy whose case inspired The Exorcist is named by US magazine". The Guardian.
  4. ↑ Lockhart, Douglas (June 1999). The dark side of God: a quest for the lost heart of Christianity. New York City: Element Books / Houghton Mifflin. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-86204-458-6. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
  5. ↑ Scher Zagier, Alan (October 30, 2013). "Exorcism of 1949 continues to fascinate St. Louis". News Union. Grass Valley, California: Swift Communications. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Thomas B. Allen (11 November 2013), Possessed: The True Story of an Exorcism, BookCountry, ISBN 978-1-4630-0367-8
  7. ↑ Garland, Amy (Spring 2014). "Exorcism Exposé: An in-depth look at Saint Louis University's part in the most famous exorcism of the 20th century". Universitas. Vol. 40, no. 2. Saint Louis University. pp. 13–15. Retrieved 14 October 2023. PDF
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 9 March 2005. p. B6. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  9. ↑ Drabelle, Dennis (12 July 1993). "The Demon Within: Was It . . . Satan?". The Washington Post (Book review). Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Allen is careful to delineate the symptoms of possession, thus softening the blow when, at the end of the book, he offers the consensus of today's experts: Robbie was just a deeply disturbed boy, nothing supernatural about him.
  10. 1 2 3 Nickell, Joe (January 2001). "Exorcism! Driving Out the Nonsense". Skeptical Inquirer. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  11. ↑ Cooper, Terry D.; Epperson, Cindy K. (2008-09-02). Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology. Paulist Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8091-4536-2. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  12. 1 2 Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film. Rosemont Publishing & Printing Corp. 2008-12-31. ISBN 9780934223959. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
  13. ↑ Vanderpool, Charles (director) (1997). In the Grip of Evil.
  14. ↑ Christopher Saint Booth & Philip Adrian Booth (directors) (1 October 2010). The Haunted Boy: The Secret Diary of the Exorcist (Video 2010).
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