Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹
  Marriage
  Civil union
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.
Countries performing civil unions in Europe
  Gender-neutral civil unions.
  Civil unions for same-sex couples only.
  Former civil unions for same-sex couples, replaced by marriage.
  Civil unions never performed.

Debate has occurred throughout Europe over proposals to legalise same-sex marriage as well as same-sex civil unions. Currently 33 of the 50 countries and the 8 dependent territories in Europe recognise some type of same-sex union, among them most members of the European Union (24/27). Around 41% of the European population live in jurisdictions where same-sex marriage is legal.

As of January 2024, twenty European countries legally recognise and perform same-sex marriages: Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. An additional eleven European countries legally recognise some form of civil union, namely Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, and San Marino.

Poland and Slovakia recognise private contractual cohabitation of two persons (regardless of sexual orientation or relationship type - including non-sexual non-intimate relationships) for limited purposes. Although they do not recognise same-sex unions themselves, Bulgaria, Lithuania and Romania are bound by a ruling by the European Court of Justice to recognise same-sex marriages performed within the EU and including an EU citizen for the purposes of granting legal residence,[1] though this ruling is not always respected in practice, as in the case of Romania which has not implemented the ruling.[2] In December 2023, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that by failing to legalise same-sex unions, Poland had violated the right to respect for private and family life.[3]

Of the countries that perform same-sex marriages, some still allow civil unions, e.g. the Benelux nations, France and the United Kingdom,[nb 1] whereas Germany, Ireland and the Nordic countries have ended their pre-marriage civil union legislation so that existing unions remain but new ones are not possible.

Several European countries do not recognise any same-sex unions. Marriage is defined as a union solely between a man and a woman in the constitutions of Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Russia, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine. Of these, however, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia and Montenegro allow civil unions for same-sex couples.

Current situation

International level

European Court of Human Rights

Over the years, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has handled cases that challenged the lack of legal recognition of same-sex couples in certain member states. The Court has held that the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) requires member states to provide legal recognition, but does not require marriage to be opened to same-sex couples.

In Schalk and Kopf v Austria (24 June 2010), the European Court of Human Rights decided that the European Convention on Human Rights does not oblige member states to legislate for or legally recognise same-sex marriages.[4] However, the Court, for the first time, accepted same-sex relationships as a form of "family life".

In Vallianatos and Others v Greece (7 November 2013),[5] the Court held that exclusion of same-sex couples from registering a civil union, a legal form of partnership available to opposite-sex couples, violates the convention. Greece had enacted a law in 2008 that established civil unions for opposite-sex couples only. A 2015 law extended partnership rights to same-sex couples.

Oliari and Others v Italy (21 July 2015)[6] went further and established a positive obligation upon member states to provide legal recognition for same-sex couples. Italy thus breached the convention; it eventually implemented civil unions in 2016. The decision set a precedent for potential future cases regarding the 23 member states, certain British and Dutch territories, and the states with limited recognition (excluding Kosovo), that currently do not recognise same-sex couples' right to family life.[7]

Chapin and Charpentier v France (9 June 2016)[8] largely confirmed Schalk and Kopf v. Austria, holding that denying a same-sex couple access to marriage does not violate the convention.[9][10] At the time of the judgment, France did allow same-sex marriage, however, the case originated from 2004 (regarding the validity of a same-sex marriage officiated by Noël Mamère), when only pacte civil de solidarité (PACS) was available to same-sex couples in France.

Fedotova and Others v. Russia (17 January 2023) ruled that states are obliged to recognize same-sex unions or civil unions. Other similar cases from other countries, including Poland, are awaiting the Tribunal.[11][12] The ECHR informed the Polish government that it had accepted complaints about the lack of access for same-sex couples to marriage or civil partnerships in Poland (2020).[13]

In a judgment issued on 12 December 2023 in the case of Przybyszewska and Others v. Poland (applications nos. 11454/17 and 9 others), the European Court of Human Rights ruled that by failing to legalise same-sex unions, Poland had violated the right to respect for private and family life (Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights). The Court found that the Polish State had failed to ensure a legal framework providing for the recognition and protection of their same-sex unions, preventing the applicants from formalising fundamental aspects of their lives, which amounted to a breach of their right to respect for their private and family life.[3]

European Union

Some debate occurred within the European Union about how to require member states to recognise same-sex marriages conducted in other member states, as well as any European citizens' civil unions or registered partnerships, so as to ensure the right of freedom of movement for citizens' family members.[14]

In 2010, Romanian LGBT activist Adrian Coman and his American partner, Robert Claibourn Hamilton, married in Belgium, and subsequently attempted to relocate to Romania. Romanian authorities refused to recognise their marriage and the case progressed to the European Court of Justice.[15] On 11 January 2018, the ECJ's advocate general, Melchior Wathelet, issued an official legal opinion stating that an EU member country cannot refuse residency rights to the same-sex spouse of an EU citizen on the grounds that it does not recognise same-sex marriage.[16]

On 5 June 2018, the ECJ ruled in Coman's favour, stating the term "spouse" was gender-neutral, and member states are therefore obliged to recognise EU residency rights for partners of EU citizens. However, the court confirmed that it will still be up to member states whether to authorise same-sex marriage.[17][1]

According to research from the European Parliament, some EU states still do not in practice grant residency to same-sex spouses, as required by Coman v. Romania. As of September 2021, Hamilton himself has not been granted residency by the Romanian government, despite the ruling. In September 2021, the European Parliament passed a resolution condemning some states failure to implement the ruling, and calling on the European Commission to ensure rights of same-sex spouses are upheld.[2]

National level

Status Country Since Country population
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(20 countries)
* In eleven countries that have passed marriage,
other types of partnerships are available too.		 Andorra Andorra 2023[nb 2][18][19] 80,220
Austria Austria* 2019[nb 3][20] 8,968,649
Belgium Belgium* 2003[nb 4][21] 11,701,274
Denmark Denmark 2012[nb 5][22] 5,925,291
Estonia Estonia* 2024[nb 6][23][24] 1,321,121
Finland Finland 2017[nb 7][25][26] 5,547,841
France France* 2013[nb 8][27] 64,821,660
Germany Germany 2017[nb 9][28] 83,257,053
Iceland Iceland 2010[nb 10][29] 376,535
Republic of Ireland Ireland 2015[nb 11][30] 5,073,933
Luxembourg Luxembourg* 2015[nb 12][31] 658,382
Malta Malta* 2017[nb 13][32] 535,957
Netherlands Netherlands* 2001[nb 14][33][34] 17,645,504
Norway Norway 2009[nb 15][35] 5,494,491
Portugal Portugal* 2010[nb 16][36] 10,235,995
Slovenia Slovenia 2022[nb 17][37][38] 2,119,591
Spain Spain* 2005[nb 18][39] 47,500,139
Sweden Sweden 2009[nb 19][40] 10,643,595
Switzerland Switzerland 2022[nb 20][41] 8,824,903
United Kingdom United Kingdom* 2020[nb 21][42][43][44] 67,851,023
Subtotal — — 358,302,771
(41.4% of the European population)
Civil unions
(11 countries)
* In three of the countries that have passed civil unions,
another type of partnership is available too.		 Croatia Croatia 2014[nb 22][45] 3,997,791
Cyprus Cyprus[nb 23] 2015[46] 1,264,485[nb 24]
Czech Republic Czech Republic* 2006[nb 25][47] 10,495,950
Greece Greece 2015[48] 10,319,499
Hungary Hungary* 2009[nb 26][49] 9,427,343
Italy Italy* 2016[nb 27][50] 58,787,584
Latvia Latvia 2022[nb 28][51][52] 1,820,077
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein 2011[53] 39,715
Monaco Monaco 2020[54] 36,213
Montenegro Montenegro 2021[55] 626,186
San Marino San Marino 2019[nb 29][56] 33,633
Subtotal — — 97,698,551
(11.3% of the European population)
Unregistered cohabitation
(2 countries)		 Slovakia Slovakia 2018[nb 30][57][58] 5,872,595
Poland Poland 2012[59] 41,623,323
Subtotal — — 45,500,599
(5.3% of the European population)
Total - Countries with some form of recognition of same-sex unions — — 500,997,608
(58.0% of the European population)
No recognition
(8 countries)
† As part of the European Union, is legally bound
to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex
spouses of EU citizens in compliance with
case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice.		 Albania Albania — 2,827,511
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan — 10,440,049
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina — 3,199,568
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan — 19,711,792
North Macedonia North Macedonia — 2,081,730
Romania Romania † — 20,010,623
Turkey Turkey — 86,054,668
Vatican City Vatican City — 825
Subtotal — — 142,926,852
(16.5% of the European population)
Constitutional ban on marriage
(14 countries)
† As part of the European Union, is legally bound
to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex
spouses of EU citizens in compliance with
case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice.
* Other types of partnerships are available.		 Armenia Armenia 2015[nb 31][60][61][62] 2,776,723
Belarus Belarus 1994[63] 9,479,933
Bulgaria Bulgaria † 1991[64] 6,641,091
Croatia Croatia †* 2013[65][66] 3,997,791
Georgia (country) Georgia 2018[67] 3,720,256
Hungary Hungary †* 2012[68][69] 9,427,343
Latvia Latvia †* 2006[70][71][72] 1,820,077
Lithuania Lithuania † 1992[73] 2,702,638
Moldova Moldova 1994[74] 3,520,415
Montenegro Montenegro * 2007[75] 626,186
Russia Russia 2020 144,310,069
Serbia Serbia 2006[76] 7,113,204
Slovakia Slovakia * 2014[77][78] 5,872,595
Ukraine Ukraine 1996[79] 35,349,732
Subtotal — — 242,620,086
(28.1% of the European population)
Total - Countries with no recognition of same-sex unions — — 363,428,085
(42.0% of the European population)
Total — — 864,425,693
(100% of the European population)

Partially-recognised and unrecognised states

Status Country Since State population
(Last estimate count)
No recognition
(5 states)		 Abkhazia Abkhazia — 243,564
Kosovo Kosovo — 1,907,592
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus — 313,626
South Ossetia South Ossetia — 51,547
Transnistria Transnistria — 475,665
Total

Sub-national level

Status Country Jurisdiction Legal since Jurisdiction population
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(8 jurisdictions)
* Other types of partnerships are available too.
 Denmark Denmark Faroe Islands Faroe Islands 2017[80][81] 49,198
Greenland Greenland 2016[82] 56,081
United Kingdom United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2014[83] 15,700
Alderney Alderney 2018[84] 2,020
Gibraltar Gibraltar* 2016[85][86] 32,194
Guernsey Guernsey 2017[87][88] 62,948
Isle of Man Isle of Man* 2016[89] 84,497
Jersey Jersey* 2018[90] 100,080
Sark Sark 2020[91] 600
Total 403,318

(0.05% of the European population)

Future legislation

Marriage

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

 Greece: In July 2023, the re-elected government headed by the liberal-conservative New Democracy party announced its intention to legalize same-sex marriage.[92][93][94] Legislation is expected to be introduced in February 2024 and passed before Easter.[95][96]

 Liechtenstein: On 11 March 2022, the government introduced a bill to allow stepchild adoption for same-sex couples in registered partnerships, in accordance with a 2021 court ruling, and said future bills for full marriage equality and joint adoption would have to come from individual MPs.[97] On 21 September 2022, a motion calling on the government to introduce a bill legalizing same-sex marriage[98] was submitted to the Landtag by 15 out of the 25 sitting members.[99][100] The motion was passed by a 23–2 vote in the plenary session on 2 November 2022.[101][102][103] On 11 July 2023, the government adopted a consultation report on the implementation of the motion and established a consultation period until 10 October 2023.[104][105]

Opposition proposals

 Italy: During the current legislature, several bills to legalise same-sex marriage and adoption have been tabled by all major opposition parties (PD, M5S, Azione - Italia Viva and Alleanza Verdi Sinistra). However, as of January 2024, these bills are unlikely to pass due to lack of support from the government coalition, which holds a large majority in Parliament.

Non-marital partnership

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

 Czech Republic: A bill amending the Civil Code to allow same-sex marriage was introduced in the Chamber of Deputies on 7 June 2022. The draft was signed by one representative each from five parliamentary groups: Mayors and Independents (STAN), TOP 09, the Pirate Party, the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) and ANO.[106] On October 23, 2023, the parties in favor of equal marriage reached an agreement with the conservative parties, the law will be approved and equal marriage will be recognized, as long as same-sex marriages do not carry the name of marriage in their registers. Conservative parties in return withdrew their proposal to ban equal marriage in the country. The law should be discussed in the coming months and possibly approved in early 2024. The law will therefore not provide for fully marriage equality, as same-sex marriages will not be called "marriages".[107]

 Kosovo: On 10 June 2023, Prime Minister Albin Kurti stated that the government is strongly committed to passing the new Civil Code, which would introduce same-sex civil unions in Kosovo.[108]

 Lithuania: In May 2022, a group of MPs drafted a civil union bill which would provide limited protections for registered same-sex couples. The proposal is a compromise after a more expansive civil partnership bill was defeated in 2021.[109] On 26 May 2022 the bill passed its first reading in the Seimas with 70 votes in favour, 49 votes against and 6 abstentions.[110] It passed a second reading on 23 May 2023, by a vote of 60-52. It awaits a third reading.[111]

 Ukraine: On 12 July 2022, a petition on same-sex marriage reached 28,000 signatures (above the 25,000 signatures needed to trigger a debate in parliament).[112] President Volodymyr Zelenskyy stated on 2 August 2022 that while a change of the constitution, which defines marriage as union of a man and a woman, is not allowed as long as martial law is in place, he endorses the introduction of civil unions and asked his government to evaluate legal options.[113] As of 26 May 2023, the Ukrainian Parliamentary Judicial Committee is considering Bill № 9103, which would introduce civil partnerships in Ukraine.[114]

 Romania: In May 2023, the European Court of Human Rights ordered the government to legalize same-sex civil partnerships, in order to protect the rights of queer people to a family life, as protected under the Charter.[115] The government had three months to appeal.

Public opinion

According to a Eurobarometer poll in 2015, public support for same-sex marriage in EU member states was highest in the Netherlands (91%), Sweden (90%), Denmark (87%), Spain (84%), Ireland (80%), Belgium (77%), Luxembourg (75%), the United Kingdom (71%) and France (71%).[116] Between 2006 and 2015, support rose most significantly in Malta, from 18% to 65%, and in Ireland, from 41% to 80%.[117]

After the approval of same-sex marriage in Portugal in January 2010, 52% of the Portuguese population stated that they were in favor of the legislation.[118] In 2008, 58% of the Norwegian voters supported same-sex marriage, which was introduced in the same year, and 31 percent were against it.[119] In January 2013, 54.1% of Italians respondents supported same-sex marriage.[120] In a late January 2013 survey, 77.2% of Italians respondents supported the recognition of same-sex unions.[121] According to an Ipsos poll published in 2021, 83% of Italians were in favour of legal recognition for same-sex couples, 10% stated they were against and 7% did not have a specific position on the issue.[122] 59% of surveyed Italians stated they were in favour of same-sex couples jointly adopting children, while 36% were opposed.[122]

In Greece, support more than tripled between 2006 and 2017. In 2006, 15% of Greeks said that they agreed with same-sex marriage being allowed throughout Europe,[117] rising to 50.04% by 2017. A survey in 2020 indicated that 56% of the Greek population accept same-sex marriage.[123][124]

In Ireland, a 2008 survey revealed 84% of people supported civil unions for same-sex couples (and 58% for same-sex marriage),[125] while a 2010 survey showed 67% supported same-sex marriage[126] by 2012 this figure had risen to 73% in support.[127] On 22 May 2015, 62.1% of the electorate voted to enshrine same-sex marriage in the Irish constitution as equal to heterosexual marriage.

In Croatia, a poll conducted in November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.[128] In Poland, support for same sex marriages has increased from 17% in 2006[129] to 45% in 2019,[130] according to Eurobarometer; other polls show a majority supporting registered partnerships.[131][132]

In the European Union, support tends to be the lowest in Bulgaria, Latvia, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Lithuania. The average percentage of support for same-sex marriage in the European Union as of 2006 when it had 25 members was 44%, which had descended from a previous percentage of 53%. The change was caused by more socially conservative nations joining the EU.[117] In 2015, with 28 members, average support was at 61%.[116]

Opinion polls

  Indicates the country/territory has legalised same-sex marriage nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex marriage is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has civil unions or registered partnerships
Country Pollster Year For[lower-alpha 1] Against[lower-alpha 1] Neither[lower-alpha 2] Margin
of error		 Source
Andorra Andorra Institut d'Estudis Andorrans 2013 70%
(79%)		 19%
(21%)		 11% [133]
Armenia Armenia Pew Research Center 2015 3%
(3%)		 96%
(97%)		 1% ±3% [134][135]
Austria Austria Eurobarometer 2019 66%
(69%)		 30%
(31%)		 4% [136]
Belarus Belarus Pew Research Center 2015 16%
(16%)		 81%
(84%)		 3% ±4% [134][135]
Belgium Belgium Ipsos 2023 72%
(81%)		 17% [9% support some rights]
(19%)		 10% not sure ±3.5% [137]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Pew Research Center 2015–2016 13%
(14%)		 84%
(87%)		 4% ±4% [134][135]
Bulgaria Bulgaria GLOBSEC 2023 21% 69% 11% [138]
Croatia Croatia Eurobarometer 2019 39%
(41%)		 55%
(59%)		 6% [136]
Cyprus Cyprus Eurobarometer 2019 36%
(38%)		 60%
(62%)		 4% [136]
Czech Republic Czech Republic GLOBSEC 2023 72% 24% 4% [139]
Denmark Denmark Eurobarometer 2019 89%
(92%)		 8%
(8%)		 3% [136]
Estonia Estonia HumanrightsEE 2023 53%
(58%)		 39%
(42%)		 8% [140]
Finland Finland Eurobarometer 2019 76%
(78%)		 21%
(22%)		 3% [136]
France France Ipsos 2023 66%
(73%)		 25% [15% support some rights]
(27%)		 9% not sure ±3.5% [137]
Pew Research Center 2023 82%
 14% 4% ±3.6% [141]
Georgia (country) Georgia Women's Initiatives Supporting Group 2021 10%
(12%)		 75%
(88%)		 15% [142]
Germany Germany Ipsos 2023 62%
(71%)		 25% [12% support some rights]
(29%)		 14% not sure ±3.5% [137]
Pew Research Center 2023 80%
 19% 1% ±3.6% [141]
Greece Greece Pew Research Center 2023 49% 50% 1% ±3.6% [141]
Hungary Hungary Ipsos 2023 47%
(57%)		 36% [20% support some rights]
(43%)		 18% not sure ±3.5% [137]
Pew Research Center 2023 31% 64% 5% ±3.6% [141]
Iceland Iceland Gallup 2006 89% 11% – [143]
Republic of Ireland Ireland Ipsos 2023 64%
(72%)		 25% [13% support some rights]
(28%)		 11% [137]
Italy Italy Ipsos 2023 61%
(67%)		 30% [21% support some rights]
(33%)		 9% not sure ±3.5% [137]
Pew Research Center 2023 74%
 26% – ±3.6% [141]
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Pew Research Center 2016 7%
(7%)		 89%
(93%)		 4% [134][135]
Latvia Latvia GLOBSEC 2023 40% 46% 14% [144]
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Institut 2021 72% 28% 0% [145]
Lithuania Lithuania GLOBSEC 2023 22% 60% 19% [146]
Luxembourg Luxembourg Eurobarometer 2019 85%
(90%)		 9%
(10%)		 6% [136]
Malta Malta Eurobarometer 2019 67%
(73%)		 25%
(27%)		 8% [136]
Moldova Moldova Europa Libera Moldova 2022 14% 86% [147]
Netherlands Netherlands Ipsos 2023 80%
(85%)		 14% [6% support some rights]
(15%)		 7% not sure ±3.5% [137]
Pew Research Center 2023 89%
 10% 1% ±3.6% [141]
Norway Norway Pew Research Center 2017 72%
(79%)		 19%
(21%)		 9% [134][135]
Poland Poland Ipsos 2023 32%
(36%)		 57% [35% support some rights]
(64%)		 11% ±3.5% [137]
Pew Research Center 2023 41% 54% 5% ±3.6% [141]
Portugal Portugal Ipsos 2023 80%
(84%)		 15% [11% support some rights]
(16%)		 5% [137]
Romania Romania Ipsos 2023 25%
(30%)		 59% [26% support some rights]
(70%)		 17% ±3.5% [137]
Russia Russia Ipsos 2021 17%
(21%)		 64% [12% support some rights]
(79%)		 20% not sure ±4.8% [148]
FOM 2019 7%
(8%)		 85%
(92%)		 8% ±3.6% [149]
Serbia Serbia Civil Rights Defender 2020 26% – – ±3.33% [150]
Slovakia Slovakia GLOBSEC 2023 28% 63% 9% [151]
Slovenia Slovenia Eurobarometer 2019 62%
(64%)		 35%
(36%)		 3% [136]
Spain Spain Ipsos 2023 78%
(82%)		 17% [12% support some rights]
(18%)		 5% not sure ±3.5% [137]
Pew Research Center 2023 87%
 11% 2% ±3.6% [141]
Sweden Sweden Ipsos 2023 75%
(82%)		 16% [7% support some rights]
(18%)		 9% not sure ±3.5% [137]
Pew Research Center 2023 92%
 5% 3% ±3.6% [141]
Switzerland Switzerland Ipsos 2023 54%
(61%)		 34% [16% support some rights]
(39%)		 13% not sure ±3.5% [137]
Turkey Turkey Ipsos 2023 20%
(28%)		 52% [22% support some rights]
(72%)		 28% not sure ±3.5% [137]
Ukraine Ukraine Rating 2023 37%
 42%
22% ±1.5% [152]
United Kingdom United Kingdom YouGov 2023 77%
(84%)		 15%
(16%)		 8% [153]
Ipsos 2023 64%
(70%)		 27% [14% support some rights]
(30%)		 9% not sure ±3.5% [137]
Pew Research Center 2023 73%
 23% 4% ±3.6% [141]
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by dependent territory
Country Pollster Year For Against Neutral[lower-alpha 2] Source
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands Spyr.fo 2019 71.1% 12.6% 16.7% [154]
Gibraltar Gibraltar Inter-Ministerial Committee Consultation 2015 63% 37% 0% [155]
Northern Ireland Northern Ireland YouGov 2019 55% - - [156][157]

Notes

  1. 1 2 Because some polls do not report 'neither', those that do are listed with simple yes/no percentages in parentheses, so their figures can be compared.
  2. 1 2 Comprises: Neutral; Don't know; No answer; Other; Refused.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Excluding Guernsey and Overseas Territories (except Gibraltar).
  2. ↑ Stable union since 2005. Civil union from 2014 until 2023.
  3. ↑ Eingetragene Partnerschaft since 2010.
  4. ↑ Cohabitation légale since 1999, also cohabitation de fait gives some rights to non-married couples.
  5. ↑ Registreret partnerskab since 1989 until 2012.
  6. ↑ Kooseluleping since 2016.
  7. ↑ Rekisteröidystä parisuhteesta since 2001 until 2017.
  8. ↑ Pacte civil de solidarité since 1999.
  9. ↑ Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft since 2001 until 2017.
  10. ↑ Staðfesta samvist since 1996 until 2010.
  11. ↑ Civil Partnership since 2010 until 2015.
  12. ↑ Partenariat since 2004.
  13. ↑ Civil union since 2014.
  14. ↑ Geregistreerd partnerschap since 1998, also samenwonen gives some rights to non-married couples.
  15. ↑ Registrert partnerskap since 1993 until 2009.
  16. ↑ Uniões de facto since 2001.
  17. ↑ Registrirana partnerska skupnost between 2006 and 2017. Partnership (partnerska zveza) since 2017.
  18. ↑ Parejas de hecho available in each autonomous community, legalized between 1998 and 2018. Since 1994, limited rights for cohabiting couples.
  19. ↑ Registrerat partnerskap since 1994 until 2009.
  20. ↑ Eingetragene Partnerschaft since 2004 until 2022.
  21. ↑ Civil Partnership since 2004; same-sex marriage in England, Scotland, and Wales since 2014.
  22. ↑ Unregistered cohabitation between 2003 and 2014. Life partnerships životno partnerstvo since 2014.
  23. ↑ Excluding the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
  24. ↑ Including the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
  25. ↑ Unregistered cohabitation since 2001 and registered partnerships registrované partnerství since 2006. Limited rights for a "close person" (Osoba blízká) since 1964.
  26. ↑ Unregistered cohabitation élettársi kapcsolat and registered partnerships bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolat since 2009.
  27. ↑ Civil unions and cohabitation agreements since 2016.
  28. ↑ Legalised by judicial decision. Registration of same-sex unions is possible through court action.
  29. ↑ Limited residency rights for foreign spouses since 2012.
  30. ↑ Limited rights for a "close person" (blízke osoby) since 1964.
  31. ↑ While Armenia's Constitutional Court has never confirmed that the Constitution of Armenia actually bans same-sex marriage, following the 2015 constitutional referendum article 35 now states that "A woman and a man having attained the marriageable age shall have the right to marry and form a family with free expression of their will." (in Armenian: Ամուսնական տարիքի հասած կինը և տղամարդը միմյանց հետ իրենց կամքի ազատ արտահայտությամբ ամուսնանալու և ընտանիք կազմելու իրավունք ունեն). The article 143 of the Family Code recognizes foreign marriages as long as they conform with the legality of the territory where they were celebrated. Article 152, however, limits the application of foreign family law norms that contradict the internal public order, thus making the registration of same-sex marriages performed overseas possibly incompatible with Armenian law.

References

  1. 1 2 "Same-sex spouses have EU residence rights, top court rules". BBC News. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  2. 1 2 Boffey, Daniel (14 September 2021). "MEPs condemn failure to respect rights of same-sex partners in EU". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  3. 1 2 "Poland's laws on same-sex couples violate human rights code, court rules". POLITICO. 12 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  4. ↑ "Case of Schalk and Kopf v. Austria". International Commission of Jurists. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  5. ↑ "CASE OF VALLIANATOS AND OTHERS v. GREECE". European Court of Human Rights. 7 November 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  6. ↑ "CASE OF OLIARI AND OTHERS v. ITALY". European Court of Human Rights. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
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