Toronto-Dominion Centre
General information
TypeCommercial offices
LocationKing and Bay Street
Town or cityToronto
CountryCanada
Coordinates43°38′52″N 79°22′51″W / 43.6479°N 79.3808°W / 43.6479; -79.3808
Construction started1964
Completed1969
OwnerCadillac Fairview
ManagementCadillac Fairview
Height
Antenna spireNone
Roof47–223 m (154–732 ft)
Top floor56
Technical details
Floor count22 to 56
Lifts/elevatorsTD Bank 32 and 2 freight
TD North 24 and 2 freight
TD West 10 and 2 freight
TD South 16 and 1 freight
EY 13 and 1 freight
95 Wellington 8 and 1 freight
Design and construction
Architect(s)Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
John B. Parkin and Associates
Bregman + Hamann Architects
DeveloperCadillac Fairview
Toronto Dominion Bank
Main contractorPigott Construction
References
[1][2][3]
Designated2003

The Toronto-Dominion Centre, or TD Centre, is an office complex of five skyscrapers in the Financial District of downtown Toronto owned by Cadillac Fairview. It serves as the global headquarters for its anchor tenant, the Toronto-Dominion Bank, and provides office and retail space for many other businesses. The complex consists of six towers and a pavilion covered in bronze-tinted glass and black-painted steel. Approximately 21,000 people work in the complex, making it the largest commercial office complex in Canada.[4]

The project was the inspiration of Allen Lambert, former president and chairman of the board of the Toronto-Dominion Bank. Sister-in-law Phyllis Lambert recommended Ludwig Mies van der Rohe as design consultant to the architects, John B. Parkin and Associates and Bregman + Hamann,[5] and the Fairview Corporation as the developer.[6] The towers were completed between 1967 and 1991. An additional building was built outside the campus and purchased in 1998. As Mies was given "virtually a free hand to create Toronto-Dominion Centre",[7] the complex, as a whole and in its details, is a classic example of his unique take on the International style[8] and represents the end evolution of Mies's North American period.[9]

Background

After the 1955 merger of the Bank of Toronto and the Dominion Bank solidified in 1962, the Toronto-Dominion bank directors decided to commission a new headquarters to demonstrate the bank's emergence as a reputable national institution.[6] Allen Lambert, past-president and chairman of the board of the Toronto-Dominion Bank, secured a cooperative partnership in the late 1950s with the Bronfman-owned developer, Fairview Corporation (now Cadillac Fairview);[10] this marked a first for the development process in Canada, in that a bank, rather than creating its head office alone, had aligned itself with real estate interests and the city to influence urban space.[11] The partnership was established as a 50–50 relationship, with the bank having the final say on the design of the complex and Phyllis Lambert—sister-in-law to Allen Lambert and a member of the Bronfman family—was called in as an advisor on the TD Centre competition. Gordon Bunshaft, then chief designer of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, was hired by the consortium.[6] His proposal called for exterior structural supports for the main office tower, which then necessitated piston-like slip joints at the roof level to deal with weather-related expansion and contraction of the structure. Phyllis Lambert objected to this submission, later stating in an interview that it "was a ridiculous proposal on many levels.... Even in a milder climate, it would have been problematic."[12] Bunshaft, due to his refusal to redesign, was relieved of his commission.[6]

This left John Parkin, the local architect who would have worked with the American Bunshaft, to design Toronto-Dominion Centre. His firm put forward a model showing a 100-storey, all-concrete tower—to be the largest in the Commonwealth—standing over a plaza with a sunken courtyard containing a circular banking pavilion.[13] It was at this point that Phyllis Lambert insisted that Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (whom she knew from having been the director of planning on his Seagram Building) be called for an interview.[6] Mies was unimpressed by Parkin's concept and wondered why one would design a building to be entered through its basement. With this, the Parkin proposal was scrapped[13] and Allen Lambert was convinced to bring Mies on board. Though he was technically commissioned as the design consultant to the local architects (who were still John B. Parkin and Associates, but partnered with Bregman + Hamann Architects), the project was essentially Mies's design in its entirety, demonstrating all the key characteristics of the architect's unique style.[9]

The choice of Mies and his design gave the project the added significance of being a symbol of Toronto's emergence as a major city.[9][14] It also marked Mies's last major work before his death in 1969.[6] This followed the precedent set by the previous incarnation of the Toronto-Dominion Bank: the Bank of Toronto's 1862 office at Wellington and Church Streets had been designed by William Kauffman and its 1913 Beaux-Arts headquarters were conceived by Carrère and Hastings. Both firms were the most renowned and respected architects of their times.[7]

History

Construction

Bay and Wellington Street in 1966. Nearly all the buildings were later demolished to make way for Exchange Place.

The development of the TD Centre required Fairview to acquire a full city block of downtown Toronto, except for some frontages on Bay Street and at the corner of King and York Streets.[10] Among notable losses from the subsequent demolition were the Rossin House Hotel, which dated to the 1850s and was once one of the city's preeminent hotels. The Carrère and Hastings Bank of Toronto headquarters, at the southwest corner of King and Bay Streets, was also razed despite protests urging that the Beaux-Arts building be incorporated into the new centre. Fairview officials brushed these aside and said that it "did not fit in".[10] Elements of the old edifice can still be found as relics in Guild Park and Gardens, in Scarborough.

The first structure completed was the Toronto-Dominion Bank Tower (now the TD Bank Tower) in 1967. Though the complex remained unfinished, the official opening took place on 16 May of that year to coincide with the Canadian Centennial celebrations, with Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy, presiding, accompanied by her husband, Sir Angus Ogilvy.[15]

At 222.8 m (731 ft), the tower was the tallest building in Canada when completed. The completion of the banking pavilion and the Royal Trust Tower (now the TD North Tower) followed in 1968 and 1969, respectively. The Commercial Union Tower (now the TD West Tower) was added in 1974 and was the first on the site not conceived by Mies in his plan. It was followed by the IBM Tower (now the TD South Tower), built south of Wellington Street across from the original campus in 1985. The 23-storey building at 95 Wellington Street was completed in 1987 and contains 330,000 sq ft (31,000 m2). Cadillac Fairview acquired it in 1998 and incorporated it into Toronto-Dominion Centre.[6] Finally with little available space left on or near the block, the final building—the Ernst & Young Tower (now 222 Bay Street)—was constructed in 1992 over the existing 1930s Toronto Stock Exchange.

1960s–2000

Downtown Toronto skyline in 1970, dominated by the first two towers

From November 27–30, 1967, the 54th floor of the newly finished Toronto-Dominion Bank Tower was the venue of the centennial year Confederation of Tomorrow conference, a summit of provincial premiers (except for W.A.C. Bennett) convened by Ontario Premier John Robarts. It was an unsuccessful attempt to achieve a provincial agreement for amendments to the constitution of Canada proposed by Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson.[14][15][16][17]

In 1993, Garry Hoy, a 39-year-old lawyer of Holden Day Wilson, plunged 24 floors to his death after repeatedly charging a window while attempting to demonstrate its strength to a group of visiting law students.[18]

21st century

Prince Edward, his wife, Sophie, Countess of Wessex, and former Lieutenant Governor Lincoln Alexander unveil an Ontario Heritage Trust plaque in 2006

The original three buildings and the plazas of Toronto–Dominion Centre were together recognized as a part of Ontario's built heritage in 2005, when an Ontario Heritage Trust plaque was unveiled by Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, his wife, Sophie, Countess of Wessex, and former lieutenant governor of Ontario Lincoln Alexander.[6][8] The complex has been designated under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act since 2003. The designation notes "The Toronto-Dominion Centre is an outstanding example of the International Style of architecture." The concrete foundations, the load-bearing black-painted steel frames, the bronze-tinted glass curtain walls with mullions and a grid of exposed and painted steel I-beams, the revolving doors at the bases and, on the towers, the pilotis, are noted architectural features on the exterior of the buildings. Inside, "the interior finishes (granite, marble, travertine, and oak) and custom-built fittings in the Banking Pavilion, in the lobbies of the Toronto-Dominion Bank Tower and the Royal Trust Tower" are recognized heritage attributes.[19]

In 2007, the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada declared the TD Centre a masterpiece of the twentieth century.[20]

In May 2017, to mark the 50th anniversary of the complex and Canada's 150th birthday, the buildings became the canvas of an art exhibition by Montreal artist Aude Moreau in which the buildings were used as a canvas to spell out “LESS IS MORE OR,” a take on Mies van der Rohe's famous expression. While this type of installation had been done elsewhere, this was the largest undertaking of its kind in the world.[21][22][23]

Site

As with the Seagram Building and a number of Mies's subsequent projects, the Toronto-Dominion Centre follows the theme of the darkly coloured, steel and glass edifice set in an open plaza, itself surrounded by a dense and erratic, pre-existing urban fabric. The TD Centre, however, comprises a collection of structures spread across a granite plinth, all regulated in three dimensions and from the largest scale to the smallest, by a mathematically ordered, 1.5 m2 (16 sq ft) grid.[24]

Towers at Exchange Place are offset from one another, allowing people moving across its courtyard to have a "sliding view" of the area. Scotia Plaza is visible in the background.

Three structures were conceived: a low banking pavilion anchoring the site at the corner of King and Bay Streets, the main tower in the centre of the site, and another tower in the northwest corner, each structure offset to the adjacent by one bay of the governing grid, allowing views to 'slide' open or closed as an observer moves across the court. The rectilinear pattern of Saint-Jean granite pavers follows the grid, serving to organize and unify the complex, and the plaza's surface material extends through the glass lobbies of the towers and the banking pavilion, blurring the distinction between interior and exterior space. The remaining voids between the buildings create space for the plaza and lawn.

Phyllis Lambert wrote of the centre and the arrangement of its elements within the site:

With the Toronto-Dominion Centre, Mies realized an architecture of movement, and yet at the same time, through proportional relations among parts and whole, and through the restrained use of fine materials, this is also an architecture of repose. The light as it moves across the building surfaces, playing the mullions like stringed instruments, and the orchestration of the various buildings are together paradigmatically symphonic.[25]

More towers were added over the ensuing decades, outside the periphery of the original site—as they were not part of Mies's master plan for the TD Centre—but still positioned close enough, and in such locations, as to visually impact the sense of space within areas of the centre, forming Miesian western and southern walls to the lawn and a tall eastern flank to the plaza.

Pavilion

The banking pavilion from across Bay Street looking west

The banking pavilion is a double-height structure housing the main branch of the bank. It contains fifteen 22.9 m2 (246 sq ft) modules within a single interior space,[24] with smaller areas inside the pavilion cordoned off using counters and cabinets, all built with the typical rich materials of Mies's palette—marble, English oak, and granite.[9] The roof of the building is made of deep steel I-sections, each beam supported on only one steel I-section column at each end, all combined to create a waffle-grid ceiling resting on a row of corresponding, equally spaced columns around the periphery. This structure was both a further development on the post office pavilion of the Federal Center in Chicago—which has fewer expressed columns and a second level balcony—and a precursor to the Neue Nationalgalerie completed in Berlin in 1968—which had a similar roof supported on only eight large steel columns. The TD Centre pavilion was described by The Globe and Mail as "among the best spaces Mies ever made".[26]

The banking pavilion's living roof was installed as part of Cadillac Fairview's goal of having the entire complex LEED-certified by 2013. It is intended to help protect the building from solar heat gain, reduce storm runoff, and contributes to air quality.[27][28][29]

TD Conference Centre

The lower level of the TD Conference Centre

The area below the Pavilion serves as the TD Bank Conference Centre, completed in 2018.[30][31]

The space was originally home to a 690-seat Famous Players movie theatre, which would prove to be one of the most fertile palettes for Mies's minimalist aesthetic. The first screenings were Wait Until Dark and Reflections in a Golden Eye. The cinema was used for gala events such as the Canadian Film Awards, now the Canadian Screen Awards, and the Toronto International Film Festival. The theatre operated for approximately one decade until, in 1978, the space was repurposed in light of the proliferation of multiplexes throughout the city. The space was used for offices and storage until its eventual transformation into a conference centre.[32][33][34]

Public space

The Pasture by Joe Fafard on display at the complex's public square

Between the towers are two large expanses, collectively known as Oscar Peterson Place. The northern space contains a more formal tract of granite, while the southern space contains the lawn and features The Pasture, a sculpture by Saskatchewan artist Joe Fafard, who died in early 2019.[35][36] In addition to serving as sanctuaries for building occupants, the plazas have hosted events spanning music, athletics, entertainment and fundraising.[37][38] The plazas were the first examples of privately provided large-scale public outdoor spaces within the urban core of Toronto.[39] The space was named as part of the Toronto Legacy Project; Montreal-born jazz legend Oscar Peterson was on-hand for the ceremony.[40]

Towers

Canoe Restaurant in 54th floor

The height of each of Mies's two towers is proportioned to its width and depth.[24] All, save for 95 Wellington Street West, are of similar construction and appearance: the frame is of structural steel, including the core (containing elevators, stairs, washrooms, and other service spaces), and floor plates are of concrete poured on steel deck. The lobby is a double-height space on the ground floor, articulated by large sheets of plate glass held back from the exterior column line, providing for an overhang around the perimeter of the building, behind which the travertine-clad elevator cores are the only elements to touch the ground plane. Above the lobby, the building envelope is curtain wall made of bronze-coloured glass in a matte-black painted steel frame, with exposed I-sections attached to the vertical mullions and structural columns;[6] the modules of this curtain wall are 1.5 m (4.9 ft) by 2.7 m (8.9 ft), thereby conforming to the overall site template.

The former Toronto Stock Exchange building built into the base of 222 Bay Street

The south side of the 54th floor houses Canoe, an Oliver & Bonacini restaurant.[41]

The 55th floor of the TD Bank Tower is now leased office space but was originally a large public indoor observation platform. This promontory allowed uninterrupted views of the development of the downtown core that the TD Centre had itself helped to spark, as well as Lake Ontario to the south. The floor was repurposed to office space when the CN Tower was completed in 1976, offering a viewing height of 447 metres (1,467 ft).[32]

Technical details

StructureImageDate
completed		HeightFloorsAddressArchitects
TD Bank Tower[42] (formerly Toronto-Dominion Bank Tower)1967222.86 m (731.2 ft)5666 Wellington Street WestBregman + Hamann Architects and John B. Parkin Associates in consultation with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
TD North Tower[42] (formerly Royal Trust Tower)1969182.88 m (600.0 ft)4677 King Street WestBregman + Hamann Architects and John B. Parkin Associates in consultation with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
TD West Tower[42] (formerly Canadian Pacific Tower and Commercial Union Tower)1974128.02 m (420.0 ft)32100 Wellington Street WestBregman + Hamann Architects
TD South Tower[42] (formerly TD Waterhouse Tower, Aetna Tower, IBM Tower, and Maritime Life Tower)1985153.57 m (503.8 ft)3679 Wellington Street WestBregman + Hamann Architects
222 Bay Street (formerly Clarkson Gordon Tower[43] and then Ernst & Young Tower)[42][44]1991133.20 m (437.0 ft)31222 Bay StreetBregman + Hamann Architects and Scott Tan de Bibiana
95 Wellington Street West[42]198796.93 m (318.0 ft)2295 Wellington Street WestPellow + Associates Architects Inc.

Underground concourse

The underground concourse's black aluminum signs mandated by Mies
Food Court

The shopping concourse was seamlessly integrated beneath the towers — the first such mall in Canada — and was the genesis of Toronto's PATH system. Extending into this area was Mies's strict design sense; it was fitted in the same black aluminum and travertine as the main lobbies above. To maintain the clean and ordered aesthetic of the environment, Mies stipulated, with the backing of Phyllis and Alan Lambert, that the storefronts consist only of the glass panels and black aluminium that he specified. Even signage graphics were restricted to only white backlit letters within a black aluminium panel and only in the specific font that Mies had designed for the TD Centre. Renovations to the mall, beginning in the late 1990s, caused some controversy within the architectural community as building management, under pressure from retail tenants seeking greater visibility, relaxed the strict design guidelines and allowed more individual signage. Ceilings were also renovated from the original flat drywall planes with recessed lights to coffered ceilings.[45]

Occupants

The Toronto-Dominion Bank serves as the anchor tenant of the office complex.

The TD Gallery of Inuit Art is a permanent gallery located in the southern half of the TD South Tower lobby. It is open to the public, free, through a partnership between TD Bank, the world's largest collector of Inuit art, and Cadillac Fairview, the property owner in whose lobby space the gallery is hosted.[46][47]

The bank's association with Inuit art can be traced to the Northwest Territories, where branch manager Allen Lambert oversaw its Yellowknife operation from 1946 to 1947. The branch was a two-room log cabin, with Lambert working in the front and living in the back. Lambert developed a keen interest in the art being produced by local artists. Twenty years later, as Chairman of the Toronto-Dominion Bank, he launched a Centennial project that would establish the bank as a strong ally in providing Inuit art with exposure within the organization and beyond.[46]

Design Exchange

Design Exchange's main entrance

The easternmost tower, 222 Bay Street, contains in its base the historic Toronto Stock Exchange building, built in 1937. Since 1994, it has been home to the Design Exchange (‘DX'), Canada’s only museum dedicated to "design excellence". The genesis of the Design Exchange was a citizen movement seeking a centre that would celebrate the role of design in society. The group worked with the city for several years to bring the concept to fruition and, in 1994, the Design Exchange was officially opened by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien.[48]

Design Exchange has mounted hundreds of exhibitions, seminars, lectures, conferences and educational programs related to the role of design in culture, industry, and business. In 2017, DX launched a 10-day festival called Expo for Design, Innovation & Technology (EDIT), in partnership with the United Nations Development Programme.[49]

Branding system and signage

North Tower Lobby

The TD Centre represents one of commercial real estate's most comprehensive branding systems. Sans Copperplate Gothic was Mies's signature font, as he believed it reflected the calmness and order of the architecture, and he decreed that it be used universally throughout the TD Centre. To this day, the font is used not just on exterior signs and wayfinding, but also for such communications as artwork captions, fire hose cases and designated smoking areas.[45]

Originally, the branding system extended to the stores in the underground shopping mall, such that all of the storefronts displayed their names in an identical font in white against black. However, in the late 1990s, under pressure from retail tenants seeking greater visibility, building management relaxed its requirements and allowed stores to customize their signage to their individual brands. This caused some controversy within the design and architecture community.[45]

There was further controversy in 2015 when TD Bank insisted on affixing its green-and-white logo atop two of the towers. Although these signs contravene Mies's strict minimalist vision, the city could not and did not officially oppose the move because the two towers in question were built after Mies's death and are not designated as historic.[50]

Programs

The boardroom on the 54th floor of TD Centre. The room is sometimes exhibited as a part of the annual Doors Open Toronto event

The TD Centre often participates in the annual Doors Open Toronto, providing visitors with behind-the-scenes access to various parts of the property. The 54th-floor executive office space is often showcased but, for 2019, the focus was the recently completed conference centre.[51]

Environment

The TD Centre has developed one of the most comprehensive environmental programs in the Canadian real estate industry, “promoting sweeping sustainability initiatives across the complex.”[28] In 2004, the TD Centre was one of the founding sponsors of the Enwave Deep Lake Cooling System, which significantly reduces the need for air conditioning during the summer months.[52][53][54] In 2009, a living roof consisting of 11,000 grass plants was installed atop the 22,000 ft² banking pavilion through a partnership with TD Bank. The planter boxes maintain the 1.5m² grid pattern of the pavilion's ceiling below, allowing the roof to also give new life to Mies's original vision.[27][28][29] The property has a waste diversion rate of 84%, almost double the industry average.[55] It has reduced its annual carbon footprint by over 50%, from 12over 50,000 tCO2e in 2008 to 19,500 tCO2e in 2018.[55] It has reduced irrigation water usage by 60% through a wireless Nano-Climate system.[56] It was an early adopter of daytime cleaning, which led to reduced energy usage and improved quality of life for the complex's 180 cleaning staff.[56] By 2015, all six towers were certified to LEED EB: O&M Platinum and BOMA BEST (three Gold, three Platinum). In 2017, the 222 Bay Street Tower received WELL gold-level certification, the first existing building in North America to do so. Also in 2017, the TD Centre was the first existing building in Canada to achieve Platinum under the Wired standard. The TD Centre has been publishing an annual sustainability report since 2013.[57][53][54]

The TD Bank Tower is used for exterior shots of Jabot Cosmetics' headquarters on the CBS daytime soap opera, The Young and the Restless.

The TD Bank Tower and TD North Tower are used for exterior and lobby shots of the Pierce & Pierce offices in the 2000 film American Psycho.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Emporis building complex ID 100307". Emporis. Archived from the original on August 11, 2014.
  2. ↑ "Toronto-Dominion Centre". SkyscraperPage.
  3. ↑ Toronto-Dominion Centre at Structurae
  4. ↑ Kucharsky, Danny (10 August 2017). "Toronto-Dominion Centre on top of its game at 50". Real Estate News Exchange. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  5. ↑ "Toronto-Dominion Centre". B + H Architects. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Toronto-Dominion Centre" (PDF). Ontario Heritage Foundation. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 15, 2011. Retrieved 2008-12-10. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. 1 2 Kilbourn, William; Bruce M. Litteljohn; William Dendy, Photographer (1986). Toronto Observed: Its Architecture, Patrons and History. Toronto: Oxford University Press. p. 277. ISBN 978-0195405088.
  8. 1 2 "HRH The Earl of Wessex unveils provincial plaque celebrating the Toronto-Dominion Centre" (Press release). Queen's Printer for Ontario. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Hume, Christopher (28 May 2007). "When Mies's towers scraped the sky". Toronto Star.
  10. 1 2 3 Sewell, John (January 1, 1993). The Shape of the City: Toronto Struggles with Modern Planning. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0802074096.
  11. ↑ Hall, Roger; William Westfall; Laurel Sefton MacDowell (July 25, 1996). Patterns of the Past: Interpreting Ontario's History: a Collection of Historical Articles Published on the Occasion of the Centenary of the Ontario Historical Society. Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 194. ISBN 978-1554882649.
  12. ↑ Stoffman; p. 34
  13. 1 2 "Toronto-Dominion Centre, Toronto". Galinsky. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  14. 1 2 Bell, Bruce; Elan Penn, Photographer (2006). Toronto: A Pictorial Celebration. Toronto: Sterling. pp. 74-79. ISBN 978-1402723896. Toronto-Dominion Centre.
  15. 1 2 Kolber, Leo; L. Ian MacDonald (October 27, 2003). Leo: A Life. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0773526341.
  16. ↑ "Confederation of Toronto Conference". Montreal Gazette. 1 December 1967. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  17. ↑ Lessons from Canada's Centennial and Other Celebrations for Planning for Toronto's Participation in Canada 150! A Toronto Strategy for Canada's 150th in 2017 (PDF), City of Toronto, August 2014, p. 14, retrieved 30 January 2015
  18. ↑ Demara, Bruce (10 July 1993). "Corporate Lawyer Plunges 24 Floors to Death". Toronto Star. p. A4. Retrieved 2011-09-08 – via DairyLand.com.
  19. ↑ Bryden, P. E. (2013). A Justifiable Obsession': Conservative Ontario's Relations with Ottawa, 1943-1985. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 152–178. ISBN 978-1442645868. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  20. ↑ "Mies van der Rohe in Toronto + Berlin :: The Most Beautiful Pavilions". designKULTUR. 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  21. ↑ Landau, Jack (5 September 2017). "LESS IS MORE OR: TD Centre Installation Lit Long Weekend Sky". Urban Toronto. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
  22. ↑ "Brand Capital – TD Centre Sustainability". Cadillac Fairview. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  23. ↑ Kerr, Jaren (4 September 2017). "TD Centre marks 50th anniversary with minimalist message in the sky". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
  24. 1 2 3 Kalman, Harold (1994). A History of Canadian Architecture. Vol. 2. Toronto: Oxford University Press. p. 802. ISBN 978-0195406962.
  25. ↑ Lambert, Phyllis (2001). Mies in America. Montréal: Canadian Centre for Architecture, Whitney Museum of American Art, Harry N. Abrams. p. 419. ISBN 0-8109-6728-6.
  26. ↑ The Globe and Mail; 4 November 2002.
  27. 1 2 "Living Roof Planned for Toronto-Dominion Centre: TD Bank Group and Toronto-Dominion Centre Partner on Green Initiative". Business Insider (Press release). 8 September 2011. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
  28. 1 2 3 Atchison, Chris (May 11, 2018). "The greening of Bay Street's modernist masterpiece". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2019-12-15.
  29. 1 2 Rochon, Lisa (April 30, 2018). "TD Centre's 'living roof' like a farm in the city". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2019-12-15.
  30. ↑ "TD Bank Conference Centre". kubik. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  31. ↑ "Doors Open Buildings". City of Toronto. 2018-04-30. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  32. 1 2 Rochon, Lisa (April 12, 2018). "Master of the minimal". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 2019-12-15.
  33. ↑ "Cdn Architect on Mies' TD Centre Cinema". UrbanToronto. 11 August 2006. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
  34. ↑ Jesse (7 February 2006). "Gone But Forgotten: TD Centre Cinema". The Telekino Times-Picayune. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  35. ↑ Kupferman, Steve (9 June 2010). "Ask Torontoist: What's Happening With the TD Centre Cows?". Torontoist. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  36. ↑ Lederman, Marsha (19 March 2019). "Saskatchewan sculptor Joe Fafard's work inspired generations of visual artists". Retrieved 2019-12-16.
  37. ↑ "New Leaf Jason Allison returns a hit at Tennis Legends Challenge at..." Getty Images. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  38. ↑ "720 pound Emanuel Yarbrough (Guinness World Record as the heaviest athlete) warms up for his sumo match at the TD Centre". Getty Images. Archived from the original on 2019-05-06. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  39. ↑ Berkovitz, Pauline (19 October 2017). "The Toronto-Dominion Centre 50 years later: "God is in the details"". Now. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
  40. ↑ "Heritage Toronto - Plaques and Markers Program". City of Toronto. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  41. ↑ "Canoe Restaurant & Bar - Canadian Artisanal". Oliver & Bonacini Hospitality. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 TD Centre Tower Renaming Archived 2013-04-11 at archive.today
  43. ↑ MacKenzie, David Clark; Clarkson, Gordon (Firm) (1989). The Clarkson Gordon story : In celebration of 125 years. ISBN 9780969110026.
  44. ↑ "Leasing". Cadillac Fairview. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  45. 1 2 3 Micallef, Shawn (14 July 2017). "50 years on, TD Centre still stands out: Micallef". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
  46. 1 2 Ribkoff, Natalie. "A Collection Carved in Stone" (PDF). TD Canada Trust. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
  47. ↑ "Rough Guides - Toronto Dominion Gallery of Inuit Art". Rough Guides. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  48. ↑ "Home". Design Exchange. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  49. ↑ Hague, Matthew (12 November 2017). "Six highlights of Toronto's upcoming EDIT design festival". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
  50. ↑ Bozikovic, Alex (14 May 2018). "New TD Centre signage reflects a time when brands trump architectural vision". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
  51. ↑ "Doors Open Toronto". City of Toronto. 2017-08-16. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  52. ↑ Kimos, Andrew (27 October 2011). "Toronto's Deep Lake Water Cooling System". Buildipedia. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
  53. 1 2 "Deep Lake Water Cooling System". Acciona. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  54. 1 2 Spears, John (29 January 2013). "Enwave looks to expand deep lake water cooling". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
  55. 1 2 TDC Sustainability Report 2013 (PDF). Cadillac Fairview. November 2013. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
  56. 1 2 "TDC Sustainability Report 2015" (PDF). Cadillac Fairview. March 2016. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
  57. ↑ "TD Centre Sustainability". Cadillac Fairview. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toronto Dominion Centre.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.