San Rocco
Facade
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41°54′19.65″N 12°28′33.24″E / 41.9054583°N 12.4759000°E / 41.9054583; 12.4759000
LocationRome
CountryItaly
DenominationRoman Catholic
Architecture
Architect(s)Giovan Antonio de' Rossi, Giuseppe Valadier
Architectural typeChurch
StyleBaroque
Groundbreaking1499
Completed1832 (façade)

San Rocco is a church at 1 Largo San Rocco, Rome, dedicated to Saint Roch. It is next to the Mausoleum of Augustus. The Confraternita di San Rocco has charge of the church; it is part of the Parish of Saint Giacomo.

History

On June 1499, with the bull Cogitantes humanae conditionis, Pope Alexander VI gave to the Confraternity of the Osti and Barcaroli (innkeepers and boatmen), based at Ripetta, the small old church of San Martino de Pila and permission to build a hospital on a plot of land close to the Mausoleum of Augustus. The church was called San Rocco e Martino.[1] The Church of San Martino was destroyed in the sixteenth century and some of its furnishings transferred to the new San Rocco.

A hospital for plague sufferers was soon constructed and dedicated to their patron, Saint Roch.[2] Initially male only, a maternity wing for women from the Tiber barges was later added to the hospital and, over time, San Rocco Hospital as a whole came to be used principally by unmarried mothers.[2] The hospital was closed at the start of the 20th century and in the 1930s it was demolished for excavations on the Mausoleum, as was the church's bell tower.

In 1527 a 42 ft, ancient Roman obelisk was discovered on the site of San Rocco. It was later removed to the area of Santa Maria Maggiore, as it was hampering cart traffic around the port.[3]

In 1811, Giuseppe del Medico, professor of surgery and lecturer at the Accademia di San Luca published Anatomia per uso dei pittori e scultori. He is buried at San Rocco.[4]

Archconfraternity of the Cord of Saint Joseph

Cord of Saint Joseph with explanatory pamphlet

The Archconfraternity of the Cord of Saint Joseph was based at the Church of San Rocco.[5]

The cure of an Augustinian nun at Antwerp in 1657 from a grievous illness, through the wearing of a cord in honour of Saint Joseph, gave rise to the pious practice of wearing it to obtain the grace of purity through his intercession. The devotion soon spread over many countries of Europe, and in the 19th century was revived at Rome in the Church of Saint Roch and in that of Saint Nicolas at Verona, Italy. Pope Pius IX, in a rescript dated 19 September 1859, approved a special formula for the blessing of the cord of Saint Joseph.[6]

The brief Universi Dominici gregis of 23 September 1862, raised the Confraternity of the Cord of Saint Joseph was to an archconfraternity.[7]

The cord is white, in token of St. Joseph's purity of heart, and has seven knots, denoting his seven joys and sorrows.[8] Members are encouraged to recite daily seven Glorias in honour of St. Joseph.[9] The White Cord of Saint Joseph can be worn around the waist for purity or around the shoulders for obedience. Any priest can bless the girdle, after which when worn for the first time, enrolls one in the Archconfraternity of the Cord of Saint Joseph; the formula "Priest's Blessing of a Cincture" found in the Roman Ritual can be used for this.

Confraternities of the Cord of Saint Joseph must be aggregated to the archconfraternity in the Church of St. Roch at Rome in order to enjoy its spiritual favours and indulgences.[10]

Architecture

The new Church of San Rocco was constructed around 1509.[11] Built as the chapel of the adjacent hospital, it was rebuilt in 1657 to a design by Giovan Antonio de' Rossi. He added a small dome, the sacristy and the new chapel of the "Madonna delle Grazie".[12] Later changes were made introducing the Neo-Classical style to it. A new, Palladio-influenced façade by Giuseppe Valadier was built in 1834, inspired by Andrea Palladio's work on Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice.[13] The coat of arms of Pope Gregory XVI is over the main entrance. Two “Angels holding candles” were added to the façade in 1984.

Interior

Interior

The pulpit was a gift from Pope Benedict XV. The main altarpiece over the main altar is The Apotheosis of St Roch (1674) by Giacinto Brandi.[14] The fresco of St Martin Sharing His Cloak with a Beggar (1885) is by Cesare Mariani. The church has relics of Saint Roch in a silver reliquary.

Baldassare Peruzzi's fresco of Our Lady, St Roch and St Anthony the Abbot was extensively restored by Giovanni Battista Gaulli. Peruzzi was an officer of the Confraternity.[11] Other frescoes by Peruzzi were destroyed by floods.

There are three chapels on each side:

  • Chapel of Our Lady of Lourdes
  • Chapel of the Nativity (The fresco altarpiece is by Baldassarre Peruzzi.)[15]
  • Chapel of St Anthony of Padua
  • Chapel of the Immaculate Conception
  • Chapel of St Joseph
  • Chapel of St Francis of Paola

Giacinto Brandi painted San Rocco intercede per i malati di peste (1673). The carved organ case and cantoria over the entrance doorway dates from the first half of the 18th century. The interior was restored again in 1885.

References

  1. ↑ Catalogue ... 1807-1871, Part 4, Boston Mass, Athenaeum, 1880, p. 2549
  2. 1 2 "Church of San Rocco all'Augusteo", Turismo Roma, Major Events, Sport, Tourism and Fashion Department
  3. ↑ Palladio's Rome, (Vaughan Hart, Peter Hicks, trans.), Yale University Press, 2006, p. 51 ISBN 9780300109092
  4. ↑ Kornell, Monique. Flesh and Bones: The Art of Anatomy, Getty Publications, 2022, p. 148 ISBN 9781606067697
  5. ↑ Ecclesiastical Diary, Ordo and Note-book for the Special Use of the Reverend Clergy in the United States, Benziger Brothers, 1908, p. 51
  6. ↑ Miraculous efficacy of the cord of St. Joseph, Montreal, E. Senécal, 1870
  7. ↑ "Other Official Recognition of Devotions", Oblates of St. Joseph
  8. ↑ Annals of St. Joseph, Norbertine Fathers, 1896, p. 60
  9. ↑ Heckmann, Ferdinand. "Confraternities of the Cord." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 17 Aug. 2014
  10. ↑ Ecclesiastical Diary, Ordo and Note-book for the Special Use of the Reverend Clergy in the United States, Benziger Brothers, 1908, p. 51
  11. 1 2 Leonardo da Vinci – Nature and Architecture, (Constance Moffatt, Sara Taglialagamba, eds.), BRILL, 2019, p. 209 ISBN 9789004398443
  12. ↑ "Church of San Rocco ", Religiana
  13. ↑ "Valadier, Giuseppe", The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture, (James Stevens Curl, Susan Wilson, eds.), OUP, 2015 ISBN 9780191053856
  14. ↑ Kokoska, Barbara. "Church of San Rocco", Roma non per Tutti
  15. ↑ Frizzoni, Gustavo. "Three Little Noticed Paintings in Rome", The Burlington Magazine, Volume 20, 1912, p. 263
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