Royalty-free (RF) material subject to copyright or other intellectual property rights may be used without the need to pay royalties or license fees for each use, per each copy or volume sold or some time period of use or sales.

Computer standards

Many computer industry standards, especially those developed and submitted by industry consortiums or individual companies, involve royalties for the actual implementation of these standards. These royalties are typically charged on a "per port"/"per device" basis, where the manufacturer of end-user devices has to pay a small fixed fee for each device sold, and also include a substantial annual fixed fee. With millions of devices sold each year, the royalties can amount to several millions of dollars, which is a significant burden for the manufacturer. Examples of such royalties-based standards include IEEE 1394, HDMI, and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC.

Royalty-free standards do not include any "per-port" or "per-volume" charges or annual payments for the actual implementation of the standard, even though the text of the actual specification is typically protected by copyright and needs to be purchased from the standards body. Most open standards are royalty-free, and many proprietary standards are royalty-free as well. Examples of royalty-free standards include DisplayPort, VGA, VP8, and Matroska.

Photography and illustrations

In photography and the illustration industry, it refers to a copyright license where the user has the right to use the picture without many restrictions to the licensor. The user can therefore use the image in several projects without having to purchase any additional licenses. RF licenses can not be given on an exclusive basis. In stock photography, RF is one of the common licenses sometimes contrasted with Rights Managed licenses and often employed in subscription-based or microstock photography business models.[1]

License of the AI images

The license (or the copyrights) of the AI image is not legally recognized yet. Most jurisdictions, including Spain[2] and Germany,[3] state[4] that only works created by a human can be protected by copyright. Since the generative AI learns countless number of human-generated content,[5] It is not easy to define who owns how many percentages of rights of the result. However, the big firms which have AI stock images such as Shutterstock is selling AI images with RF License. On the other hand, Recipe-p and Adobe Firefly are providing AI-generated images for free.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Peres, Michael R (2007). The Focal encyclopaedia of photography: digital imaging, theory and applications, history, and science. Focal Press. pp. 352–353. ISBN 978-0-240-80740-9.
  2. ↑ "WIPO Lex, Spain, Law No. 22/1987 of November 11, 1987, on Intellectual Property". www.wipo.int. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
  3. ↑ Urheber, retrieved 2023-08-07
  4. ↑ "Artificial intelligence and copyright". www.wipo.int. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
  5. ↑ "Generative artificial intelligence", Wikipedia, 2023-08-06, retrieved 2023-08-07
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