Soka Gakkai International
創価学会インタナショナル
AbbreviationSGI
FormationJanuary 26, 1975
HeadquartersTokyo, Japan
Location
  • Worldwide
President
Daisaku Ikeda
(26 January 1975–15 November 2023[1])
AffiliationsSoka Gakkai
Websitewww.sokaglobal.org

Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is an international Nichiren Buddhist organisation founded in 1975 by Daisaku Ikeda, as an umbrella organization of Soka Gakkai, which claims approximately 12 million adherents in 192 countries and territories as of 2017,[2] more than 1.5 million of whom resided outside of Japan as of 2012.[3] It characterizes itself as a support network for practitioners of Nichiren Buddhism and a global Buddhist movement for "peace, education, and cultural exchange."[4]

SGI is also a non-governmental organization (NGO) in consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council since 1983.[5]

History

The Soka Gakkai International (SGI) was formed at a conference on January 26, 1975, on the island of Guam.[6] Representatives from 51 countries attended the meeting and chose Daisaku Ikeda, who served as third president of the Japanese Buddhist organization Soka Gakkai, to become the SGI's founding president.[6] The SGI was created in part as a new international peace movement, and its founding meeting was held in Guam in a symbolic gesture referencing Guam's history as the site of some of World War II's bloodiest battles, and proximity to Tinian Island, launching place of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.[7]

An SGI center in Chicago

The Soka Gakkai's initial global expansion began after World War II, when some Soka Gakkai members married mostly American servicemen and moved away from Japan.[8] Expansion efforts gained a further boost in 1960 when Ikeda succeeded Jōsei Toda as president of the Soka Gakkai.[9][10] In the first year of his presidency, Ikeda visited the United States, Canada, and Brazil, and the Soka Gakkai's first American headquarters officially opened in Los Angeles in 1963.[9][11]

In 2000, Uruguay honored the 25th anniversary of the SGI's founding with a commemorative postage stamp. The stamp was issued on October 2, the anniversary of SGI President Ikeda's first overseas journey in 1960.[12]

In January 2015, the director of the Peace Research Institute Oslo reported that the SGI had been nominated for the 2015 Nobel Peace Prize, as confirmed by a Nobel Peace Laureate.[13]

In May 2015, the SGI-USA was one of the organizing groups for the first-ever Buddhist conference at the White House.[14]

In June 2015, the SGI-Italy was recognized by the Italian government with a special accord under Italian Constitution Article 8, acknowledging it as an official religion of Italy and eligible to receive direct taxpayer funding for its religious and social activities. It also recognizes the Soka Gakkai as a "Concordat" (It: "Intesa") that grants the religions status in "a special 'club' of denominations consulted by the government in certain occasions, allowed to appoint chaplains in the army – a concordat is not needed for appointing chaplains in hospitals and jails – and, perhaps more importantly, to be partially financed by taxpayers' money." Twelve other religious denominations share this status.[15][16]

Organization

The Soka Gakkai International comprises a global network of affiliated organizations. As of 2011, the SGI reported active national organizations in 192 countries and territories with a total of approximately 12 million members.[2] The SGI is independent of the Soka Gakkai (the domestic Japanese organization), although both are headquartered in Tokyo.[17]

National SGI organizations operate autonomously and all affairs are conducted in the local language.[17] Many national organizations are coordinated by groups such as a women's group, a men's group, and young women's and young men's groups.[18] National organizations generally raise their own operational funds, although the SGI headquarters in Tokyo has awarded funding grants to smaller national organizations for projects such as land acquisition and the construction of new buildings.[18] SGI-affiliated organizations outside Japan are forbidden to engage directly in politics.[18]

While the national organizations are run autonomously, the Tokyo headquarters of SGI disseminates doctrinal and teaching materials to all national organizations around the world.[18] The Tokyo headquarters also serves as a meeting place for national leaders to come together and exchange information and ideas.[18]

The election or nomination of leaders is typically not decided by the SGI's general membership but by a board of directors.[19] Leadership below national staff, however, has been liberalized; in the United States for instance, the nomination and approval of leaders includes both members and organizational leaders in the process.[20] Author Karel Dobbelaere notes the election of the presidents,[21] as well as a process of "nomination, review and approval that involves both peers and leaders" in choosing other leaders.[22]

Beliefs and social engagement

Taplow Court SGI centre in Buckinghamshire, England

SGI members adhere to the philosophy of Nichiren Buddhism as interpreted and applied by the Soka Gakkai's first three presidents Tsunesaburo Makiguchi, Josei Toda and Daisaku Ikeda,[23] incorporating social interaction and engagement into their Buddhist practice.[24] Monthly neighborhood discussion meetings are generally held at the homes of SGI members.[25]

Soka Gakkai Malaysia since 2005 has held a non-competitive biennial "Run for Peace" to raise awareness of nuclear disarmament and in support of culture of peace in the community—reportedly "the largest peace run in the country held in 28 locations nationwide and involving some 115,000 runners."[26]

In Dubai, the SGI Gulf association has hosted since 2008 an annual "Poetic Heart" symposium, partnering with other organizations and involving international and local artists as well as poets of all ages.[27]

Organizational practices in the United States have been characterized as socially inclusive Buddhism.[28] In 2008, the SGI-USA, which is headquartered in California, publicly opposed that state's Proposition 8 (which sought to prevent same-sex marriage), and coordinated with other progressive religious groups to support same-sex couples' right to legally marry.[29][30]

In 2012, then-President of the Republic of China Ma Ying-jeou remarked that the Taiwan Soka Association had been recognized for its involvement the past 16 years in the general welfare of society, education and religious teaching, highlighting its disaster rescue and relief efforts in the wake of Typhoon Morakot in 2009.[31]

In November 2019, the Soka Gakkai Peace Committee in Japan helped organize the international conference "No Justice Without Life", at which Mario Marazziti of the Italy-based Community of Sant'Egidio, among others, advocated for a moratorium on the death penalty.[32] The Italian Buddhist Institute Soka Gakkai had earlier endorsed the Community of Sant'Egidio's international appeal "Moratorium 2000", which was launched in 1998.[33][34]

Demographics

The Soka Gakkai International is notable among Buddhist organizations for the racial and ethnic diversity of its members.[17] It has been characterized as the world's largest and most ethnically diverse Buddhist group.[8][10][17][35] Professor Susumu Shimazono suggested several reasons for this: the strongly felt needs of individuals in their daily lives, its solutions to discord in interpersonal relations, its practical teachings that offer concrete solutions for carrying on a stable social life, and its provision of a place where congenial company and a spirit of mutual support may be found.[36] Peter Clarke wrote that the SGI appeals to non-Japanese in part because "no one is obliged to abandon their native culture or nationality in order to fully participate in the spiritual and cultural life of the movement."[37]

In 2015, Italian newspaper la Repubblica reported that half of all Buddhists in Italy are SGI members.[38]

Initiatives promoting peace, culture and education

Villa Sachsen SGI center in Bingen am Rhein, Germany

According to Yoichi Kawada, director of the Tokyo-based Institute of Oriental Philosophy, the SGI defines itself as a "movement for contributing to peace, culture and education" based on its "interpretation and practical application of the ideas in the Lotus Sutra."[39] SGI engagement as a religious NGO affiliated with the United Nations in policy discussions on issues including human rights, sustainable development and peace building is similarly described, in the phrasing of its Charter, as contributing to peace, culture and education.[40]: 15, 16, 30 [41]

Nuclear disarmament

Since 2007, the SGI has collaborated closely with the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) to develop educational programs and raise awareness on nuclear disarmament, particularly among young people. The SGI also partnered with ICAN to promote the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, which was adopted at the United Nations in July 2017, and for which ICAN was awarded the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize. Beatrice Fihn, executive director of ICAN, stated in a July 2017 interview that the "SGI has been one of our greatest partners in the fight to abolish nuclear weapons."[42]

To further increase public awareness of the anti-nuclear movement, the SGI also created "The People's Decade" campaign, which since 2007 has developed a global grassroots network of people dedicated to abolishing nuclear weapons.[43][44] In 2014, an SGI youth delegation met with the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) regarding coordination of the SGI's efforts and the UN efforts to increase grassroots movements for nuclear abolition.

In 2008, then-High Representative for Disarmament Affairs Sergio Duarte characterized SGI's work toward nuclear disarmament as linking human security with the fundamental goal of eliminating nuclear weapons.[45]

According to Pax Christi International, on March 28, 2017, a joint statement of Faith Communities Concerned about Nuclear Weapons, initiated by the SGI, was delivered by Pax Christi Philippines during the first UN negotiating conference for the treaty to prohibit nuclear weapons.[46] More than 20 religious leaders affirmed through the joint statement their shared "aspirations for peace and for a world where people live without fear," praising world leaders in attendance for "the courage to begin these negotiations" and calling on States not in attendance to join the June–July session of the conference.[47][48]

Environmental awareness

The SGI also promotes environmental initiatives through educational activities such as exhibitions, lectures and conferences, and more direct activities such as tree planting projects and the SGI's Amazon Ecological Conservation Center, which is administered by SGI-Brazil.[49] The center is engaged in reforestation, the creation of a regional seed bank, and experiments in sustainable agroforestry.[50]

Reflecting pool at the Ikeda Ecological Park in Londrina, Brazil, named in honor of SGI President Daisaku Ikeda

One scholar cites Daisaku Ikeda, SGI's president, describing such initiatives as a Buddhist-based impetus for direct public engagement in parallel with legal efforts to address environmental concerns.[51]

In India, the Bharat Soka Gakkai (the SGI of India) debuted the traveling exhibit "Seeds of Hope," a joint initiative of the SGI and Earth Charter International. At the exhibit's opening in Panaji, the state capital of Goa, regional planning head Edgar Ribeiro spoke of lagging efforts to implement environmental laws and stated that "Only a people's movement can take sustainability forward."[52] In Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College President Datuk Dr Tan Chik Heok said that this exhibition helped "to create the awareness of the power of a single individual in bringing about waves of positive change to the environment, as well as the society."[53]

In November 2015, the SGI signed on to the Buddhist Climate Change Statement representing "over a billion Buddhists worldwide" in a call to action submitted to world leaders at the 21st session of UN climate change talks held in Paris.[54] The statement affirms that Buddhist spirituality compels environmental protection and expresses solidarity with Catholic and Muslim leaders who have taken a similar stance. Described as "one of the most unified calls by a religion's leadership,"[55] the statement draws on the 2009 pan-Buddhist statement, "The Time to Act is Now: A Buddhist Declaration on Climate Change," to which SGI-USA among others became a signatory in early 2015.[56]

Aid work

The SGI conducts humanitarian aid projects in disaster-stricken regions. After the 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan, local Soka Gakkai facilities became refugee shelters and distribution centers for relief supplies. Efforts also included worldwide fundraising for the victims, youth groups, and spiritual support.[57][58]

In 2014, SGI-Chile members collected supplies to deliver to emergency services and refugee centers after that country's devastating Iquique earthquake.[59]

Interfaith dialogue

In 2015, SGI-USA was part of the organizing committee that convened a day-long conference in Washington, DC of 125 Buddhist leaders to discuss Buddhism and civic activism in the United States. The conference identified climate change and the environment, education and peace and disarmament as popular priorities.[60]


References

  1. ↑ https://www.worldtribune.org/2023/sgi-president-daisaku-ikeda-passes-away/
  2. 1 2 Gebert, Andrew. "Soka Gakkai". Oxford Bibliographies. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  3. ↑ McLaughlin, Levi (2012). Prohl, Inken; Nelson, John (eds.). Handbook of Contemporary Japanese Religions. Brill. p. 269. ISBN 978-90-04-23436-9. Today, the group has a self-declared membership of 8.27 million households in Japan and more than 1.5 million adherents in 192 countries abroad under its overseas umbrella organization Soka Gakkai International, or SGI. Recent scholarship challenges theses figures and points to a figure in the neighborhood of two percent of the Japanese population.
  4. ↑ Marshall, Katherine. Global Institutions of Religion: Ancient Movers, Modern Shakers. Routledge. ISBN 9781136673580.
  5. ↑ "UN Office for Disarmament Affairs Meets Youth Representatives of Soka Gakkai Japan and of SGI-USA Engaged in Disarmament Issues". United Nations. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  6. 1 2 N. Radhakrishnan. The Living Dialogue: Socrates to Ikeda. Gandhi Media Centre. OCLC 191031200.
  7. ↑ Jaura, Ramesh. "SPECIAL REPORT: Peace Impulses from Okinawa". Global Perspectives. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  8. 1 2 Laderman, Gary (2003). Religion and American Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Traditions, Diversity, and Popular Expressions. ABC CLIO. ISBN 9781576072387.
  9. 1 2 Ronan Alves Pereira (2008). "The transplantation of Soka Gakkai to Brazil: building "the closest organization to the heart of Ikeda-Sensei"". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies.
  10. 1 2 Strand, Clark (Winter 2008). "Faith in Revolution". Tricycle. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  11. ↑ Prebish, Charles (1999). Luminous Passage: The Practice and Study of Buddhism in America. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520216976.
  12. ↑ "Sello - 1975-2000 Soka Gakkai Internacional 25º Aniversario". Correo Uruguayo. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
  13. ↑ "Nobel Peace Prize 2015: PRIO Director's Speculations". PRIO. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  14. ↑ "U.S., Buddhist Leaders to Meet at the White House". Washington Post. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  15. ↑ "Religion in the Italian Constitution". Georgetown University. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  16. ↑ "Istituto Buddista Italiano Soka Gakkai". Governo Italiano. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Métraux, Daniel (2013). "Soka Gakkai International: The Global Expansion of a Japanese Buddhist Movement". Religion Compass. 7 (10): 423–432. doi:10.1111/rec3.12070.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Métraux, Daniel (2013). "Soka Gakkai International: Japanese Buddhism on a Global Scale". Virginia Review of Asian Studies.
  19. ↑ "Governance Policy #3 - Leaders" (PDF).
  20. ↑ Dobbelaere, Karel (1998). Soka Gakkai. Signat.
  21. ↑ Dobbelaere, Karel. Soka Gakkai. p. 9. "H. Hojo. . . was elected president. Ikeda became honorary president. . . At the death of Hojo in 1981, E. Akiya was elected president. . ." . .
  22. ↑ Dobbelaere, Karel. Soka Gakkai. p. 78.
  23. ↑ Tamaru, Noriyoshi (2000). Soka Gakkai In Historical Perspective: in Global Citizens. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-924039-5.
  24. ↑ Dobbelaere, Karel (2001). Soka Gakkai: From Lay Movement to Religion. Signature Books. ISBN 978-1560851530.
  25. ↑ Lebron, Robyn E. (2012). Searching For Spiritual Unity...Can There Be Common Ground. CrossBooks. ISBN 978-1462712625.
  26. ↑ "Over 4,000 gather for peace despite haze forcing cancellation of run". The Borneo Post. 8 September 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  27. ↑ "'The Poetic Heart' Promotes Hope through Music and Poetry". Dubai Global News. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  28. ↑ Chappell, David (2000). "Chapter 11: Socially Inclusive Buddhists in America". In Machacek, David; Wilson, Bryan (eds.). Global Citizens: The Soka Gakkai Buddhist Movement in the World. Oxford University Press. pp. 299–325. ISBN 978-0-19-924039-5.
  29. ↑ Dart, John (July 1995). "U.S. Buddhist Group Approves Marriage Rites for Gays". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  30. ↑ "Mormons urged to back ban on same sex marriage". SF Gate. 2008-06-25. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  31. ↑ "President Ma meets Japan's Soka Gakkai International Vice President Hiromasa Ikeda". Office of the President, Republic of China (Taiwan). 4 June 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  32. ↑ Asagiri, Katsuhiro (3 December 2019). "Papal Visit To Japan Revives Debate About Death Penalty – OpEd". Eurasia Review. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  33. ↑ "Some representative supports: Community of Sant'Egidio Moratorium 2000". Community of Sant'Egidio. n.d. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  34. ↑ "Campaign: A long path towards abolition". Community of Sant'Egidio. n.d. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  35. ↑ Burke, Daniel (24 February 2007). "Diversity and a Buddhist Sect". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  36. ↑ Shimazono, Susumu (1991). "The Expansion of Japan's New Religions into Foreign Cultures". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 18 (2–3). doi:10.18874/jjrs.18.2-3.1991.105-132.
  37. ↑ Clarke, Peter B. (2000). "'Success' and 'Failure': Japanese New Religions Abroad". Japanese New Religions in Global Perspective. Curzon Press. ISBN 978-0700711857.
  38. ↑ "La Soka Gakkai entra nell'8x1000, Renzi a Firenze firma l'intesa con l'istituto buddista". Repubblica. 2015-06-27. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  39. ↑ Kawada, Yoichi (2009). "The SGI Within the Historical Context of Buddhism—and Its Philosophical Basis" (PDF). The Journal of Oriental Studies. 19: 103. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  40. ↑ Berger, Julia (March 2003). "Religious Nongovernmental Organizations: An Exploratory Analysis". Voluntas. 14 (1): 15–39. doi:10.1023/A:1022988804887. S2CID 145398156.
  41. ↑ "SGI Charter". Soka Gakkai International. n.d. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  42. ↑ "ICAN Partnered With SGI Wins 2017 Nobel Peace Prize for Work Toward Abolition of Nuclear Weapons". Lion's Roar Magazine. 2017-10-31. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  43. ↑ "People's Decade for Nuclear Ambition". People's Decade. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  44. ↑ "Five Million Voices for Nuclear Zero". Waging Peace. 2014-12-18. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  45. ↑ Duarte, Sergio (30 April 2008). "Opening Remarks" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  46. ↑ "Watch: Interfaith statement delivered at UN nuclear weapons negotiations". Independent Catholic News (ICN). 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
  47. ↑ Kenny, Peter (2017-04-02). "Faith groups call for action at UN atomic weapons' talks that nuclear-armed nations boycott". Ecumenical News. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
  48. ↑ Faith Communities Concerned about Nuclear Weapons (March 2017). "Public Statement to the First Negotiation Conference for a treaty to prohibit nuclear weapons leading to their elimination" (PDF) (Statement). Retrieved 2017-04-03.
  49. ↑ Dessì, Ugo (2013). "'Greening Dharma': Contemporary Japanese Buddhism and Ecology". Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture. 7 (3): 339–40. doi:10.1558/jsrnc.v7i3.334. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
  50. ↑ Seager, Richard (2006), Encountering the Dharma, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 192
  51. ↑ Dessì, Ugo (2013). "'Greening Dharma': Contemporary Japanese Buddhism and Ecology". Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture. 7 (3): 334–355. doi:10.1558/jsrnc.v7i3.334. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
  52. ↑ Ribeiro, Edgar (2016-02-12). "Edgar Riberio pushes for mapping Goa". Times of India. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
  53. ↑ "Sowing the seeds of hope". The Star online. 2014-11-16. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
  54. ↑ "Buddhist Climate Change Statement to World Leaders" (PDF). Global Buddhist Climate Change Collective. November 25, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  55. ↑ Schouten, Lucy (October 30, 2015), "Why climate change unites Buddhists around the world", The Christian Science Monitor, retrieved May 4, 2016
  56. ↑ "A Buddhist Declaration on Climate Change". Ecological Buddhism: A Buddhist Response to Global Warming. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  57. ↑ "Sendai UN Disaster Panel". Pan Orient News. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  58. ↑ "Grassroot responses to the Tohoku earthquake of 11 March 2011". Anthropology Today Vol. 28, June 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  59. ↑ Blumberg, Antonia (2014-06-17). "Yes, Religion Can Still Be A Force For Good In The World. Here Are 100 Examples How". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  60. ↑ Boorstein, Michelle (2015-05-12). "A political awakening for Buddhists? 125 U.S. Buddhist leaders to meet at the White House". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-05-17.

Further reading

  • Causton, Richard: The Buddha in Daily Life: An Introduction to the Buddhism of Nichiren Daishonin. Rider, 1995; ISBN 978-0712674560
  • Dobbelaere, Karel: Soka Gakkai: From Lay Movement to Religion. Signature Books, 2001; ISBN 978-1560851530
  • Seager, Richard: Encountering the Dharma: Daisaku Ikeda, Soka Gakkai, and the Globalization of Buddhist Humanism. University of California Press, 2006; ISBN 978-0520245778
  • Strand, Clark: Waking the Buddha: How the Most Dynamic and Empowering Buddhist Movement in History Is Changing Our Concept of Religion. Middleway Press, 2014; ISBN 978-0977924561

Official SGI websites

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